Lower Lotharingia
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Lower Lorraine
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Duchy of Lower Lotharingia Neder-Lotharingen (Dutch) | ||
---|---|---|
959–1190 | ||
Duke | | |
• 959–964 | Godfrey I (first) | |
• 1142–1190 | Godfrey VIII (last) | |
Historical era | Middle Ages | |
• Established | 959 | |
• Disestablished | 1190 | |
The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia,Nord-Pas de Calais region.
History
It was created out of the former
Lothair II, that had been established in 855. Lotharingia was divided for much of the later ninth century, reunited under Louis the Younger by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont and upon the death of East Frankish king Louis the Child in 911 it joined West Francia under King Charles the Simple. It then formed a duchy in its own right, and about 925 Duke Gilbert declared homage to the German king Henry the Fowler, an act which King Rudolph of France
was helpless to revert. From that time on Lotharingia (or Lorraine) remained a German stem duchy, the border with France did not change throughout the Middle Ages.
In 959 King Henry's son Duke
Emperor Otto I
in 962.
Both Lotharingian duchies took very separate paths thereafter: Upon the death of Godfrey's son Duke
Richar, Lower Lotharingia was directly ruled by the emperor, until in 977 Otto II enfeoffed Charles, the exiled younger brother of King Lothair of France. Lower and Upper Lorraine were once again briefly reunited under Gothelo I from 1033 to 1044. After that, the Lower duchy was quickly marginalised,[citation needed
] while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine.
Over the next decades the significance of the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia diminished and furthermore was affected by the conflict between Emperors
Duchy of Lothier
(or Lothryk).
History of the Low Countries | ||||||||
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Frisii | Belgae | |||||||
Cana– nefates |
Chamavi, Tubantes |
Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) | ||||||
Salian Franks | Batavi | |||||||
unpopulated (4th–c. 5th) |
Saxons | Salian Franks (4th–c. 5th) |
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Frisian Kingdom (c. 6th–734) |
Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843)
| |||||||
Austrasia (511–687) | ||||||||
Middle Francia (843–855) | West Francia (843–) |
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Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–)
|
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Frisia | ||||||||
Frisian Freedom (11–16th century) |
County of Holland (880–1432) |
Bishopric of Utrecht (695–1456) |
Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) |
County of Flanders (862–1384) |
County of Hainaut (1071–1432) County of Namur (981–1421) |
P.-Bish. of Liège (980–1794) |
Duchy of Luxem- bourg (1059–1443) | |
Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) |
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Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) |
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Dutch Republic (1581–1795) |
Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) |
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Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) |
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United States of Belgium (1790) |
R. Liège (1789–'91) |
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Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) |
associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | |||||||
Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) |
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Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Gr D. L. (1815–) | |||||||
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) |
Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | |||||||
Gr D. of Luxem- bourg (1890–) |
Successor states
After the territorial power of the duchy was shattered, many fiefdoms came to imperial immediacy in its area. The most important ones of these were:
- Archbishopric of Cologne
- Prince-Bishopric of Liège
- Bishopric of Utrecht
- Bishopric of Cambrai
- Duchy of Limburg
- County of Guelders(includes also the shire Teisterbant)
- Margravate of Ename, later called Imperial Flanders or the County of Aalst
- County of Jülich
- County of Namur
- County of Cleves
- County of Hainault, including the Margravate of Valenciennes and the County of Bergen
- County of Holland
- County of Berg
- County of Loon
- County of Horne
The following successor states remained under the authority of the titular dukes of Lower Lotharingia (
Lothier
):
- Margraviate of Antwerp
- County of Leuven and Brussels
- Duchy of Brabant
See also
- List of rulers of Lorraine
References
- ISBN 978-0-13-063611-9.
- ^ The Numismatic Chronicle. Royal Numismatic Society. 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-84383-927-9.
- ^ "Treaty of Joinville". (in French) In Davenport, Frances G. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004.