Jerusalem school hypothesis
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2015) |
Lucan priority Mark Matt | |
Additional Sources | A, R |
---|---|
Gospels' Sources | |
Matthew | A, Mark |
Mark | A, Luke |
Luke | A, R |
Theory History | |
Originator | Robert Lisle Lindsey (independently) William Lockton |
Proponents | David Flusser |
The Jerusalem School Hypothesis is one of many possible solutions to the
The Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research is a group of individuals made up of "Jewish and Christian scholars collaborating in the land and language of Jesus; bringing historical, linguistic and critical expertise to bear on the
Overview
In 1922, William Lockton argued[3] that Mark copied from Luke and in turn was copied by Matthew, who also copied material from Luke. In 1963, Robert Lisle Lindsey, one of the founding members of the Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research, independently discovered a similar solution to the synoptic problem. In Lindsey's theory, Matthew copied from Mark but did not know Luke directly. However, Lindsey argued that the synoptic authors all used two other documents for background material, unknown to scholars.[4] These were:
- A Hebrew biography of Jesus
- A literal Greek translation of that original
Robert Lisle Lindsey 1917-1995
To summarize, Lindsey suggests the following:
- That Mark used Luke's writing, with little reference to the anthology
- Matthew used both Mark's version and the anthology
- Luke and Matthew did not know each other's gospels, but independently used the anthology.
Robert Lindsey is the author of A Hebrew Translation of the Gospel of Mark.[5] This book is famous for the solution mentioned above. He argues the existence of a Proto-Mark gospel ('Ur Markus'), which was a highly literal translation from an originally Hebrew source into Greek, which he calls the Proto-Narrative. He notes that the text of the Gospel of Luke is the most authentic to this Proto-Narrative, especially in the minor agreements between Matthew and Luke against Mark. He says, "It is evident that Mark deviates by paraphrasing from the Proto-narrative." While it is easy to show that Luke knows a Proto-Mark and not Mark, Lindsey suggests further for Lukan priority.
Lukan priority theory
Robert Lindsey suggested that the first gospel accounts are in Hebrew. These were translated into Greek as the Proto-Narrative and the collection of sayings "Q". Robert Lindsey says that canonical Luke knows both Proto-Narrative and Q. Canonical Mark knows both Proto-Narrative and Luke as well as the other New Testament documents. Matthew is thought to know the Proto-Narrative and Mark without having awareness of Luke. Matthew has both Proto-Narrative and Mark qualities by harmonizing their texts together, which agrees with Luke through Proto-Narrative against Mark. While Robert Lindsey's research and pioneering thoughts helped form the basis of what began the Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research, he was only one of the members of the Jerusalem School.
Jerusalem School hypothesis
The Jerusalem School group has a number of scholars in Israel, most importantly Professor
The Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research believes that by discussing the Greek texts and seeing how they fit in Hebrew (or
See also
Bibliography
- David Bivin (1997, August 5). An overview of the Jerusalem School Hypothesis[10]
- “Hebraist”. 2000. The Free Dictionary[11]
- “Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research”[12]
- Lindsey, Robert. (1969). A Hebrew translation of the Gospel of Mark. California: Dugith Publications.
- Lindsey, Robert. (1963). A Modified Two-Document Theory of the Synoptic Dependence and Interdependence. Novum Testamentum 6 (1963), 239–263.
- Lindsey, Robert. (1990). The Jesus Sources: Understanding the Gospels.
- Lockton, William. (1922). The Origin of the Gospels. Church Quarterly Review 94 (1922), 216–239.
- Notley, R. Steven, M. Turnage, and B. Becker, eds. Jesus' Last Week: Jerusalem Studies on the Synoptic Gospels. Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series 11. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
- Ronning, Halvor. "Why I Am a Member of the Jerusalem School." Jerusalem Perspective 48 (1995): 22–27.
- Young, Brad H. Jesus and His Jewish Parables: Rediscovering the Roots of Jesus' Teaching. Edited by C.S.P. Lawrence Boadt, Theological Inquires: Studies in Contemporary Biblical and Theological Problems. New York: Paulist, 1989; reprinted 1999, Tulsa: Gospel Research.
References
- ^ [1] Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [2] Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lockton, William. (1922). The Origin of the Gospels. Church Quarterly Review 94 (1922), 216-239
- ^ Lindsey, Robert (1963) "A Modified Two-Document Theory of the Synoptic Dependence and Interdependence" Novum Testamentum 6 (1963), 239-263.
- ^ Robert L. Lindsey, A Hebrew Translation of the Gospel of Mark: A Greek-Hebrew Diglot with English Introduction, 2nd Ed. foreword by David Flusser Jerusalem: Dugith Publishers, 1973.
- ^ See especially Flusser's extensive foreword to Robert L. Lindsey's, A Hebrew Translation of the Gospel of Mark: A Greek-Hebrew Diglot with English Introduction, 2nd Ed. foreword by David Flusser Jerusalem: Dugith Publishers, 1973. Cf. also the introduction in Jesus' Last Week: Jerusalem Studies on the Synoptic Gospels. R. Steven Notley, M. Turnage, and B. Becker, eds. (Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series 11.Leiden: Brill, 2006).
- ^ Malcolm Lowe and David Flusser, "Evidence Corroborating a Modified Proto-Matthean Synoptic Theory" in New Testament Studies 1983: 25-47.
- ^ M. H. Segal, " Mishnaic Hebrew and its Relation to Biblical Hebrew and to Aramaic." Jewish Quarterly Review 20 (1908): 647-737.
- ^ BenDavid, Abba. Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew לשון מקרא ולשון חכמים, מהדורת מתוקנת ומורחבת. Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1967.
- ^ [3] Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hebraists - definition of Hebraists by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
- ^ [4] Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine