Developing country
A developing country is a
There are controversies over the term's use, as some feel that it perpetuates an outdated concept of
Developing countries tend to have some characteristics in common often due to their histories or geographies. For example, they commonly have: lower levels of access to safe
In addition, there are also often high
Access to healthcare is often low.[8] People in developing countries usually have lower life expectancies than people in developed countries, reflecting both lower income levels and poorer public health.[9][10][11] The burden of infectious diseases,[12] maternal mortality,[13][14] child mortality[15] and infant mortality[16][17] are typically substantially higher in those countries. The effects of climate change are expected to impact developing countries more than high-income countries, as most of them have a high climate vulnerability or low climate resilience.[18]
Developing countries often have lower
Development aid or development cooperation is financial aid given by foreign governments and other agencies to support developing countries' economic, environmental, social, and political development. If the Sustainable Development Goals which were set up by the United Nations for the year 2030 are achieved, they would overcome many of these problems.
Terms used to classify countries
There are several terms used to classify countries into rough levels of development. Classification of any given country differs across sources, and sometimes, these classifications or the specific terminology used is considered disparaging.
By income groups
The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four groups, based on gross national income per capita calculated using the Atlas method, re-set each year on July 1:[20]
- low-income countries
- lower-middle income countries
- upper-middle income countries
- high income countries (similar to developed countries)
The three groups that are not "high income" are together referred to as "low and middle income countries" (LMICs). For example, for the 2022 fiscal year, a low income country is defined as one with a GNI per capita less than 1,045 in current US$; a lower middle-income country is one with GNI per capita between 1,046 to 4,095 in current US$; an upper middle-income country is one with GNI per capita between 4,096 to 12,695 in current US$, and a high income country is one with GNI per capita of more than 12,696 in current US$.[21] Historical thresholds are documented.
By markets and economic growth
The use of the term "market" instead of "country" usually indicates a specific focus on the characteristics of the countries' capital markets as opposed to the overall economy.
- Developed countries and developed markets
- Developing countries include in decreasing order of economic growth or size of the capital market:
- Newly industrialized countries[22][23][24][25]
- Emerging markets
- Frontier markets
- Least developed countries(also called less economically developed country)
Under other criteria, some countries are at an intermediate stage of development, or, as the
By geography
Developing countries can also be categorized by geography:
- island countries which tend to share similar sustainable development challenges: small but growing populations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters, vulnerability to external shocks, excessive dependence on international trade, and fragile environments).
- Landlocked Developing Countries (landlocked countries often experience economic and other disadvantages)
By other parameters
- Heavily indebted poor countries, a definition by a program of the IMF and World Bank
- market-driven economy
- Multi-dimensional clustering system: with the understanding that different countries have different development priorities and levels of access to resources and institutional capacities[27] and to offer a more nuanced understanding of developing countries and their characteristics, scholars have categorized them into five distinct groups based on factors such as levels of poverty and inequality, productivity and innovation, political constraints and dependence on external flows.[28][29]
By self declaration
In general, the WTO accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". Certain countries that have become "developed" in the last 20 years by almost all economic metrics, still insist to be classified as "developing country", as it entitles them to a preferential treatment at the
Measure and concept of development
Development can be measured by economic or human factors. Developing countries are, in general, countries that have not achieved a significant degree of
The concept of the developing nation is found, under one term or another, in numerous theoretical systems having diverse orientations – for example, theories of decolonization, liberation theology, Marxism, anti-imperialism, modernization, social change and political economy.
Another important indicator is the sectoral changes that have occurred since the stage of development of the country. On an average, countries with a 50% contribution from the
Associated theories
The term "developing countries" has many research theories associated with it (in chronological order):
- Modernization theory – to explain the process of modernization within societies
- Dependency theory – the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former
- Development theory – a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved.
- Postdevelopment theory – holds that the whole concept and practice of development is a reflection of Western-Northern hegemony over the rest of the world
Criticisms of the term
There is criticism for using the term "developing country". The term could imply inferiority of this kind of country compared with a
One of the early criticisms that questioned the use of the terms "developing" and "underdeveloped" countries was voiced in 1973 by prominent historian and academic Walter Rodney who compared the economic, social, and political parameters between the United States and countries in Africa and Asia.[35][clarification needed]
There is "no established convention" for defining "developing country".[36] According to economist Jeffrey Sachs, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century.[37][page needed] The late global health expert Hans Rosling has argued against the terms, calling the concept "outdated" since the terms are used under the prerequisite that the world is divided in rich and poor countries, while the fact is that the vast majority of countries are middle-income.[6] Given the lack of a clear definition, sustainability expert Mathis Wackernagel and founder of Global Footprint Network, emphasizes that the binary labeling of countries is "neither descriptive nor explanatory".[38] Wackernagel identifies these binary terms of "developing" vs. "developed" countries, or "North" vs. "South", as "a thoughtless and destructive endorsement of GDP fetish."[38] Wackernagel and Rosling both argue that in reality, there are not two types of countries, but over 200 countries, all faced with the same laws of nature, yet each with unique features.[38][6]
The term "developing" refers to a current situation and not a changing dynamic or expected direction of development. Since the late 1990s, countries identified by the UN as developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than those in the developed countries category.[39]
To moderate the
In 2015, the World Bank declared that the "developing / developed world categorization" had become less relevant, due to worldwide improvements in indices such as child mortality rates, fertility rates and extreme poverty rates.[5] In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators (WDI), the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between "developed" and "developing" countries in the presentation of its data, considering the two-category distinction outdated.[40] Accordingly, World Bank is phasing out use of that descriptor. Instead, the reports by Worldbank (such as the WDI and the Global Monitoring Report) now include data aggregations for the whole world, for regions, and for income groups – but not for the "developing world".[5][7]
Related terms
The term low and middle-income country (LMIC) is often used interchangeably with "developing country" but refers only to the economy of the countries. Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are all sub-groupings of developing countries. Countries on the other end of the spectrum are usually referred to as high-income countries or developed countries.
Global South
The term "
Global North and Global South are terms that denote a method of grouping countries based on their defining characteristics with regard to socioeconomics and politics. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Global South broadly comprises Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (excluding Israel, Japan, and South Korea), and Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand).[45][46][a] Most of the Global South's countries are commonly identified as lacking in their standard of living, which includes having lower incomes, high levels of poverty, high population growth rates, inadequate housing, limited educational opportunities, and deficient health systems, among other issues.[b] Additionally, these countries' cities are characterized by their poor infrastructure.[c] Opposite to the Global South is the Global North, which the UNCTAD describes as broadly comprising Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.[45][46][a] As such, the two terms do not refer to the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere, as many of the Global South's countries are geographically located in the former and, similarly, a number of the Global North's countries are geographically located in the latter.[47]
More specifically, the Global North consists of the world's developed countries, whereas the Global South consists of the world's developing countries and least developed countries.[46][48] The Global South classification, as used by governmental and developmental organizations, was first introduced as a more open and value-free alternative to "Third World"[49] and, likewise, potentially "valuing" terms, such as developed and developing. Countries of the Global South have also been described as being newly industrialized or in the process of industrializing; many of them are current or former subjects of colonialism.[50]Third World (outdated)
Common characteristics
Government, politics and administration
Many developing countries have only attained full
Beyond citizenship, the study of the politics of cross-border mobility in developing countries has also shed valuable light in migration debates, seen as a corrective to the traditional focus on developed countries.[55] Some political scientists identify a 'typology of nationalizing, developmental, and neoliberal migration management regimes' across developing countries.[56]
Economy
Following
This arrangement is sometimes called neocolonialism, meaning a system in which less-developed countries are taken advantage of by developed countries. It does not necessarily mean that former colonies are still controlled by their former colonizer; it refers to colonial-like exploitation. Developing countries are often helping further develop rich countries, rather than being developed themselves.[58] Several institutions have been established with the goal of putting an end to this system.[59] One of these institutions is the New International Economic Order. They have a 'no-strings-attached' policy that promotes developing countries remaining or becoming self-sufficient. More specifically, they advocate sovereignty over natural resources and industrialization.
Common challenges
Development economics |
---|
Economies by region |
Economic growth theories |
Fields and subfields |
Lists |
The
Most developing countries have these criteria in common:[61][62]
- High levels of least developed country.[62]
- Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy).
- natural disasters). Among other challenges, developing countries have a higher risk of suffering a balance of payments crisis.[63]
Urban slums
According to UN-Habitat, around 33% of the urban population in the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived in slums.[64] In 2012, the proportion of urban population living in slums was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (62%), followed by South Asia (35%), Southeast Asia (31%) and East Asia (28%).[64]: 127
The UN-Habitat reports that 43% of urban population in developing countries and 78% of those in the least developed countries live in slums.[65]
Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for many reasons. Causes include rapid
In some cities, especially in countries in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, slums are not just marginalized neighborhoods holding a small population; slums are widespread, and are home to a large part of urban population. These are sometimes called "slum cities".[70]
Violence against women
Several forms of
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is another form of violence against women which is still occurring in many developing countries. It is found mostly in Africa, and to a lesser extent in the Middle East and some other parts of Asia. Developing countries with the highest rate of women who have been cut are Somalia (with 98% of women affected), Guinea (96%), Djibouti (93%), Egypt (91%), Eritrea (89%), Mali (89%), Sierra Leone (88%), Sudan (88%), Gambia (76%), Burkina Faso (76%), and Ethiopia (74%).[73] Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK.[74]
The
According to UN Women facts and figures on ending violence against women,[77] it is estimated that 35 percent of women worldwide have experienced either physical and sexual violence by intimate partners or sexual violence by a non-partner (not including sexual harassment) at some point in their lives. Evidence shows women who have had experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence report higher rates of depression, having an abortion and acquiring HIV, compared to women who have not had experienced any physical or sexual violence.[77]
Data from the Middle East and North Africa shows that men who witnessed their fathers against their mothers, and men who experienced some form of violence as children, more likely have reported perpetrating intimate partner violence in their adult relationships.[77]
Healthcare and public health
The status of healthcare that the general public can access is substantially different between developing countries and developed countries.[8] People in developing countries usually have a lower life expectancy than people in developed countries, reflecting both lower income levels and poorer public health.[9][10][11] The burden of infectious diseases,[12] maternal mortality,[13][14] child mortality[15] and infant mortality[16][17] are typically substantially higher in those countries. Developing countries also have less access to medical health services generally,[78] and are less likely to have the resources to purchase, produce and administer vaccines, even though vaccine equity worldwide is important to combatting pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.[79]
Undernutrition is more common in developing countries.[80] Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including women – in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding – children under five years of age, and the elderly. Malnutrition in children and stunted growth of children is the cause for more than 200 million children under five years of age in developing countries not reaching their developmental potential.[81] About 165 million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013.[82] In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition.[83]
The following list shows the further significant environmentally-related causes or conditions, as well as certain diseases with a strong environmental component:[84]
- Illness/AIDS, etc.): Illness imposes high and regressive cost burdens on families in developing countries.[85]
- Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases)
- Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene
- Indoor air pollution in developing nations
- Pollution (e.g. air pollution, water pollution)
- Motor vehicle collisions
- Unintentional poisoning
- Non communicable diseases and weak healthcare systems
Water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH)
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is at very low levels in many developing countries. In 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that "1 in 3 people, or 2.4 billion, are still without sanitation facilities" while 663 million people still lack access to safe and clean drinking water.[86][87] The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation.[88] The majority of these people live in developing countries.
About 892 million people or 12 percent of the global population, practiced open defecation instead of using toilets in 2016.[88] Seventy-six percent (678 million) of the 892 million people practicing open defecation in the world live in just seven countries.[88] Countries with a high number of people openly defecating are India (348 million), followed by Nigeria (38.1 million), Indonesia (26.4 million), Ethiopia (23.1 million), Pakistan (19.7 million), Niger (14.6 million) and Sudan (9.7 million).[89]
Sustainable Development Goal 6 is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN in 2015. It calls for clean water and sanitation for all people. This is particularly relevant for people in developing countries.
Energy
In 2009, about 1.4 billion of people in the world lived without electricity. 2.7 billion relied on wood, charcoal, and dung (
Renewable energy can directly contribute to
Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita.[93]
Pollution
Water pollution
Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases,[94][95] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.[95]
India and China are two countries with high levels of water pollution: An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness (including
However, after a series of reforms, China's environment began to demonstrate enormous improvements around the 2010s. Under the
In 2021, China introduced the "coal to gas" policy[100] as one of many policies directed towards achieving peak carbon emissions in 2060. Coal combustion in homes, power stations and production industries constitutes 60% of total energy consumption in China and is the main source of water and air pollution. It is speculated that pollution sources will be progressively eliminated as China reaches the upper tiers of developing countries.
Further details of water pollution in several countries, including many developing countries:
Indoor air pollution
Globally, 4.3 million deaths were attributed to exposure to IAP in developing countries in 2012, almost all in low and middle income countries. The South East Asian and Western Pacific regions bear most of the burden with 1.69 and 1.62 million deaths, respectively. Almost 600,000 deaths occur in Africa.[103] An earlier estimate from 2000 put the death toll between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths.[104]
Finding an affordable solution to address the many effects of indoor air pollution is complex. Strategies include improving combustion, reducing smoke exposure, improving safety and reducing labor, reducing fuel costs, and addressing sustainability.[105]
Climate change
Particular vulnerability to climate change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed that warming of the climate system due to human intervention is 'unequivocal'.[107] The effects of climate change will be felt around the globe and will result in events such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise, which are dangerous for societies and the environment.[108]
Although 79% of carbon emissions are produced by developed countries,[109] and developing countries have not been the major cause of climate change,[107] they are the most at risk from the effects of these changes and may face challenges in adapting to climate change due to the intersecting issues of high climate vulnerability, low economic status,[110] restricted access to technology, failing infrastructure and limited access to financial resources. Where a country is particularly vulnerable to climate change they are called "highly climate vulnerable"[citation needed]. This applies to many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, fragile states or failed states like Afghanistan, Haiti, Myanmar, and Somalia, as well as to Small Island Developing States[citation needed]. In the cases where developing countries produce only small quantities of greenhouse gas emissions per capita but are very vulnerable to the negative effects of global warming, the term "forced riders" as opposed to the "free riders" has been used as a descriptor.[18][111] Such countries include Comoros, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.[111]
Climate vulnerability has been quantified in the
"When we think about livelihoods at risk from climate change impacts, we know that people living in developing countries, and especially the least-developed countries and small island states, often have the least financial resources to adapt," says Nancy Saich, the European Investment Bank's chief climate change expert.[113]
Impacts
A changing climate also results in economic burdens. The economies in
Tackling climate change will only be possible if the
Climate stress is likely to add to existing migration patterns in developing countries and beyond but is not expected to generate entirely new flows of people.[118]: 110 A report by the World Bank in 2018 estimated that around 143 million people in three regions (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America) could be forced to move within their own countries to escape the slow-onset impacts of climate change. They will migrate from less viable areas with lower water availability and crop productivity and from areas affected by rising sea level and storm surges.[119]
In spite of the cumulative stressors and challenges faced by developing countries in adapting to the effects of climate change, there are those that are world leaders in the field such as Bangladesh. Bangladesh created a national programme in 2009 focused on how the country would adapt to climate change (the first country to do so).[120][121] It established a fund to support these plans, spending on average $1 billion annually in this regard.[122]
Population growth
Over the last few decades, global population growth has largely been driven by developing countries, which often have higher birth rates (higher fecundity rate) than developed countries. According to the United Nations, family planning can help to slow population growth and decrease poverty in these countries.[31]
The violent
Poor governance
Many developing countries are considered flawed democracies or authoritarian regimes by
The establishment of a healthy democratic state has often been challenged by widespread
To fully reach the goal of a low level of corruption, developing countries are usually using special steps for different establishments inside their territories, such as :- Development or creation of a fair public administration system that is not partially based on corruption and is entirely based on the values and laws of the country
- Better investigation towards the sources of the corruption and probable causes of that particular action
- Publicly informing the residents about the source of corruption and negative influence on the country's economy
- Regulation of the official positions of an individual to not be the source of abuse for corruption.
- Creation of special laws dedicated to the corruption itself for specific establishments[130]
Others
Other common challenges include: Increased and intensified industrial and agricultural production and emission of toxic chemicals directly into the soil, air, and water, unsustainable use of energy resources; high dependency on natural resources for livelihood, leading to unsustainable exploitation or depletion of those resources;
Opportunities
- Human Capital
- Trade Policy: Countries with more restrictive policies have not grown as fast as countries with open and less distorted trade policies.[129][131]
- Investment: Investment has a positive effect on growth.[129]
- Education[132]
- Aid for Trade: Included in Sustainable Development Goal 8 under Target 8.a.1 Increase aid for trade is an initiative to help developing countries practice trade and benefit. Aid for trade is to assist developing countries in trade related programmes, prioritize trade and trade capacity, improve trade performance and reduce poverty.[133]
- Global partnership: A provision of Sustainable Development Goal 17 which advocates for international investment and support to achieve innovative technological development, access to market, and fair trade for developing countries.[134]
Country lists
Developing countries according to International Monetary Fund
The following are considered developing economies according to the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023[update].[135]
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Brunei
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- China
- Chile
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Republic of the Congo
- Costa Rica
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Eswatini (Swaziland)
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Gabon
- The Gambia
- Georgia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Jamaica
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Moldova
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Macedonia
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Palestine
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Poland
- Philippines
- Romania
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Samoa
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- South Africa
- South Sudan
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Countries not listed by IMF
Upper middle income countries by World Bank
- Albania[136]
- American Samoa
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Belize
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Fiji
- Gabon
- Georgia
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- Indonesia
- Jamaica
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Libya
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Namibia
- North Macedonia
- Palau
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Russian Federation
- Serbia
- South Africa
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Suriname
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Turkiye
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
Lower middle income countries by World Bank
- Algeria[137]
- Angola
- Bangladesh
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Cabo Verde
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Comoros
- Congo, Rep.
- Cote d'Ivoire
- Djibouti
- Egypt, Arab Rep.
- El Salvador
- Eswatini
- Ghana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- India
- Iraq
- Iran, Islamic Rep.
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kyrgyz Republic
- Lao PDR
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Mauritania
- Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Philippines
- Samoa
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Senegal
- Solomon Islands
- Sri Lanka
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Timor-Leste
- Tunisia
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- West Bank and Gaza
- Zimbabwe
Countries and regions that are graduated developed economies
The following list, including the
- Hong Kong (since 1997)[138]
- Israel (since 1997)[138]
- Singapore (since 1997)[138]
- South Korea (since 1997)[138]
- Taiwan (since 1997)[138][139]
- Cyprus (since 2001)[140]
- Slovenia (since 2007)[141]
- Malta (since 2008)[142]
- Czech Republic (since 2009,[143] since 2006 by World Bank)[144]
- Slovakia (since 2009)[143]
- Estonia (since 2011)[145]
- Latvia (since 2014)[146]
- Lithuania (since 2015)[147]
- Andorra (since 2021)[148]
- Croatia (since 2023)[149]
Three economies lack data before being listed as advanced economies. However, because of the lack of data, it is difficult to judge whether they were advanced economies or developing economies before being listed as advanced economies.
- San Marino (since 2012)[150]
- Macau (since 2016)[151]
- Puerto Rico (since 2016)[151]
Newly industrialized countries
Ten countries belong to the "newly industrialized country" classification. They are countries whose economies have not yet reached a developed country's status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts:
BRICS countries
Five countries belong to the "
- Brazil (since 2006)
- Russia (since 2006)
- India (since 2006)
- China (since 2006)
- South Africa (since 2010)
- Egypt (since 2024)
- Ethiopia (since 2024)
- Iran (since 2024)
- United Arab Emirates (since 2024)
Society and culture
Media coverage
Western media tends to present a generalized view of developing countries through biased
Mass media has also played a role in what information the people in developing countries receive. The news often covers developed countries and creates an imbalance of information flow.[153] The people in developing countries do not often receive coverage of the other developing countries but instead gets generous amounts of coverage about developed countries.
See also
- Colonialism
- Economic miracle
- International development
- Land reform
- List of countries by wealth per adult
- Women migrant workers from developing countries
Notes
- ^ advanced economies by the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development classifies them as the Global South. Also, Singapore is the one of Small Island Developing States.
- ISBN 978-1-59726-605-5.
Poverty, lower life expectancies, illiteracy, lack of basic health amenities, and high population growth rates meant that national priorities in these countries were firmly oriented toward economic and social objectives.The global "South," as these nations came to be known, considered their development priorities to be imperative; they wanted to "catch up" with the richer nations.They also asserted that the responsibility of protecting the environment was primarily on the shoulders of the richer "Northern" nations
The global south remains very poor relative to the north, and many countries continue to lack critical infrastructure and social services in health and education. Also, a great deal of political instability and violence inhibits many nations in the global south.
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Works cited
- World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. World Bank Publications. 6 November 2009. ISBN 978-0-8213-7988-2.
External links
- Quotations related to Developing country at Wikiquote