Lucretia Mott

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Lucretia Mott
Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupations
  • teacher
    • Spouse
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1811; died 1868)​
    Children6
    RelativesMartha Coffin Wright (sister)
    Eliza Wright Osborne (niece)
    Mayhew Folger (maternal uncle)
    Levi Coffin (cousin)

    Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American

    social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments
    was written.

    Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. She advocated giving black people, both male and female, the

    Cheltenham Township is now known as La Mott
    , in her honor.

    Early life and education

    Lucretia Coffin was born January 3, 1793,

    British Crown during the American Revolution.[7]

    In 1803, at the age of 10, her father moved the Mott family to Boston to become a merchant.

    Society of Friends (Quakers).[9] James Mott, who would become her husband, was her teacher there.[3] At the age of 15, she became a teacher there after graduation[3][10] and learned that male teachers at the school were paid significantly more than female staff, which ignited her interest in women's rights.[10] She was also interested in fighting slavery as a child.[3] After her family moved to Philadelphia in 1809,[8] she and James Mott followed[11] in 1810.[12] James became a merchant in the city.[12]

    Personal life

    Daguerreotype portrait of Lucretia and James Mott sitting together
    James and Lucretia Mott, 1842

    On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married James Mott at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia.[13] James was a Quaker businessman[14] who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, and helped found Swarthmore College.[12] They raised six children,[14] five of whom made it to adulthood.[15]

    Mott died on November 11, 1880, of pneumonia at her home, Roadside,

    Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.[18] She was buried at Fair Hill Burial Ground, a Quaker cemetery in North Philadelphia.[19] At her funeral, a long silence took place. It was broken when someone asked, "Who can speak? The preacher is dead."[20]

    Ministry

    In 1821, at age 28, Mott was recognized by her Friends Meeting (

    free produce and other anti-slavery sentiments.[24]

    Mott's theology was influenced by Unitarians including Theodore Parker and William Ellery Channing as well as early Quakers including William Penn. She believed that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the Free Religious Association in 1867, with Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise,[25] Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson.[26]

    Abolitionist

    Early anti-slavery efforts

    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Mott, the "foremost white female abolitionist in the United States", called for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved people,

    anti-slavery fairs to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.[34][32]

    Margaret Jones Burleigh, Benjamin C. Bacon, Robert Purvis, Mott, and James Mott
    .

    Mott attended all three national Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed Pennsylvania Hall, a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists.[35] Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.[36]

    Amidst social persecution by

    fugitive slaves, and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."[37]

    World's Anti-Slavery Convention

    Main article: World Anti-Slavery Convention
    Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writerSamuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian JournalistWilliam Morgan from BirminghamWilliam Forster - Quaker leaderGeorge Stacey - Quaker leaderWilliam Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassadorJohn Burnet -Abolitionist SpeakerWilliam Knibb -Missionary to JamaicaJoseph Ketley from GuyanaGeorge Thompson - UK & US abolitionistJ. Harfield Tredgold - British South African (secretary)Josiah Forster - Quaker leaderSamuel Gurney - the Banker's BankerSir John Eardley-WilmotDr Stephen Lushington - MP and JudgeSir Thomas Fowell BuxtonJames Gillespie Birney - AmericanJohn BeaumontGeorge Bradburn - Massachusetts politicianGeorge William Alexander - Banker and TreasurerBenjamin Godwin - Baptist activistVice Admiral MoorsonWilliam TaylorWilliam TaylorJohn MorrisonGK PrinceJosiah ConderJoseph SoulJames Dean (abolitionist)John Keep - Ohio fund raiserJoseph EatonJoseph Sturge - Organiser from BirminghamJames WhitehorneJoseph MarriageGeorge BennettRichard AllenStafford AllenWilliam Leatham, bankerWilliam BeaumontSir Edward Baines - JournalistSamuel LucasFrancis Augustus CoxAbraham BeaumontSamuel Fox, Nottingham grocerLouis Celeste LecesneJonathan BackhouseSamuel BowlyWilliam Dawes - Ohio fund raiserRobert Kaye Greville - BotanistJoseph Pease - reformer in India)W.T.BlairM.M. Isambert (sic)Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in lawWilliam TatumSaxe Bannister - PamphleteerRichard Davis Webb - IrishNathaniel Colver - Americannot knownJohn Cropper - Most generous LiverpudlianThomas ScalesWilliam JamesWilliam WilsonThomas SwanEdward Steane from CamberwellWilliam BrockEdward BaldwinJonathon MillerCapt. Charles Stuart from JamaicaSir John Jeremie - JudgeCharles Stovel - BaptistRichard Peek, ex-Sheriff of LondonJohn SturgeElon GalushaCyrus Pitt GrosvenorRev. Isaac BassHenry SterryPeter Clare -; sec. of Literary & Phil. Soc. ManchesterJ.H. JohnsonThomas PriceJoseph ReynoldsSamuel WheelerWilliam BoultbeeDaniel O'Connell - "The Liberator"William FairbankJohn WoodmarkWilliam Smeal from GlasgowJames Carlile - Irish Minister and educationalistRev. Dr. Thomas BinneyEdward Barrett - Freed slaveJohn Howard Hinton - Baptist ministerJohn Angell James - clergymanJoseph CooperDr. Richard Robert Madden - IrishThomas BulleyIsaac HodgsonEdward SmithSir John Bowring - diplomat and linguistJohn EllisC. Edwards Lester - American writerTapper Cadbury - Businessmannot knownThomas PinchesDavid Turnbull - Cuban linkEdward AdeyRichard BarrettJohn SteerHenry TuckettJames Mott - American on honeymoonRobert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)Richard RathboneJohn BirtWendell Phillips - AmericanJean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from HaitiHenry Stanton - AmericanProf William AdamMrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South AfricanT.M. McDonnellMrs John BeaumontAnne Knight - FeministElizabeth Pease - SuffragistJacob Post - Religious writerAnne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wifeAmelia Opie - Novelist and poetMrs Rawson - Sheffield campaignerThomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas ClarksonThomas MorganThomas Clarkson - main speakerGeorge Head Head - Banker from CarlisleWilliam AllenJohn ScobleHenry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionistUse your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)
    1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention.[38] Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge.

    In June 1840, Mott attended the General Anti-Slavery Convention, better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. Despite Mott's status as one of six women delegates, before the conference began, the men voted to exclude the American women from participating, and the female delegates were required to sit in a segregated area. Anti-slavery leaders did not want the women's rights issue to become associated with the cause of ending slavery worldwide and dilute the focus on abolition.[39] In addition, the social mores of the time denied women's full participation in public political life.[40] Even so, Mott "made many telling addresses" at the convention.[3] Several of the American men attending the convention, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, protested the women's exclusion.[40] Garrison, Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, William Adam, and African American activist Charles Lenox Remond sat with the women in the segregated area.[41] Activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband Henry Brewster Stanton attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies.[42]

    One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention".[43] Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: Elizabeth Pease, Mary Anne Rawson, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Tredgold and Mary Clarkson, daughter of Thomas Clarkson.[44] Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to give Mott a prominent place in the painting. However, during a sitting on June 29, 1840, to capture her likeness, he took a dislike to her views and decided to not use her portrait prominently.[45]

    Underground Railroad and other activities

    Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland,

    Congress from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President John Tyler who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand Mr. Calhoun over to you", referring to the senator and abolition opponent.[47][48]
    In 1855, with several other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman, to Boston after Johnson, with the aid of William Still, Passmore Williamson and others, had emancipated herself, while passing through Philadelphia on a trip from North Carolina to New York with her master, in accordance with Pennsylvania law.[49]

    Women's rights

    Overview

    Sculptor Lloyd Lillie's "The First Wave" statues in the Women's Rights National Historical Park Visitor Center. On the far left are Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Frederick Douglass (with Lucretia Mott and James Mott not visible behind them); of the two women in the front, the one on the right is Martha Coffin Wright; the man and woman standing together in the rear are Thomas M'Clintock and Mary Ann M'Clintock. The others are unidentified.

    Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time, it was very difficult to obtain a divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."[50]

    Lucretia Mott was brought up in the Quaker tradition and many of her beliefs derived from her faith. As such, she rejected Christian beliefs which held that Christian scripture condoned slavery and gender inequality. In a speech Mott Said "The laws given on Mount Sinai for the government of man and woman were equal, the precepts of Jesus make no distinction. Those who read the Scriptures, and judge for themselves, not resting satisfied with the perverted application of the text, do not find the distinction, that theology and ecclesiastical authorities have made, in the condition of the sexes."[51]

    Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846).[52] In 1850, Mott published her speech Discourse on Woman, a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.[53]

    Seneca Falls Convention

    Main article: Seneca Falls Convention

    In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York.[54][55] Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott viewed politics as corrupted by slavery and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise however, is the same, and should be yielded to her, whether she exercises that right or not."[56] Noted abolitionist and human rights activist Frederick Douglass was in attendance and played a key role in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage.[57] Mott signed the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.[58]

    Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena. During the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party, 5 voting delegates cast their ballots for Lucretia Mott to be their party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President,[59] making her the first woman to run for that position.[54]

    Sermon to the Medical Students

    The biological justifications of race as a biologically provable basis for difference gave rise to the stigma of innate, naturally determined inferiority in the 19th century. In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:[60][61]

    "May you be faithful, and enter into a consideration as to how far you are partakers in this evil, even in other men's sins. How far, by permission, by apology, or otherwise, you are found lending your sanction to a system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our fellow beings."

    American Equal Rights Association

    Photograph of Lucretia Mott wearing a pale bonnet and shawl and facing the camera.
    Lucretia Mott, c. 1859–1870, Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.

    In 1866, after the

    National Woman's Suffrage Association for women only.[62]

    Educational institutions

    Intending to create educational opportunities for women, Mott helped found the

    Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women.[63]

    Pacifism

    Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the New England Non-Resistance Society.[64] For several years, she was president of the Pennsylvania Peace Society.[3] She opposed the War with Mexico (1846–1848). After the Civil War, Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the Universal Peace Union, founded in 1866.[64]

    Legacy

    Designations
    Official nameLucretia C. Mott
    TypeRoadside
    CriteriaCivil Rights, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 19th Century, Religion, Underground Railroad, Women
    DesignatedMay 1, 1974
    LocationPennsylvania Route 611 at Latham Pkwy., N of Cheltenham Ave., Elkins Park
    Marker TextNearby stood "Roadside," the home of the ardent Quakeress, Lucretia C. Mott (1793–1880). Her most notable work was in connection with antislavery, women's rights, temperance, and peace.

    Susan Jacoby wrote, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries - even many who had opposed her brand of abolitionism and who continued to oppose equal rights for women - as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century."[65]

    The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.[66]

    The Camp Town section of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, which was the site of Camp William Penn, and of Mott's home, Roadside, was renamed La Mott in her honor in 1885.[18]

    U.S. Capitol rotunda, by Adelaide Johnson (1921), features (left to right) suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
    , and Mott.

    Mott is commemorated along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in Portrait Monument, a 1921 sculpture by Adelaide Johnson at the United States Capitol. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.[67]

    A version of the Equal Rights Amendment from 1923, which differs from the current text, was named the Lucretia Mott Amendment.[68] That draft read, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."[69]

    U.S.commemorative stamp of 1948, Seneca Falls Convention titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948. From left to right, Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucretia Mott.

    The

    United States Post Office issued a stamp titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948 in 1948 on the centennial of the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)[70]

    In 1983, Mott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[71]

    In 2005, Mott was inducted into the

    National Abolition Hall of Fame, in Peterboro, New York
    .

    In 2015, P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott, in Queens, New York City, closed; it was named for her.[72]

    The

    1913 Woman Suffrage Procession. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment.[73][74]

    The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named after her.[75]

    The Lucretia Mott room in the Friends House in London is named after her, as is the Lucretia Mott room in the Friends Center in Philadelphia, and the Lucretia Mott room in Swarthmore College (formerly called the conference room Parrish E 254).[76][77][78]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Women of the Century (1893) states that she became a minister in 1818.[3]

    References

    Citations

    1. ^ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019". United Press International. January 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019. feminist/abolitionist Lucretia Mott in 1793
    2. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 8, 14.
    3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Willard, Frances E.; Livermore, Mary A., eds. (1893). "Lucretia Mott" . Women of the Century. Charles Wells Moulton – via Wikisource.
    4. ^ a b c d e "Death, Near Philadelphia, of Lucretia Mott, the Abolitionist". Chicago Tribune. November 12, 1880. p. 8. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
    5. ^ Stiehm, Jamie. "The Power of Voice, Reflections on Lucretia Mott (1793-1880)". Nantucket Historical Association. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
    6. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 12.
    7. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 14.
    8. ^ a b "Lucretia Mott". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
    9. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 24–27.
    10. ^ a b Faulkner 2011, p. 33, 34.
    11. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 34, 36.
    12. ^ a b c d e Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott (1922). The New International Encyclopædia: James Mott and Lucretia Mott. Dodd, Mead. p. 351.
    13. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 37.
    14. ^
      ISBN 978-0813523187
      .
    15. ^
      ISBN 978-0674526617
      .
    16. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 211–212.
    17. ^ "Lucretia Mott". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
    18. ^ a b "Cheltenham Township: La Mott Historic District". Retrieved October 17, 2020.
    19. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 212.
    20. ^ "Lucretia Mott, the Brazen Infidel | Building Bridges | Tapestry of Faith | UUA.org". www.uua.org. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
    21. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 21, 38.
    22. ^ a b Bacon 1989, pp. 34–35.
    23. ^ a b Bacon 1989, pp. 92–93.
    24. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 6–7, 110.
    25. ^ The Free Religious Association 1907, pp. 30–31.
    26. ^ Mace, Emily. "Emerson and Religion". Harvard Square Library. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
    27. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 4.
    28. ^ a b c Woloch, Nancy (2006). Women and the American Experience (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. p. 156.
    29. ISSN 0027-8378
      . Retrieved February 28, 2023.
    30. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 4, 64.
    31. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 71.
    32. ^ a b Woloch, Nancy (2006). Women and the American Experience (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 182.
    33. ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 1, 4, 66–75.
    34. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 169.
    35. ^ "The Abolitionists: The Burning of Pennsylvania Hall | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
    36. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 79.
    37. ^ Bacon 1999, p. 68.
    38. ^ Haydon 1841.
    39. ^ Rodriguez 2011, pp. 585–596.
    40. ^
      OCLC 1021069176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
      )
    41. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 97.
    42. ^ McMillen 2008, pp. 72–75.
    43. ^ Bacon 1999, p. 92.
    44. ^ Haydon 1840.
    45. ^ "NPG 599; The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 – Portrait Extended – National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
    46. ^ a b Still, William (1872). ""Lucretia Mott"". The Underground Railroad (Pressbooks ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ryerson University. Retrieved April 18, 2022. Of all the women who served the Anti-slavery cause in its darkest days, there is not one whose labors were more effective, whose character is nobler, and who is more universally respected and beloved, than Lucretia Mott. You cannot speak of the slave without remembering her, who did so much to make Slavery impossible.
    47. ^ Bacon 1999, p. 105.
    48. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 112.
    49. ^ Carol Faulkner, Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 165-167.
    50. ^ a b Faulkner 2011, p. 160.
    51. ^ "God In America - People - Lucretia Mott". God in America. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
    52. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 117.
    53. ^ Mott 1849.
    54. ^ a b Terrell, Cynthia Richie (January 20, 2021). "172 Years After the First Woman Ran, Kamala Harris Breaks the Executive Branch's Glass Ceiling". MS Magazine.
    55. ^ McMillen 2008, pp. 2–3.
    56. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 147.
    57. ^ National Portrait Gallery, The Seneca Falls Convention.
    58. ^ "Declaration of Sentiments – Women's Rights National Historical Park". National Park Service. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
    59. ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 138.
    60. ^ Soriso 2002.
    61. ^ Lockard.
    62. ^ Bacon 1989, p. 127.
    63. ^ Bacon 1989, p. 151.
    64. ^ a b "Universal Peace Union Records, Collection: DG 038 – Swarthmore College Peace Collection". swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
    65. ^ Jacoby 2005, p. 95.
    66. ^ "History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I". Project Gutenberg.
    67. ^ Architect of the Capitol.
    68. ^ ""Lucretia Mott" National Park Service". National Park Service. United States Government. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
    69. ^ "Who was Alice Paul". Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
    70. ^ Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. pp. 120–121.
    71. ^ "Mott, Lucretia". National Women’s Hall of Fame.
    72. ^ "P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott – District 27 – InsideSchools". insideschools.org.
    73. ^ US Department of the Treasury.
    74. ^ Korte 2016.
    75. ^ The Washington Post Staff 1909.
    76. ^ "Meeting Rooms". Friends House. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
    77. ^ "The Lucretia Mott Room – Friends Center".
    78. ^ Chattopadhyay, Shreya (November 2, 2017). "Lucretia Mott: far more than a founder - The Phoenix".

    General and cited references

    Further reading

    External links

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