Lucerne
Lucerne | ||
|---|---|---|
Löwendenkmal , Old town, City walls, Traditional frescoed building | ||
|
Flag  Coat of arms | ||
Location of Lucerne  | ||
Mayor Stadtpräsident (list) | Beat Züsli SPS/PSS (as of 2020) | |
| • Parliament | Grosser Stadtrat with 48 members | |
| Area | ||
| • Total | 37.4 km2 (14.4 sq mi) | |
| Elevation (Lake shore) | 435 m (1,427 ft) | |
| Highest elevation (Sonnenberg) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | |
| Lowest elevation (Rotsee) | 422 m (1,385 ft) | |
| Population (31 December 2018)[2] | ||
| • Total | 81,691 | |
| • Density | 2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi) | |
| Demonym | German: Luzerner(in) | |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) | |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) | |
| Postal code(s) | 6000 | |
| SFOS number | 1061 | |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-LU | |
| Localities | Luzern, Littau | |
| Surrounded by | Adligenswil, Ebikon, Emmen, Horw, Kriens, Malters, Meggen, Neuenkirch | |
| Website | www Profile (in German), SFSO statistics | |
Lucerne (
Owing to its location on the shores of
The official language of Lucerne is
History
Early history and founding (750–1386)
After the
Around 750 the Benedictine Monastery of St. Leodegar was founded, which was later acquired by Murbach Abbey in Alsace in the middle of the 9th century, and by this time the area had become known as Luciaria.[5]
The origin of the name is uncertain, it is possibly derived from the Latin name of the pike, lucius, thus designating a pike fishing spot in the river Reuss. Derivation from the theonym Lugus has been suggested but is phonetically implausible. In any case, the name was associated by popular etymology with Latin lucerna "lantern" from an early time.[6]
In 1178 Lucerne acquired its independence from the jurisdiction of Murbach Abbey, and the founding of the city proper probably occurred that same year. The city gained importance as a strategically located gateway for the growing commerce from the
By 1290, Lucerne had become a self-sufficient city of reasonable size with about 3000 inhabitants. About this time
Later the cities of Zürich, Zug and Bern joined the alliance. With the help of these additions, the rule of Austria over the area came to an end. The issue was settled by Lucerne's victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach in 1386. For Lucerne this victory ignited an era of expansion. The city shortly granted many rights to itself, rights which had been withheld by the Habsburgs until then. By this time the borders of Lucerne were approximately those of today.
From city to city-state (1386–1520)
In 1415 Lucerne gained
In 1419 town records show the first witch trial against a male person.
Swiss-Catholic town (1520–1798)
Among the growing towns of the confederacy, Lucerne was especially popular in attracting new residents. Remaining predominantly Catholic, Lucerne hosted its own annual
Lucerne was besieged by a peasant army and quickly signed a peace treaty with the rebels in the Swiss peasant war of 1653.
Century of revolutions (1798–1914)
In 1798, nine years after the beginning of the French Revolution, the French army marched into Switzerland. The old confederacy collapsed and the government became democratic. The industrial revolution hit Lucerne rather late, and by 1860 only 1.7% of the population worked in industry, which was about a quarter of the national average at that time.[citation needed] Agriculture, which employed about 40% of the workers, was the main form of economic output in the canton. Nevertheless, industry was attracted to the city from areas around Lucerne. From 1850 to 1913, the population quadrupled and the flow of settlers increased. In 1856 trains first linked the city to Olten and Basel, then Zug and Zürich in 1864 and finally to the south in 1897.[citation needed]
The 1804 play William Tell by Friedrich Schiller did much to establish the reputation of Lucerne and its environs.[9] Schiller himself had not been to Lucerne, but was inspired to write the play by his wife Lotte and his friend Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who had both personally visited the city and its surrounding canton. Goethe had lodged in the Hirschenplatz on his route to Italy in 1779.[10]
It was during the latter part of the 19th century that Lucerne became a popular destination for artists, royalty and others to escape to. The German composer Richard Wagner established a residence at Tribschen in 1866, where he lived and worked.[11] The city was then boosted by a visit by Queen Victoria to the city in 1868, during which she went sightseeing at the Kapellbrücke and Lion Monument and relished speaking with local people in her native German.[12]
-
Pension Wallis (close to Château Gütsch), where Queen Victoria stayed in 1868 -
"The Queen's View, Lake of Lucerne, from the Pension Wallis by Collingwood Smith." The Illustrated London News, 1869
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The American writer Mark Twain further popularised the city and its environs in his travel writings after visiting twice, in 1878 and 1897.[13] In 1892 Swiss poet and future Nobel Prize laureate Carl Spitteler also established himself in Lucerne, living there until his death in 1924.[14]
Lucerne's status as a fashionable destination led to it becoming one of the first centres of modern-style tourism.[15] Some of the city's most recognisable buildings are hotels from this period, such as the Schweizerhof Hotel (1845), Grand Hotel National (1870), and Château Gütsch (1879).[16][17] It was at the National that Swiss hotelier César Ritz would establish himself as manager between 1878 and 1888.
1993 great fire
In August 1993, the Kapellbrücke in the centre of the city suffered from a great fire which destroyed two thirds of its interior paintings.[18] The bridge was subsequently reconstructed and reopened to the public in April 1994, after a total of CHF 3.4 million was spent on its repair.[19]
Merge with Littau
On June 17, 2007, voters of the city of Lucerne and the adjacent town of Littau agreed to a merger in a simultaneous referendum. This took effect on January 1, 2010.[20] The new city, still called Lucerne, has a population of around 80,000 people, making it the seventh-largest city in Switzerland. The results of this referendum are expected to pave the way for negotiations with other nearby cities and towns in an effort to create a unified city-region, based on the results of a study.[21]
Geography and climate
Topography
Lucerne is located at the outfall of Lake Lucerne into the river Reuss, which flows from south-east to north-west. The city occupies both banks of the river and the lowest reach of the lake, with the city centre straddling the river immediately downstream of the outfall. The city's suburbs climb the hills to the north-east and south-west, and stretch out along the river and lake banks, whilst the recently added area of Littau is to the north-west.[22]
Besides this contiguous city area, the municipality also includes an
The municipality has an area of 29.1 square kilometers (11.2 sq mi). Of this area and as of 2009[update], 28.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 47.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[23]
Climate
Between 1961 and 1990 Lucerne had an average of 138.1 days of rain per year and on average received 1,171 mm (46.1 in) of
| Climate data for Lucerne (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56 (2.2) |
61 (2.4) |
75 (3.0) |
96 (3.8) |
149 (5.9) |
164 (6.5) |
166 (6.5) |
170 (6.7) |
109 (4.3) |
88 (3.5) |
78 (3.1) |
78 (3.1) |
1,291 (50.8) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 11 (4.3) |
14 (5.5) |
4 (1.6) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
13 (5.1) |
46 (18) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.7 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 132.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 2.8 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 10.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 78 | 72 | 68 | 71 | 72 | 71 | 75 | 80 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 51 | 80 | 133 | 162 | 173 | 187 | 209 | 198 | 149 | 99 | 53 | 39 | 1,530 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 23 | 32 | 39 | 43 | 40 | 42 | 47 | 49 | 42 | 33 | 23 | 19 | 38 |
| Source: MeteoSwiss[26] | |||||||||||||
Politics
Government
The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the city of Lucerne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Stadtrat/-rätin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period (Legislatur) September 2020 – August 2024 the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Beat Züsli. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand City Council are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Lucerne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate.[27]
As of September 2020[update], Luzern's City Council is made up of one representative of the SP (
| City Councilor (Stadtrat/-rätin) |
Party | Head of Directorate (Direktion, since) of | elected since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beat Züsli[SR 1] | SP | Education and Mayor's Office (Bildungsdirektion/Präsidiales, 2016) | 2016 |
| Franziska Bitzi Staub | CVP | Finances (Finanzdirektion, 2016) | November 2016 |
| Adrian Borgula | GPS | Environment and Transport (Umwelt- und Verkehrsdirektion, 2012/20) | 2012 |
| Manuela Jost | glp | Building and Civil Engineering (Baudirektion, 2012) | 2012 |
| Martin Merki | FDP | Social Services and Security (Sozial- und Sicherheitsdirektion, 2012/20) | 2012 |
- ^ Mayor (Stadtpräsident)
Michèle Bucher (FDP) is Town Chronicler (Stadtschreiberin) since 2020.
Parliament
The Grosse Stadtrat of Luzern for the mandate period of 2020-2024
The Grand City Council (Grosser Stadtrat) holds
The sessions of the Grand City Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Grand City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Luzern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Rathaus (Town Hall) am Kornmarkt.[29]
The last regular election of the Grand City Council was held on 29 March 2020 for the mandate period (
National elections
National Council
In the
In the 2015 election for the
International relations
Twin towns
Lucerne is
Demographics
Population
| Largest groups of foreign residents 2021[36] | ||
| Nationality | Numbers | % of total (% of foreigners) |
|---|---|---|
 Germany |
3,772 | 4.56 (18.39) |
 Italy |
2,225 | 2.69 (10.85) |
 Portugal |
1,376 | 1.66 (6.71) |
 Eritrea
|
866 | 1.05 (4.22) |
 Serbia |
843 | 1.02 (4.11) |
 Kosovo |
783 | 0.95 (3.82) |
 Spain |
713 | 0.86 (3.48) |
 Sri Lanka |
629 | 0.76 (3.07) |
 Turkey
|
499 | 0.60 (2.43) |
 Croatia |
428 | 0.52 (2.09) |
 North Macedonia |
365 | 0.44 (1.78) |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
323 | 0.39 (1.57) |
Lucerne has a population (as of 31 December 2021) of 82,771[37] As of 2021, 20,508 or 24.78% of the population was made up of foreign nationals, of which 18.22% are from Europe, 3.63% from Asia, 1.85% from Africa and 0.97% from America.[38] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.2%.
Most of the population (as of 2020) speak German (83.26%), with English with 7.45%, as well as Italian (5.06%) and Serbo-Croatian (3.80%) being respectively second, third and fourth most common first languages reported. Following, there are Portuguese (2.81%), Spanish (2.53%), Albanian (2.25%) and French (2.11%) language speakers.[39]
The age distribution in Lucerne is (as of 2013[update]); 12,916 people or 15.7% of the population is 0–19 years old. 26,381 people or 33.8% are 20–39 years old, and 25,863 people or 32.1% are 40–64 years old. The senior population distribution is 10,530 people or 13.1% are 65–79 years old, 4,208 or 5.2% are 80–89 years old and 900 people or 1.1% of the population are 90+ years old.[40]
In Lucerne about 73.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
As of 2000[update] there are 30,586 households, of which 15,452 households (or about 50.5%) contain only a single individual. 853 or about 2.8% are large households, with at least five members.[41] As of 2000[update] there were 5,707 inhabited buildings in the municipality, of which 4,050 were built only as housing, and 1,657 were mixed use buildings. There were 1,152 single family homes, 348 double family homes, and 2,550 multi-family homes in the municipality. Most homes were either two (787) or three (1,468) story structures. There were only 74 single story buildings and 1,721 four or more story buildings.[41]
Historic population
The historical population of Lucerne is given in the following table:
|
|
|
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| Source: City of Lucerne - Population by Nationality and Sex since 1860 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion
The city grew up around Sankt Leodegar Abbey, founded in AD 840, and remained strongly
Economy
As of 2012[update], there were a total of 77,641 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 166 people worked in 53 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 7,326 workers in 666 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 70,149 jobs in 6,929 businesses. In 2013 a total of 11.0% of the population received social assistance.[42] As of 2000[update] 51.7% of the population of the municipality were employed in some capacity. At the same time, women made up 47.9% of the workforce.[41]
Lucerne is home to a number of major Swiss companies, including
Thanks to its continuous tax-cutting policies, Lucerne has become Switzerland's most business-friendly canton. As of 2012[update] Lucerne offers Switzerland's lowest corporate tax rate at cantonal level.[43]
Furthermore, Lucerne also offers very moderate personal income tax rates. In a recent published study of BAK Basel Economics taxation index 2012, Lucerne made it to the 4th place with an only marginally 2% higher tax rate compared to the top canton in this comparison.[44]
One of the first export oriented branches was the production of scythes from the 14th century onwards.[45] Lucerne imported iron and steel and the cities blacksmiths produced scythes which were exported to western Switzerland and northern Italy.[45] The workshops of the blacksmiths were located in the outskirts of the city due to fire concerns.[45] The workshops at the Krienbach creek included hammers moved by watermills.[45]
Sights
Since the city straddles the Reuss where it drains the lake, it has a number of bridges. These include the Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a 204 m (669 ft) long wooden covered bridge originally built in 1333, the oldest covered bridge in Europe, although much of it had to be replaced after a fire on 18 August 1993, allegedly caused by a discarded cigarette. Partway across, the bridge runs by the octagonal Water Tower (Wasserturm), a fortification from the 13th century. Inside the bridge are a series of paintings from the 17th century depicting events from Lucerne's history.
Downriver, between the Kasernenplatz and the Mühlenplatz, the
Old Town Lucerne is mainly located just north of the Reuss, and still has several fine
The twin needle towers of the Church of St. Leodegar, which was named after the city's patron saint, sit on a small hill just above the lake front. Originally built in 735, the present structure was erected in 1633 in the late Renaissance style. However, the towers are surviving remnants of an earlier structure. The interior is richly decorated. The church is popularly called the Hofkirche (in German) and is known locally as the Hofchile (in Swiss-German).
The
. It is to be found beside the lake in the northern-eastern section of the city.The
The Richard Wagner Museum is found on the lake at Tribschen and is dedicated to the composer Richard Wagner.[46] Wagner lived in Lucerne from 1866 to 1872 and his former villa now hosts the museum dedicated to him.[11]
Culture and events
Culture
Since plans for the new culture and convention centre arose in the late 1980s, Lucerne has found a balance between the so-called established culture and alternative culture. A consensus was reached that culminated in a culture compromise (Kulturkompromiss). The established culture comprises the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre (KKL), the city theater (Luzerner Theater) and, in a broader sense, smaller establishments such as the Kleintheater, founded by comedian Emil Steinberger, a Lucerne native, or Stadtkeller, a music restaurant in the city's old town. KKL houses a concert hall as well as the Museum of Art Lucerne (Kunstmuseum Luzern).
Alternative culture took place mostly on the premises of a former tube factory, which became known as Boa. Other localities for alternative culture have since emerged in the same inner city area as Boa. Initially, Boa staged various plays, but concerts became more and more common; this new use of the building clashed with the development of apartment buildings on nearby lots of land. Due to possible noise pollution, Boa was closed and a replacement in a less heavily inhabited area is currently under construction. Critics claimed though that the new establishment would not meet the requirements for an alternative culture.
Südpol is a center for performing arts in Lucerne presenting music-, dance- and theatre-events. The house at the foot of Pilatus opened in November 2008.
Lucerne is home to the
Lucerne is also home to Keramikkonzerte, a series of classical chamber music concerts held throughout each year,[47] as well as Zaubersee, a festival dedicated to Russian classical music.[48]
Lucerne in art
-
Lucerne from the Walls -
Lucerne from the LakeMorgan Library, New York City
_Lucerne_from_the_Walls,_Sample_Study_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg)
Events
Every year, towards the end of winter,
The city hosts various renowned festivals throughout the year. The
Being the cultural center of a rather rural region, Lucerne regularly holds different
The 2021 Winter Universiade was hosted by Lucerne.
Transport
After Ferdinand von Zeppelin landed his airship in Lucerne in 1909,[50] the city became a pioneer for the aeronautical industry in Switzerland. In February 1910 the countries first (and after the DELAG of Germany the second in the world[51]) air transport company was founded,[52] in July the same year then also the first airship hangar at Tribschenmoos.[53] The company provided flights with airships until 1914 without notable accidents.[51]
Lucerne boasts a developed and well-run transport network, with the main operator,
Lucerne railway station is one of Switzerland's principal stations, and is well-connected to the rest of Switzerland via railway services operated by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS), the Südostbahn SOB, the BLS and the Zentralbahn (zb). There are 40 trains per day between Lucerne and Zürich, with an average travel time of 48 minutes.[54] Zurich Airport can be reached in just over an hour.[55] Adjacent to the station is Luzern Bahnhofquai, from which ships of the Lake Lucerne Navigation Company operate to various destinations on Lake Lucerne. Between April and mid October, the tourist oriented Gotthard Panorama Express connects Lucerne with Lugano once a day by boat and train, travelling by boat along the length of Lake Lucerne and then by train over the historic high-level Gotthard route.[56]
Three other railway stations are located within the city boundaries, with
Lucerne's city transit system is fully integrated into the coherent and integrated fare network system called
A funicular, Gütschbahn, links the city to Château Gütsch, 90 m above. Standseilbahn Hotel Montana runs from the lakefront to Hotel Montana. From 1912 to 1978, there was Dietschibergbahn at Dietschiberg.
Sport
There are several football clubs throughout the city. The most successful one is FC Luzern which plays in Switzerland's premier league (Swiss Super League). The club plays its home matches at the new Swissporarena, with a capacity of 16,800.
The city's main hockey team is the HC Luzern which plays in the Swiss Second League, the fourth tier of Swiss hockey. They play their home games in the 5,000-seat Swiss Life Arena.
In the past, Lucerne also produced national successes in men's
Having a long tradition of equestrian sports, Lucerne has co-hosted CSIO Switzerland, an international equestrian show jumping event, until it left entirely for St. Gallen in 2006. Since then, the Lucerne Equestrian Masters replaced it. There is also an annual horse racing event, usually taking place in August.
Lucerne annually hosts the final leg of the World Rowing Cup on Rotsee Lake. Numerous World Rowing Championships have been held in Lucerne including the inaugural World Championships of 1962 and then the regattas of 1974, 1982 and 2001.
Lucerne hosts the annual Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern track and field meeting, which attracts world class athletes such as Yohan Blake and Valerie Adams.
The city also provides facilities for
and more.Lucerne hosted FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour event Lucerne Open 2015 and FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championship in 2016.
Gallery
-
-
Lucerne'sLouis XVIwho were massacred in 1792 during the French Revolution -
The crowded Rathausquai -
Yodellingfestival 2008 -
The Suva head office, set on a hill overlooking the centre of Lucerne -
Lucerne's town hall has been home to the city's government for centuries
Notable people
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- .
- ^ The official language in any municipality in German-speaking Switzerland is always German. In this context, the term 'German' is used as an umbrella term for any variety of German. So, according to law, you are allowed to communicate with the authorities by using any kind of German, in written or oral form. However, the authorities will always use Swiss Standard German (aka the Swiss variety of Standard German) in documents, or any written form. And orally, it is either Hochdeutsch (i.e., Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers as High German), or then it depends on the speaker's origin, which dialectal variant (s)he is using.
References
- ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
- ^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (April 9, 2019). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie, Geschlecht und Gemeinde, Provisorische Jahresergebnisse, 2018 - 2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik.
- ^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (December 18, 2014). "Räume mit städtischem Charakter der Schweiz 2012 - 2012 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik.
- ^ Lucerne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2016-11-03.
- ^ Andres Kristol (ed.), Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen (2005), p. 558.
- JSTOR 27705155.
- ^ Universität Luzern. "History - University of Lucerne". Unilu.ch. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ "The William Tell Express: A great Swiss lake adventure". The Independent. September 17, 2011.
- ^ "Lucerne's Hirschenplatz—"get the message"?". November 12, 2012.
- ^ a b "Where Richard Wagner once lived". Luzern.com. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ Douez, Sophie (21 July 2018). "How Queen Victoria transformed the Swiss tourism industry - SWI". Swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ Misicka, Susan (25 September 2010). "On the trail of Mark Twain in Lucerne - SWI". Swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ "Carl Spitteler - Biographical". NobelPrize.org. 1924-12-29. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ "A Leisurely Stroll in Lucerne, Switzerland's Urban Resort - The New York Times". The New York Times. 1978-02-12. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ "Festivalhotel Schweizerhof Luzern am Vierwaldstättersee". Schweizerhof-luzern.ch. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ webgearing ag <http://www.webgearing.com>. "Historical castle hotel in Lucerne | Chateau Gütsch". Chateau-guetsch.ch. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ "Bildergalerien". www.stadtluzern.ch.
- ^ "KAPELLBRÜCKE: Vor 20 Jahren brannte die Kapellbrücke". Luzerner Zeitung. 2013-08-18. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009 (PDF) (Report). Federal Statistical Office. 2009. 3161. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- MiB) January 4, 2007 (in German)[dead link]
- ^ a b map.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
- ^ "Regional portraits – Communes: Key figures" (PDF). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 20 March 2014. pp. 2497–2498. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
data from 2012
- ^ "Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961–1990" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology – MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ "Luzern, Switzerland Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^ "Climate Normals Luzern (Reference period 1991−2020)" (PDF). Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Stadtrat" (official site) (in German). Lucerne, Switzerland: Stadt Luzern. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ a b "Wahlen Grosser Stadtrat, Stadtrat und Stadtpräsidium vom 29. März 2020" (official site) (in German). Lucerne, Switzerland: Stadt Luzern. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ "Grosser Stadtrat" (official site) (in German). Lucerne, Switzerland: Stadt Luzern. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR - Ergebnisse Parteien (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved 2020-05-18 – via opendata.swiss.
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR - Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved 2020-05-18 – via opendata.swiss.
- ^ "Nationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden" (official statistics) (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Partnerstädte der Stadt Luzern". Stadt Luzern (in German). Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ "Dorset Twinning Association List". The Dorset Twinning Association. Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
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- ^ "Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010". lustat.ch.
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- ^ a b c d LUSTAT Lucerne Cantonal Statistics Archived 2011-11-27 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 12 August 2009
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- ISBN 3-95220335-1.
- ^ a b Waldis, Alfred (2002),p.58
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Further reading
- "Lucerne". Switzerland. Coblenz: Karl Baedeker. 1863.
- "Lucerne", Switzerland, Together with Chamonix and the Italian Lakes (26th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1922, OL 23344482M
- Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 97.
- André Meyer: The Jesuit church of Lucerne, Berne 1985 (= Schweizerische Kunstführer, ser. 32, Nr. 314).
- Laura Stokes: Demons of urban reform. Early European witch trials and criminal justice, 1430–1530. Basingstoke 2011. ISBN 978-1-4039-8683-2.
External links
Municipalities in Lucerne District, Switzerland | ||
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