Lucus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Locus (disambiguation).
Religion in
ancient Rome
Marcus Aurelius sacrificing
Marcus Aurelius (head covered)
sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
Practices and beliefs
Priesthoods
Deities

Deified leaders:

Related topics

In ancient Roman religion, a lucus ([ˈɫ̪uː.kʊs], plural lucī) is a sacred grove.

Lucus was one of four

nemus, an arboretum that is not consecrated.[2]
A saltus usually implied a wilderness area with varied topographical features.

A lucus was a cultivated place, more like a wooded park than a forest, and might contain an aedes, a building that housed the image of a god, or other landscaped features that facilitated or gave rise to ritual.[3] It has been conjectured,[4] for instance, that the Lupercal, referred to as a "cave," was a small lucus with an artificial grotto, since archaeology has uncovered no natural cave in the area.

Apuleius records that "when pious travelers happen to pass by a sacred grove (lucus) or a cult place on their way, they are used to make a vow (votum), or a fruit offering, or to sit down for a while."[5]

Etymology

Some ancient sources as well as modern etymologists derive the word "from a letting in of light" (a lucendo); that is, the lucus was the clearing encompassed by trees.[6] The Old High German cognate lôh also means "clearing, holy grove." Lucus appears to have been understood in this sense in early medieval literature; until the 10th century, it is regularly translated into OHG as harug, a word never used for the secular silva.[7] Servius, however, somewhat perversely says that a lucus is so called because non luceat, "it is not illuminated," perhaps implying that a proper sacred grove hosted only legitimate daytime ceremonies and not dubious nocturnal rites that required torchlight.[8]

To clear a clearing

In his book

On Agriculture, Cato records a Roman ritual lucum conlucare, "to clear a clearing." The officiant is instructed to offer a pig as a piaculum, a propitiation or expiatory offering made in advance of the potential wrong committed against the grove through human agency.[9] The following words are to be formulated (verba concipito
) for the particular site:

Whether thou be god or goddess (si deus, si dea) to whom this grove is dedicated, as it is thy right to receive a sacrifice of a pig for the thinning of this sacred grove, and to this intent, whether I or one at my bidding do it, may it be rightly done. To this end, in offering this pig to thee I humbly beg that thou wilt be gracious and merciful to me, to my house and household, and to my children. Wilt thou deign to receive this pig which I offer thee to this end.[10]

The word piaculum is repeated three times in the prayer, emphasizing that the sacrifice of the pig is not a freewill offering, but something owed to the deity by right (ius). The piaculum compensates the deity for a transgression or offense, and differs from a regular sacrifice offered in the hope of procuring favor in return (do ut des).[11]

It is tempting, but misleading, to read

Thoreau nonetheless made admiring reference to Cato's prayer in Walden: "I would that our farmers when they cut down a forest felt some of that awe which old Romans did when they came to thin, or let in the light to, a consecrated grove (lucum conlucare)."[14]

Festival of the grove

Main article: Lucaria

The

Sabine territory.[15]

Sacred groves of the Roman Empire

A lucus might become such a focus of activity that a community grew up around it, as was the case with the Lucus Augusti that is now

Spain and the Lucus Feroniae near Capena.[16] Lucus is therefore part of the Latin name of several different ancient places in the Roman Empire
from which the modern name derives, including:

See also

References

  1. ^ Paul Roche, Lucan: De Bello Civili, Book 1 (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 296.
  2. Servius, note to Aeneid 1.310, arborum multitudo cum religione; Jörg Rüpke
    , Religion of the Romans (Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 275, noting that he finds the distinction "artificial."
  3. ^ Rüpke, Religion of the Romans, pp. 177–178.
  4. ^ Rüpke, Religion of the Romans, p. 178.
  5. ^ Apuleius, Florides 1.1.
  6. ^ Entry on "Etymology," in The Classical Tradition (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 343.
  7. ^ D.H. Green, Language and history in the early Germanic world (Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2000), p. 26.
  8. ^ Non quod sint ibi lumina causa religionis: Servius, note to Aeneid 1.441; Ken Dowden, European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Routledge, 2000), p. 74.
  9. ^ William Warde Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1922), p. 191.
  10. Robert E.A. Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 106, connects this ritual to the Lucaria
    and the clearing of sacred groves in general.
  11. ^ Cyril Bailey, Phases in the Religion of Ancient Rome (University of California, 1932), p. 91.
  12. ^ J. Donald Hughes, The Mediterranean: An Environmental History (ABC-Clio, 2005), p. 208.
  13. ^ Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs," in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 286.
  14. ^ Henry David Thoreau, Walden p. 235 in the edition of Bill McKibben (Beacon Press, 1997, 2004).
  15. ^ Rüpke, Religion of the Romans, p. 189.
  16. ^ Dowden, European Paganism, p. 105.
  17. ^ Lucus Pisaurensis: Sacred Grove of Pesaro, Discovered by Annibale degli Abati Olivieri http://www.ilpignocco.it/en/about-us/lucus-pisaurensis/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucus&oldid=1186615746"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Lucus. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy