Lucknow
Lucknow | |
---|---|
Charbagh Railway Station Hazratganj Market (Downtown) | |
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
Pincode(s) | 2260xx /2270xx |
Telephone code | +91-522 |
Vehicle registration | UP-32 |
GDP Nominal | $16 billion[5] |
Percapita | $2, 800 or ₹2.29 lakh[5] |
GDP Nominal (Lucknow District) | ₹1,31,200 cr(2022–23)[6] |
Sex ratio | 915 ♀/1000 ♂ |
Effective literacy rate (2011) | 85.5% |
HDI | 0.665[7] (medium) |
Website | Official website |
Lucknow (/ˈlʌknaʊ/, Hindustani: [ˈləkʰnəuː] ⓘ Lakhnaū) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division. Having a population of 2.8 million as per 2011 census, it is the eleventh most populous city and the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration of India. Lucknow has always been a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub, and the seat of power of Nawabs in the 18th and 19th centuries.[8] It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, information technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry.[9][10][11]
Lucknow, along with Agra and Varanasi, is in the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a chain of survey triangulations created by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to boost tourism in the state. Lucknow ranks 7th in the state in GDP per capita. The top two cities of the state are Noida and Meerut.
Toponymy
"Lucknow" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation "Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, a hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana. The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called Lakshmanapuri (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit. Lakshmana's city). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.[12][13]
A similar theory states that the city was known as Lakshmanavati (
Another theory is that Lucknow was named after a very influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who built the fort Qila Lakhna.[16][17]
History
From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, the British East India Company and the British Raj.
For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor Humayun made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzadas, controlled the region.[18]
The Nawabs of Lucknow, in reality, the Nawabs of Awadh, acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's cultural capital, and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts.
Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place.
Until 1719, the
Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire
They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the
This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.[25]
In 1856, the East India Company first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner – Sir
It is the most important center of Shia Islam in the Indian Subcontinent and has influence of Persian, Shiite, Arabic and British culture and tradition in the architecture, language and customs.
Lucknow was one of the major centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in India's independence movement, emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh.
The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the Residency in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the Siege of Lucknow. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram, followed by a stronger force under Sir Colin Campbell. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the Shaheed Smarak offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.[28]
With the rebellion over, Oudh returned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877, the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the formation of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.[29]
The
Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts
The Kakori conspiracy involving Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaq Ullah Khan, Rajendra Nath Lahiri, Roshan Singh and others, followed by the Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country, also took place in Lucknow.[32]
Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,[33] with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional Umrao Jaan.
Historically, Lucknow was the capital of the
Geography
The
Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres (404 ft) above sea level. The city had an area of 402 km2 (155 square miles) until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to 631 km2 (244 square miles).[37]
Bounded on the east by Barabanki, on the west by Unnao, on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi, Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River. As of 2008[update], there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist: The central business district, which is a fully built up area, comprises Hazratganj, Aminabad and Chowk. A middle zone surrounds the inner zone with concrete houses while the outer zone consists of villages.[38]
Climate
Lucknow has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with cool, dry winters from mid-November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from March to mid-May. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to October when the city receives an average of 827.2 millimetres (32.57 in) from the southwest monsoon winds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 °C or 77 °F and the minimum is in the 3 to 7 °C (37.4 to 44.6 °F) range.[39]
Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places like Shimla and Mussoorie which are situated way high up in the Himalayas.
In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012–2013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week.[citation needed] Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F) range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius.
Climate data for Lucknow (Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.6 (88.9) |
35.9 (96.6) |
41.1 (106.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
46.5 (115.7) |
47.7 (117.9) |
44.2 (111.6) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.1 (104.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
47.7 (117.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.9 (103.8) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.2 (93.6) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28.9 (84.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
25.2 (77.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 21.6 (0.85) |
14.0 (0.55) |
11.0 (0.43) |
5.5 (0.22) |
24.5 (0.96) |
107.4 (4.23) |
238.5 (9.39) |
241.6 (9.51) |
162.1 (6.38) |
27.9 (1.10) |
2.5 (0.10) |
4.7 (0.19) |
861.4 (33.91) |
Average rainy days | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 5.1 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 7.2 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 43.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
61 | 49 | 35 | 26 | 32 | 49 | 73 | 77 | 73 | 62 | 59 | 63 | 55 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 9 (48) |
12 (54) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
19 (66) |
23 (73) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
25 (77) |
19 (66) |
14 (57) |
10 (50) |
18 (63) |
Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[40][41][42] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[43] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas,[44]Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[45] |
Flora and fauna
Lucknow has a total of 5.66 per cent of forest cover, the state average being around 7 per cent.
Several varieties of mangoes, especially
Established in 1921, the
Economy
The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and Chikan embroidery.[52] Lucknow is among the top cities of India by GDP.[53] It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.[54] Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in India according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern,[55] Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like New Delhi. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as the CII have set up their service centres in the city.[56] Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.[57]
Lucknow in recent times have lagged in growth and only ranks 7th in per capita income in the state of Uttar Pradesh, despite being the capital. Cities like Noida, Ghaziabad and Meerut have dominated in terms of industrial growth and attracting IT jobs and opportunities. Noida ranks highest, followed by Meerut in per capita income in the state.[58]
Multiple software and IT companies are present in the city.
Companies such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, KARAM, Tata Marcopolo, Exide Industries, Tata Motors set up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day.[63][64] Additionally there is a plant of Tata Marcopolo in the city.
To promote the textile industry in the city, the Indian government has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile business cluster in the city.[65] A sprawling 40 hectares (0.40 km2; 100 acres) IT city costing 15 billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to Sultanpur and they have already approved special economic zone status for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state.[66][67] A defence industrial corridor is also coming in the city.[68]
Traditionally, Lucknow has been a mandi town for mangoes, melons, and grains grown in the surrounding areas.[
- Lucknow is famous for its small scale industries that are based on unique styles of embroidery, namely, Bollywood and abroad.[citation needed] It is very popular in Indian markets and have very high demand.
- During the period of the Nawabs, kite-making reached a high level of artistry,[70] and is still a small-scale industry.
The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology set up Software Technology Parks of India[71] in 2001. Currently, biotechnology and information technology are the two focus areas to promote economic development in and around the city.[citation needed] The Ministry of Science and Technology is setting up a biotech park[72] in the city. Lucknow is also one of the selected cities for the Smart City project of STPI.
The city is being developed on the lines of Delhi's National Capital Region and will be the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region or Lucknow State Capital Region.[73] It will be developed as the country's first AI City and the largest IT hub in the country.[74][75] It ranks 7th in the state as per GDP per capita.[76] Lucknow is also being set to manufacture Bramhos Missile with the establishment of two Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) centres.[77][78] Lucknow region is emerging as a key industrial and logistics hub in North India after Delhi-NCR as the warehousing sector.[79]
Administration
General administration
Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an
Civic administration
The Lucknow Municipal Corporation oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established.[88] The first Indian mayor, Syed Nabiullah, was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.[89]
The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 when Sanyukta Bhatia from Bharatiya Janata Party became the first female mayor of Lucknow.[90] Bharatiya Janata Party won 57 councillor seats, Samajwadi Party won 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, and Indian National Congress won 8 seats.[91] Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an IAS officer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020.[92] The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet.[93]
The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates.[94][95] There is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation.[96]
Police administration
The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and drone cameras.[98] Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.[99] There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by the
The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest
Judicial institutions
There is a bench of the Allahabad High Court in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh.[104]
People have often criticised various governments for being judicial focussed on central UP. Where western Uttar Pradesh is the economic center and has long demanded the setting up of another high court bench in west Uttar Pradesh.
Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP. Still, western Uttar Pradesh does not have a High Court. People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. In fact 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh.
Western Uttar Pradesh has been advocating to have a high court bench in Meerut so that Western Uttar Pradesh can get justice. This is important as west UP accounts for 51.71% of the state GDP. [105]
Central government offices
Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of the Central Command of the Indian Army, before which it was the headquarters of Eastern Command.[106]
Lucknow also houses a branch office of National Investigation Agency which is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India.[107] It oversees five states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh for Naxal and terrorist activities.[108]
The Commission of Railway Safety of India, under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, has its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow.[109]
Infrastructure
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department of
Politics
As the seat of the
Constituency | MLA | Political Party |
---|---|---|
Lucknow West
|
Armaan Khan
|
Samajwadi Party |
Lucknow North
|
Dr. Neeraj Bora | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Lucknow East
|
Asutosh Tandon (Gopal Ji) | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Lucknow Central
|
Ravidas Mehotra | Samajwadi Party |
Lucknow Cantt
|
Brajesh Pathak | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Malihabad[119]
|
Jai Devi[120] | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Bakhshi Ka Talab[119]
|
Yogesh Shukla | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Sarojni Nagar[119]
|
Rajeshwar Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Mohanlal Ganj[119]
|
Amresh Kumar | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Public utilities
Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam is responsible for supplying electricity in Lucknow. It is under the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.[121][122] Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, which is under the state government.[123] Jal Nigam is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drains.[124] Jal Sansthan is responsible for supplying water and providing water and sewer connections.[125] Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the solid waste management of Lucknow.[126]
Transport
Roads
Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at Lucknow's
Bus
City buses
Lucknow city's bus service is operated by
Inter-state buses
The major
Railways
Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of the city. The main long-distance railway station is Lucknow Railway Station located at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in 1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway division. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway station is Lucknow Junction railway station operated by the North Eastern Railway. The city is an important junction with links to all major cities of the state and country such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Nashik, Amritsar, Jammu, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Indore, Bhopal, Jhansi, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Raipur and Siwan. The city has a total of fourteen railway stations.[131] Earlier the meter-gauge services originated at Aishbagh and connected to Lucknow city, Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Now all the stations have been converted to broad gauge. All stations lie within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. The Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway was started in 1867 to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between Lucknow and Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail network.[132]
Air transport
Lucknow is served by Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. The airport has been ranked the second-best in the world in the small airport category.[133] The airport is suitable for all-weather operations and provides parking facilities for up to 14 aircraft. Covering 480 hectares (4.80 km2; 1,187 acres), with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights, the airport can handle Boeing 767 to Boeing 747-400 aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo traffic.[134][135] International destinations include
The planned expansion of the airport will allow
Metro
Lucknow Metro is a rapid transit system which started its operations from 6 September 2017. Lucknow Metro system is the most-quickly built metro system in the world[138] and most economical high-speed rapid transit system project in India.[139] The commencement of civil works started on 27 September 2014.[140]
Lucknow has the third largest metro network in the state after Noida, Meerut and Ghaziabad.
In February, Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav approved to set up of a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two corridors the north–south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport and the east–west corridor connecting Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the first phase will be complete by March 2017. The completion of metro rail project is the primary object of Uttar Pradesh government currently headed by the chief minister Yogi Adityanath[141]
On 5 September 2017, Home Minister Rajnath Singh and CM Yogi Adityanath showed green flag to the Lucknow Metro.[142]
Cycling
Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the chief minister's residence in the city. The four-and-a-half-kilometre (2.8 mi) track encompasses La-Martiniere College Road next to a golf club on Kalidas Marg, where the chief minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the office of the ruling party. The dedicated four-metre (13 ft) lane for cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. With Amsterdam as the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities like bike rental also in the works.[143][144] In the year 2015, Lucknow also hosted a national level cycling event called 'The Lucknow Cyclothon' in which professional and amateur cyclists took part.[145] An under-construction cycle track network by the government of Uttar Pradesh is set to make Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle network.[146]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1865 | 300,000 | — |
1871 | 284,800 | −5.1% |
1881 | 261,300 | −8.3% |
1891 | 273,000 | +4.5% |
1901 | 264,000 | −3.3% |
1911 | 259,800 | −1.6% |
1921 | 240,600 | −7.4% |
1931 | 274,700 | +14.2% |
1941 | 387,177 | +40.9% |
1951 | 496,900 | +28.3% |
1961 | 595,400 | +19.8% |
1968 | 763,600 | +28.2% |
1971 | 814,000 | +6.6% |
1981 | 1,007,604 | +23.8% |
1991 | 1,669,204 | +65.7% |
2001 | 2,245,509 | +34.5% |
2011 | 2,902,601 | +29.3% |
Source: [147] |
The population of Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24 million. This included about 60,000 people in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53% over the 1991 figure.[150]
According to the provisional report of
Between 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%, significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981 and 1991.[153] The initial provisional data suggests a population density of 1,815 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,700/sq mi) in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001.[153] As the total area covered by the Lucknow district is only about 2,528 square kilometres (976 sq mi), the population density was much than the 690 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,800/sq mi) recorded at the state level. The Scheduled Caste population of the state represented 21.3% of the total population, a figure higher than the state average of 21.15%.[154][155] Hindi is spoken by 88.16% of the population, while Urdu is spoken by 10.26%.[156]
The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate.[151] The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole.[151] In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female.[151][157] Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.[158][159]
Architecture
Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for tourists covering the popular monuments.
Bara Imambara in Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by the then Nawab of Lucknow, Asaf-ud-Daula. It was originally built to provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which struck the whole of Uttar Pradesh in the same year.[162] It is the largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or stone beams.[163] The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers during construction.[164]
The 18 m (60 feet) tall Rumi Darwaza, built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775–1797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway at Constantinople. The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is embellished with lavish decorations.[165]
Various architectural styles can be seen in the historical areas of Lucknow. The
The Chattar Manzil, which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account of Chattar being the Hindi word for "umbrella". Opposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan I between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.
Another example of mixed architectural styles is
Lucknow's Asafi Imambara exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality. The Bara Imambara, Chhota Imambara and Rumi Darwaza stand in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish styles of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated monuments become the city's main attractions.[169]
Around Hazratganj, the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for extending the corridors into pebbled pathways, adorned with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the Victorian era, flank both sides of the street.[170]
Culture
In common with other metropolitan cities across India, Lucknow is multicultural and multilingual.
Traditional Outfit
Lucknow is known for its ghararas. It is a traditional women's outfit that originated from the Nawabs of Awadh.[174] It is a pair of loose trousers with pleats below the knee worn with a kurta (shirt) and a dupatta (veil). It is embroidered with zari and zardozi along with gota (decorative lace on the knee area). This dress is made from over 24 metres (26 yd) of fabric, mostly silk, brocade and kamkhwab.
Language and poetry
Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is Hindi, the most commonly spoken language is colloquial Hindustani.[175] Indian English is also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result of India's British heritage and Commonwealth tradition, as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as in Urdu poetry and on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu.[176] Awadhi, a dialect of the Hindi dialect continuum, is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.[177]
Historically, Lucknow was considered one of the great centres of
The revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil, who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry.[181] Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, Fatehpur, Barabanki, Rudauli, and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi, Majaz, Khumar Barabankvi and Josh Malihabadi.[182]
Cuisine
The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, the Bawarchis (chefs) and Rakabdars (royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (or Dum style cooking), which has become synonymous with "Awadhi" cuisine. These Bawarchis added elaborately prepared dishes like kababs, kormas, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, roomali rotis and warqi parathas to the traditional "Awadhi" dastarkhwaan (feast of dishes).[183] The best-known dishes of this area consist of biryanis, kebabs and breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; kakori, galawati, shami, boti, patili-ke, ghutwa and seekh are among the available varieties.[183] Tunde ke kabab restaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth.[184] The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.[185]
Lucknow is also known for its chaats, street food, kulfi, paan and sweets. Nahari, a dish prepared using mutton, is popular among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread (paratha) prepared in Lucknow. Makkhan-malai is another sweet delicacy of Lucknow made and sold only during winters. Some restaurants in the city are around a century old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers.
Festivals
Indian festivals such as Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Eid, Holi, Raksha Bandhan and Vijayadashami are celebrated with great pomp and show in the city.[186] Some of the other festivals or processions are as follows:
Lucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase Uttar Pradesh art and culture and to promote tourism.[187] With 1975–76 designated South Asian Tourism Year, Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the city's art, culture and tourism to national and international tourists. The first Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this promotion and ever since, with some exceptions, Lucknow Mahotsava has taken place annually.[188]
- Lucknow Literature Festival
This is an annual literature festival held in the month of November every year since 2013. Lucknow LitFest is India's second-largest literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers and thinkers from across the globe.[189]
- Lucknow is known as a seat of Shia Islam and the epitome of Shia culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar and on Ashura (the tenth day of the month) mourn the memory of Imam Husain, grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.[190] Muharram processions in Lucknow have a special significance and began during the reign of the Awadh Nawabs.
- Processions such as Shahi Zarih, Jaloos-e-Mehndi, Alam-e-Ashura and Chup Tazia had special significance by the Shia community and were affected with great religious zeal and fervour until 1977 the government of Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the following twenty years, processions and gatherings took place in private or community spaces including Talkatora Karbala, Bara Imambara (Imambara Asifi), Chota Imambara (Imambara Husainabad), Dargah Hazrat Abbas, Shah Najaf and Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab. The ban was partially lifted in 1997 and Shias were successful in taking out the first Azadari procession in January 1998 on the 21st of Ramadan, the Muslim fasting month. The Shias are authorised to stage nine processions out of the nine hundred that are listed in the register of the Shias.[191]
- Deva Mela
Deva Mela is celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint Haji Waris Ali Shah at Dewa, India which is 26 K.M from Lucknow city. Sufi songs (Qawwalis) are recited at the Dargah. Devotees also carry sheets/Chadars to the shrines.
The procession originated in Lucknow before spreading to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum. It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of
- Bada Mangal festival is celebrated in May as a birthday of the ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. During this festival, fairs are conducted by the local public in the whole city. Bhandara is organised by local people almost in all streets across the city and serves free food to all the passersby irrespective of religion. Many of the Muslim Community also set up these Bhandara. It is celebrated in the name of Hindu God Lord Hanuman and reflects the Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb.[192]
Dance, drama and music
The classical Indian dance form Kathak originated from Lucknow.[193] Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Lachhu Maharaj, Acchchan Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj have kept this tradition alive.[194][195]
Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent
Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including Naushad, Talat Mahmood, Anup Jalota and Baba Sehgal as well as British pop celebrity Sir Cliff Richard.
Lucknow Chikan
Lucknow is known for embroidery works including chikankari, zari, zardozi, kamdani and gota making (gold lace weaving).[200]
Chikankari is an embroidery work well known all over India. This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in Lucknow and it remains the only location where the skill is practised today. Chikankari constitutes 'shadow work' and is a delicate and artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowish muga silk is sometimes used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps, kurtas, saris, scarfs, and other vestments.[201] The chikan industry, almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but has flourished. About 2,500 entrepreneurs have engaged in manufacturing chikan for sale in local, national and international markets with Lucknow the largest exporter of chikan embroidered garments.[202]
As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the Indian
Quality of life
Lucknow was ranked "India's second happiest city" in a survey conducted by
Education
Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research organisations including
Educational institutions in the city include seven
Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in Lucknow including
City Montessori School, with over 20 branches spread throughout the city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO Prize for Peace Education.[211] CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, with over 40,000 pupils.[212] The school consistently ranks among the top schools of India.[213]
-
Amity University Lucknow Campus, also known as Mango Orchard Campus
-
BBD groups of colleges Campus in Lucknow
-
BBD Universitybuilding in BBD Campus in Lucknow
Minority institutions and seminaries
There are several minority educational institutions in the city including Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Integral University, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Era University, Era's Lucknow Medical College, and Maulana Azad National Urdu University's satellite campus.
Media
Lucknow has had an influence on the
The news channel Bharat Samachar is headquartered in Lucknow. Newspaper services in the city include Amar Ujala,[230] Dainik Jagran, Hindustan Times, The Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar.
One of the earliest
FM radio transmission started in Lucknow in 2000. The city has the following FM radio stations:[234]
- Radio City 91.1 MHz
- Red FM 93.5MHz
- Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz
- AIR FM Rainbow 100.7 MHz
- Fever 104 FM 104.0 MHz
- Gyan Vani 105.6 MHz (educational)
- AIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz
- CMS FM 90.4 MHz (educational)
- Mirchi Love 107.2 FM
- BBDU FM 90.8 MHz (of Babu Banarsi Das University)
"My Lucknow My Pride" is a mobile app launched by the district administration of Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve "the cultural heritage of Lucknow" and to encourage tourism.[235][236][237][238]
Sports
Cricket, association football, badminton, golf, and hockey are among the most popular sports in the city.
The main sports hub is the
In September 2017,
It is the third largest cricket stadium in India by capacity after Kolkata's Eden Gardens and Ahmedabad's Narendra Modi Stadium.[240][241] For decades Lucknow hosted the Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.
Lucknow is the headquarters for the Badminton Association of India. Located in Gomti Nagar, it was formed in 1934 and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936. Syed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.[242][243]
The Lucknow Race Course in Lucknow Cantonment is spread over 28.42 hectares (0.2842 km2; 70.22 acres); the course's 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi)-long race track is the longest in India.[244]
The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of
The city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketers
In October 2021, an
City-based clubs
Club | Sport | Team | Homeground | Founded |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uttar Pradesh Cricket Team | Cricket | Ranji Trophy | BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium
|
1934 |
K.D Singh Babu Stadium | ||||
Awadhe Warriors | Badminton | Premier Badminton League | Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium | 2015 |
Uttar Pradesh Wizards | Field hockey | Hockey India League | Major Dhyan Chand Stadium
|
2012 |
Lucknow Super Giants | Cricket | Indian Premier League | BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium
|
2021 |
UP Yoddha
|
Kabaddi | Pro Kabaddi League | Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium | 2017 |
UP Warriorz | Cricket | Women's Premier League | BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium
|
2023 |
Parks and recreation
The city has parks and
Sister cities
Notable individuals
Historical places
- Bara Imambara
- Chhota Imambara
- Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab
- Aminabad
- Colvin Taluqdars' College
- La Martiniere Lucknow
- Isabella Thoburn College
- Qaisar Bagh
- Rumi Darwaza
- Shah Najaf Imambara
- Dargah of Hazrat Abbas
- Dilkusha Kothi
- Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
- Tomb of Mir Babar Ali Anis
- Imambara Sibtainabad (Maqbara of Amjad Ali Shah)
- Rauza Kazmain
- Residency
- Usman Enclave
- All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow
- Alambagh
- Begum Hazrat Mahal Park
See also
- Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre (2003)
- Amir-ud-daula Public Library
- Bharwara Sewage Treatment Plant
- Fun Republic Mall
- List of cities in India by population
- List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
- List of tallest buildings in Lucknow
- List of twin towns and sister cities in India
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
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Further reading
- Darogha Ubbas Alli (1874). The Lucknow Album. Baptist Mission Press,Calcutta.
- Poorno Chunder Mookherji (1883). The Pictorial Lucknow. P.C. Mookherji. ISBN 978-81-206-1701-8.
- ISBN 0-691-06590-X.
- Violette Graff (13 November 1997). Lucknow: Memories of a City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563790-9.
- ISBN 81-7223-288-8.
- Rosie Llewellyn-Jones; Ravi Kapoor (2003). Lucknow, Then and Now. Marg Publications. ISBN 81-85026-61-0.
- Rosie Llewellyn-Jones (2006). Lucknow: City of Illusion. Prestel Verlag. ISBN 3-7913-3130-2.
- Shamim A. Aarzoo (2014). Discovering Lucknow. Lucknow Society. .
- Vipul B. Varshney (2017). Lucknow: The City of Heritage and Culture, A walk through history. Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-93-85285-52-3.
- Vipul B. Varshney; Shaam -e Awadh (2017). A visual journey of Lucknow. Bloomsbury.
External links
- Lucknow travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official Site of Lucknow
- The India of the Nawabs, The New York Times, Published: 25 February 1990