Lowell Observatory

Coordinates: 35°12′10″N 111°39′52″W / 35.20278°N 111.66444°W / 35.20278; -111.66444
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lowell Observatory
USNO (through NOFS) and the NRL
)
Lowell Observatory
MPS
Flagstaff MRA (AD)
NRHP reference No.66000172
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHLDecember 21, 1965[2]
Lowell Observatory is located in the United States
Lowell Observatory
Location of Lowell Observatory
  Related media on Commons

Lowell Observatory is an

Time Magazine.[4] It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh
.

The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The first trustee was Lowell's third cousin Guy Lowell (1916–1927). Percival's nephew Roger Putnam served from 1927 to 1967, followed by Roger's son Michael (1967–1987), Michael's brother William Lowell Putnam III (1987–2013), and current trustee W. Lowell Putnam.

Multiple astronauts attended the Lowell Observatory in 1963 while the moon was being mapped for the

Apollo Program.[4]

The observatory operates several telescopes at three locations in the Flagstaff area. The main facility, located on Mars Hill just west of downtown Flagstaff, houses the original 61-centimeter (24-inch) Clark Refracting Telescope, which is now used for public education, with 85,000 annual visitors. The telescope, built in 1896 for $20,000, was assembled in Boston by Alvan Clark & Sons and then shipped by train to Flagstaff. Also located on the Mars Hill campus is the 33-centimeter (13-inch) Pluto Discovery Telescope, used by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 to discover the dwarf planet Pluto.

In 2014, the 8,000 square feet (740 m2) Putnam Center was opened.[5] This observatory included many rooms with tools that were useful to observers including a library for research, a room for processing photographic glass plates, multiple antique instruments used by previous astronomers, and many artifacts. The observatory does contain areas that are closed to the public view, although there are multiple places that tourists are welcome to visit.[4]

Lowell Observatory currently operates four research telescopes at its

Navy Precision Optical Interferometer
(NPOI) also located at that site. The Observatory also operates smaller research telescopes at its historic site on Mars Hill and in Australia and Chile.

Past Anderson Mesa, on the peak of Happy Jack, Lowell Observatory built the 4.28-meter (169-inch) Lowell Discovery Telescope in partnership with Discovery Communications, Inc.

History

In 1877 the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli purported to have discovered a series of martian canals. Percival Lowell had seen these drawings and was fascinated by the idea of artificial canals in Mars. In the winter of 1893, he devoted to use his wealth and connections to establish an observatory in the US. His wealth stemmed from his connection to the influential Boston Lowell family and his successful career as an investment banker. Lowell hired American astronomer Andrew E. Douglas to find a suitable location for the observatory and in 1894 they agreed to build it in Flagstaff, Arizona due to its elevation, dark night skies, and proximity to the railroad. The materials for the construction of the observatory were all sourced locally, but the Clark Refracting Telescope was assembled in Boston.[6]

The observatory has carried out a wide array of research. One of its programs was the measurement of the variability of

Harold L. Johnson took over as the director in 1952, the stated objective became to focus on light from the Sun reflecting from Uranus and Neptune.[7] In 1953, the current 53 cm (21-inch) telescope was erected.[7] Beginning in 1954, this telescope began monitoring the brightness of these two planets, and comparing these measurements with a reference set of Sun-like stars.[7]

Self-taught astronomer Robert Burnham Jr. was an employee at Lowell observatory from 1958 to 1979, being known for his Celestial Handbook.

Beginning in 2012, Lowell Observatory began offering camps for children known as LOCKs (Lowell Observatory Camps for Kids). The first camp was established for elementary students. Later on, in 2013, they added an additional camp program for preschool children. The following year they added another program for middle school students. ("Kelly", Manager at Lowell Observatory). Kids have the opportunity to learn hands-on about science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) through a variety of activities that include games, experiments, story time, art, music, and more.

In 2016, Kevin Schindler published Lowell Observatory, a 128-page book containing over 200 captions and pictures. Arcadia Publishing's Images of America included it in their series, which increased the enthusiasm of space in the public. The book itself features the popular reputation of Lowell Observatory, encompassing the revolutionary research of scientists and how they contributed to the field of astronomy.[4][8]

  • Percival Lowell in the observer's chair of the Alvan Clark 61 cm (24-inch) refractor
    Percival Lowell in the observer's chair of the Alvan Clark 61 cm (24-inch) refractor
  • Historic Clark telescope installed in 1896 and housed in a wooden dome resting on automobile tires.
    Historic Clark telescope installed in 1896 and housed in a wooden dome resting on automobile tires.
  • 33 cm (13-inch) astrograph used to discover Pluto
    33 cm (13-inch) astrograph used to discover Pluto

Exhibits

  • The Rotunda Museum: Built in 1916, it is used by the observatory as a library and collection area for artifacts. It features displays that discuss the Lowell family history and the discoveries made at the observatory. It also houses many different measuring tools including Thatcher's Calculating Instrument.[9]
  • Putnam Collection Center/ Lowell's Lunar Legacy: When the Rotunda Museum is closed, the Putnam Collection Center and Lowell's Lunar Legacy, are open to the public. The Center highlights the Observatories history and features artifacts from Lowell's past and other scientific discoveries.[9]
  • The Giovale Open Deck Observatory: It is the newest addition to the Lowell observatory that allows guests to learn astronomy during the day and night. It features six telescopes, six plinths on the deck's circumference, and an APS spectrum display. The six telescopes on the deck are a 5.5-inch TEC wide-field refractor, an 8-inch Moonraker Victorian refractor, a 32-inch Starstructure Dobsonian reflector, a 16-inch Meade ACF catadioptric reflector, a 17-inch PlaneWave CDK catadioptric reflector, and a 14-inch PlaneWave CDK catadioptric reflector.[10]

Lowell Discovery Telescope

Lowell Discovery Telescope

Lowell Observatory owns and operates the Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT, formerly the Discovery Channel Telescope) located near Happy Jack, Arizona. This 4.3-meter reflecting telescope is the fifth-largest telescope in the contiguous United States and one of the most powerful in the world, thanks to a unique housing that can accommodate up to five instruments at the Ritchey-Chrétien focus. The LDT can switch between any of these instruments in about a minute, making it uniquely suited for time-domain programs as well as opportunity targets such as gamma ray bursts and supernovae.

The 6700-pound primary mirror measures 4.3 m (170 in) in diameter yet only about 10 cm (3.9 in) in thickness. This finely figured, thin meniscus mirror, held in shape by a 156-element active optics system, regularly delivers sub-arcsecond seeing. The mirror was ground and polished into its hyperbolic shape at the Optical Fabrication and Engineering Facility of the College of Optical Sciences of the University of Arizona in Tucson.

The LDT is housed in a 73-foot-tall, 62-foot-diameter metal dome located at an elevation of 7,800 feet (2,400 m) and about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Flagstaff. Groundbreaking for the facility occurred on July 11, 2005. A little over six years later, the first image from just the primary mirror was recorded, using a small test camera mounted where the secondary mirror would eventually go. The secondary mirror was installed in January 2012. To celebrate first light, Lowell hosted a gala celebration on July 21, 2012, featuring a keynote address by Neil Armstrong. This was his final public appearance before his death several weeks later.

The telescope is named for the Discovery Channel television network. Discovery founder and CEO John Hendricks has long been a member of Lowell Observatory's Advisory Board, and Discovery and John and his wife Maureen made gifts of $16 million toward the $53 million cost of the project. These were gifts, not purchases: Discovery has no ownership in the telescope, nor any direction of the research conducted with it. In return for their contributions, they received naming rights and first right of refusal for use of images in educational broadcasts. Research use proceeds as it would at any other professional telescope.

have joined Lowell as partners with access to DCT.

Current research

Lowell Observatory's astronomers conduct research on a wide range of solar system and astrophysical topics using ground-based, airborne, and space-based telescopes. Among the many current programs are a search for

extrasolar planets, a decades-long study of the brightness stability of the sun, and a variety of investigations of star formation and other processes in distant galaxies. In addition, the Observatory staff designs and builds custom instrumentation for use on Lowell's telescopes and elsewhere. For example, Lowell staff built a sophisticated high-speed camera for use on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA is a joint project of NASA and DLR
, the German space agency, and consists of a 2.5-meter (8.2-foot) telescope on board a Boeing 747 SP.

Lowell astronomers, Nick Moskovitz, Brian Skiff, and Tom Polakis also contributed observations in NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) using both the 1.1-meter John Hall Telescope and 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope. This experiment is the world's first full-scale planetary defense test.[11]

Notable Discoveries

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "Lowell Observatory". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  3. ^ Marilynn Larew (October 31, 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Lowell Observatory" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved May 5, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying six photos, exterior, from 1964 and 1976
  4. ^ a b c d "History". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  5. ^ "Putnam Collection Center".
  6. ^ "2011JBAA..121...91A Page 92". articles.adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Wotkyns, Steele (2006). "Lowell Observatory's 21-inch Telescope Delivering Long-Term Results". Reflector. LVIII (2). the Astronomical League: 16.
  8. ^ "Lowell Observatory". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Museum Exhibits | Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  10. ^ "The Giovale Open Deck Observatory". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  11. ^ Schindler, Kevin (March 2, 2023). "Press Release: Assessing the Impact of the DART Mission". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
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Sources

External links

Historic American Buildings Survey (photographic survey)