Luanda
8°50′18″S 13°14′04″E / 8.83833°S 13.23444°E
Luanda | |
---|---|
Panoramic view of Luanda Bay | |
Coordinates: 8°50′18″S 13°14′4″E / 8.83833°S 13.23444°E | |
Country | Angola |
Province | Luanda |
Founded | 25 January 1576 |
Area | |
• Capital city | 116 km2 (45 sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,876 km2 (724 sq mi) |
Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
Population (2022)[2] | |
• Capital city | 2,831,280[1] |
• Metro | 9,079,811 |
• Metro density | 4,800/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
2022 | |
Demonym(s) | Luandan; luandense (Portuguese) |
Time zone | +1 |
HDI (2019) | 0.697[3] Medium |
Luanda (/luˈændə, -ˈɑːn-/, Portuguese: [luˈɐ̃dɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Angola. It is Angola's primary port, and its major industrial, cultural and urban centre. Located on Angola's northern Atlantic coast, Luanda is Angola's administrative centre, its chief seaport, and also the capital of the Luanda Province. Luanda and its metropolitan area is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world and the most populous Lusophone city outside Brazil, with over 8.3 million inhabitants in 2020 (a third of Angola's population).
Among the oldest colonial cities of Africa, it was founded in January 1576 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda by Portuguese explorer
The industries present in the city include the processing of agricultural products, beverage production, textile, cement, new car assembly plants, construction materials, plastics, metallurgy, cigarettes and shoes. The city is also notable as an economic centre for oil,
History
Portuguese colonization
Luanda was Portugal's bridgehead from 1627, except during the
In the 17th century, the
In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products. Maize, tobacco, dried meat, and cassava flour are also produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time.[15]
In 1889, Governor Brito Capelo opened the gates of an aqueduct which supplied the city with water, a formerly scarce resource, laying the foundation for major growth.
Estado Novo
Throughout Portugal's dictatorship, known as the Estado Novo, Luanda grew from a town of 61,208 with 14.6% of those inhabitants being white in 1940, to a wealthy cosmopolitan major city of 475,328 in 1970 with 124,814 Europeans (26.3%) and around 50,000 mixed race inhabitants (10.5%).[16]
Like most of Portuguese Angola, the cosmopolitan[17] city of Luanda was not affected by the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974); economic growth and development in the entire region reached record highs during this period. In 1972, a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa".
Independence
By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city with the majority of its population being African, but also dominated by a strong minority of white Portuguese origin.[citation needed]
After the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, with the advent of independence and the start of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), most of the white Portuguese Luandans left as refugees,[4] principally for Portugal, however many travelled over land to South Africa.
The large numbers of skilled technicians among the force of Cuban soldiers sent in to support the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government in the Angolan Civil War were able to make a valuable contribution to restoring and maintaining basic services in the city.
In the following years, however, slums called
21st century
After 2002, with the end of the civil war and high economic growth rates fuelled by the wealth provided by the increasing oil and diamond production, major reconstruction started.[18]
Luanda has also become one of the world's most expensive cities.[19]
The central government supposedly allocates funds to all regions of the country, but the capital region receives the bulk of these funds. Since the end of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), stability has been widespread in the country, and major reconstruction has been going on since 2002 in those parts of the country that were damaged during the civil war.
Luanda has been of major concern because its population had multiplied and had far outgrown the capacity of the city, especially because much of its infrastructure (water, electricity, roads etc.) had become obsolete and degraded.
Luanda has been undergoing major road reconstruction in the 21st century, and new highways are planned to improve connections to
Major
Geography
Human geography
Luanda is divided into two parts, the Baixa de Luanda (lower Luanda, the old city) and the Cidade Alta (upper city or the new part). The Baixa de Luanda is situated next to the port, and has narrow streets and old colonial buildings.[23] However, new constructions have by now covered large areas beyond these traditional limits, and a number of previously independent nuclei — like Viana — were incorporated into the city.
Metropolitan Luanda
Until 2011, the former Luanda Province comprised what now forms five municipalities. In 2011 the Province was enlarged by the addition of two additional municipalities transferred from Bengo Province, namely Icolo e Bengo, and Quiçama. Excluding these additions, the five municipalities comprise Greater Luanda:
Name | Area in km2 |
Population Census 2014 |
Population Estimate 2019[1] |
---|---|---|---|
Belas | 1,046 | 1,071,046 | 1,271,854 |
Cacuaco | 312 | 1,077,438 | 1,279,488 |
Cazenga | 37 | 880,639 | 1,045,722 |
Luanda (city) | 116 | 2,165,867 | 2,571,861 |
Viana | 693 | 1,600,594 | 1,900,688 |
Totals | 2,204 | 6,795,584 | 8,069,613 |
Two new municipalities have been created within Greater Luanda since 2017:
Districts
The city of Luanda is divided in six urban districts: Ingombota, Angola Quiluanje, Maianga, Rangel, Samba and Sambizanga.
In Samba and Sambizanga, more high-rise developments are to be built. The capital Luanda is growing constantly - and in addition, increasingly beyond the official city limits and even provincial boundaries.
Luanda is the seat of a
Climate
Luanda has a
Climate data for Luanda (1961-1990, extremes 1879-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.9 (93.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
36.1 (97.0) |
33.6 (92.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) |
36 (1.4) |
114 (4.5) |
136 (5.4) |
16 (0.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
7 (0.3) |
32 (1.3) |
31 (1.2) |
405 (16) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 53 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 78 | 80 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 82 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0 | 203.4 | 207.7 | 192.0 | 229.4 | 207.0 | 167.4 | 148.8 | 150.0 | 167.4 | 186.0 | 201.5 | 2,277.6 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 6.2 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[28] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[29] |
Climate change
A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Luanda in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Guatemala City. The annual temperature would increase by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F), the temperature of the coldest month by 0.4 °C (0.72 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 0.1 °C (0.18 °F).[30][31] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[32]
Moreover, according to the 2022
Demographics
Year | Population |
---|---|
1970 (Census) | 475,328[35] |
2014 (Census) | 6,760,439[35] |
2018 (Projection) | 7,774,200[35] |
The inhabitants of Luanda are primarily members of African ethnic groups, mainly
The population of Luanda has grown dramatically in recent years, due in large part to war-time migration to the city, which is safe compared to the rest of the country.[37] In 2006, however, Luanda saw an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core.[38]
There is a sizable minority population of
Places of worship
Among the
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda (Catholic Church)
- Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola (World Communion of Reformed Churches)
- Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola (World Communion of Reformed Churches)
- Baptist Convention of Angola (Baptist World Alliance)
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
- Assemblies of God.
Culture
As the economic and political center of Angola, Luanda is similarly the epicenter of Angolan culture. The city is home to numerous cultural institutions, including the Sindika Dokolo Foundation.
The city hosts the annual Luanda International Jazz Festival, since 2009.
The city is home to numerous museums, including:
- National Museum of Anthropology
- National Museum of Natural History
- Museum of the Armed Forces
- National Museum of Slavery
Other monuments in the city include:
- Palácio de Ferro
- Fortress of São Miguel
- Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo
- Luanda Cathedral
- Igreja de Jesus
- Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Cabo
- Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Conceição
- Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
- Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Carmo
- Arquivo Histórico Nacional
Economy
Around one-third of Angolans live in Luanda, 53% of whom live in poverty. Living conditions in Luanda are poor for most of the people, with essential services such as safe drinking water and electricity still in short supply, and severe shortcomings in traffic conditions.[41] On the other hand, luxury constructions for the benefit of the wealthy minority are booming.[citation needed]
Luanda is one of the world's most expensive cities for resident foreigners.[42] In Mercer’s cost of living index, Luanda was ranked as top of the list due to the extremely high costs of goods and security. Luanda sits above Seoul, Geneva and Shanghai in the rankings. These costs have fueled rampant inequality in the city. Skyscrapers are left barren as the price of oil drops.[43]
New import tariffs imposed in March 2014 made Luanda even more expensive. As an example, a half-litre tub of vanilla ice cream at the supermarket was reported to cost US$31. The higher import tariffs applied to hundreds of items, from garlic to cars. The stated aim was to try to diversify the heavily oil-dependent economy and nurture farming and industry, sectors that have remained weak. These tariffs have caused much hardship in a country where the average salary was US$260 per month in 2010, the latest year for which data was available. However, the average salary in the booming oil industry was over 20 times higher at US$5,400 per month.[44]
Manufacturing includes processed foods, beverages, textiles, cement and other building materials, plastic products, metalware, cigarettes, and shoes/clothes. Petroleum (found in nearby off-shore deposits) is refined in the city, although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the Angolan Civil War of 1975–2002. Luanda has an excellent natural harbour; the chief exports are coffee, cotton, sugar, diamonds, iron, and salt.[citation needed]
The city also has a thriving building industry, an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002, when political stability returned with the end of the civil war. Economic growth is largely supported by
Transport
Railway
Luanda is the starting point of the
Airport
The main airport of Luanda is
Port
The Port of Luanda serves as the largest port of Angola and is one of the busiest ports in Africa.[50] Major expansion of this port is also taking place.[51] In 2014, a new port is being developed at Dande, about 30 km to the north.
Road transport
Luanda's roads are in a poor state of repair, but are undergoing an extensive reconstruction process by the government in order to relieve
Public transport
Public transit is provided by the suburban services of the
In 2019, the
Education
International schools:
- Escola Portuguesa de Luanda
- Colégio Português de Luanda
- Colégio São Francisco de Assis
- Luanda International School
- English School Community of Luanda
Higher education
Universities:
- Agostinho Neto University
- Lusíada University
- Catholic University of Angola
- Technical University of Angola
- Methodist University of Angola
- Private University of Angola
- Jean Piaget University of Angola
- University of Luanda
- Universidade Indepedente de Angola
- Higher Institute of Education Sciences of the Luanda
Sports
Luanda's
In 2013 Luanda together with Namibe, today's Moçâmedes, hosted the 2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup, the first time that a World Cup of roller hockey was held in Africa. The city is home to the Desportivo do Bengo football club.
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
Luanda is
- Houston, United States[56]
- São Paulo, Brazil[57][58]
- Lisbon, Portugal[59][60]
- Oaxaca, Mexico
- Praia, Cape Verde
- Beira, Mozambique
- Windhoek, Namibia
- Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Beijing, China
- Macau, Macau
- Maputo, Mozambique
- Tahoua, Niger
- São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
- Johannesburg, South Africa
- Cairo, Egypt
- Porto, Portugal[61][62][63]
- Huambo, Angola
- Toulon, France
- Asunción, Paraguay
- Cape Town, South Africa
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