Ludi Romani
Roman Games (Ludi Romani) | |
---|---|
Observed by | Roman Republic, Roman Empire |
Type | Classical Roman religion |
Date | September 4–19 |
Related to | the god Jupiter |
The Ludi Romani ("Roman Games"; see ludi) was a religious festival in ancient Rome. Usually including multiple ceremonies called ludi. They were held annually starting in 366 BC from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the last 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. The festival first introduced drama to Rome based on Greek drama.
Origins
These games—the chief
The games were originally organized by the
In calendars of the
When and why
These games were not necessarily held every year from their inception. In many cases, games were based on a vow (votum) by a military commander, and were celebrated as a special festival after his triumphal procession. As the army used to go forth as a general rule each summer, it became customary when it returned in autumn to celebrate such games, though connected with no triumph, and though no signal victory had been gained. But still in all cases they were celebrated as extraordinary games, and not as games regularly established by law. They were sollemnes, "customary," but had not yet become annui, "yearly".[12] Livy identifies the two kinds, the ludi magni and the ludi Romani, and so do Cicero (Repub. ii. 20, 35), Festus (l. c), and Pseudo-Asconius.[13] In all his other books, however, Livy observes a distinction which has been pointed out by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (Parerga zu Plautus, &c. p. 290), that ludi magni is the term applied to extraordinary games originating in a vow (ludi votivi), while ludi Romani is that applied to the games when they were established as annual (ludi stati). Ludi Romani is first used by Livy in viii. 40, 2 (see Weissenborn ad loc); and after that the terms varied according as the games are stati (e.g. x. 47, 7; xxv. 2, 8) or votivi. The distinction drawn by Ritschl is to be considered proven, but it is unclear when the "established" games became annual.
Most probably, says Mommsen,
Facts of Ludi Romani
Yet Livy and the other authors who identify the ludi magni and Romani are not altogether in error: for the arrangement of the two kinds of games was similar. An incidental proof of this is that when
Most likely, originally there was only one contest of each kind, and only two competitors in each contest (Liv. xliv. 9, 4), since at all periods in the Roman chariot-race only as many chariots competed as there were so-called
After the introduction of the drama in 364, plays were acted at the ludi Romani, and in 214 BC we know that ludi scenici took up four days of the festival (Liv. xxiv. 43, 7). In 161 BC the Phormio of Terence was acted at these games.
History of scholarship
The classic work on the Ludi Romani is Mommsen's article "Die Ludi Magni und Romani" in his Römische Forschungen, ii. 42-57 = Rheinisches Museum, xiv. 79–87; see also his Roman History, i. 235-237 (where the Greek influences on the Roman games are traced), 472, 473; and Friedländer in Marquardt's Staatsverwaltung, iii. 477, 478.
Notes
- ^ Festus, s. v. Magnos Ludos.
- ^ Livy I.35, 9.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities vii. 71.
- ^ Cicero, de Divinatione i. 26, 55.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities vi. 95.
- ^ Livy vi. 42, 12.
- ^ Livy xxxvi. 2, xxxix. 22, 1; Mommsen, Römische Forschungen ii. 54.
- ^ Cicero In Verrem i. 1. 0, 31.
- ^ Cicero Philippicae ii. 4. 3, 110.
- ^ Cicero In Verrem ii. 52, 130.
- ^ CIL I.401.
- ^ sollemnes, deinde annui mansere ludi Romani magnique varie appellati, Livy i. 35, 9
- ^ pp. 142-3, Or.[full citation needed]
- ^ Theodor Mommsen, Römische Forschungen ii. 53; cf. Roman History i. 472
- ^ Pseudo-Asconius p. 142; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities vii. 71
- ^ cf. Granius Licinianus lib. xxvi.
- ^ Livy xxiii. 29, 5
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