Lugus
Lugos (
Name
Etymology
The etymology of the name is debated. Besides the Gaulish Lugos (pl. Lugoues, Lugouibus), the deity is attested in
The Proto-Celtic root *lug- has been tentatively derived from several different Proto-Indo-European roots, including *leug- ('black'),[8] *leuǵ- ('to break'),[9] and *leugʰ- ('to swear an oath').[10] It was once thought to be derived from PIE *leuk- ('to shine'), but most modern scholars rule this out, notably because Proto-Indo-European *-k- never produces Proto-Celtic *-g-.[11]
According to linguist
Use in proper names
The theonym Lugu- is the source of the place names Lugu-dunon ('Lug's fortress'), at the origin of Lyon, Loudon, Laudun, Laon, Lea,[12] and perhaps Leiden; *Lugu-ialon ('Lug's village'), at the origin of Ligueil; as well as Lugu-ualion ('Place of Lug the Sovereign'), the ancient name of Carlisle.[4] Lucus Augusti (modern Lugo in Galicia, Spain) may be derived from the theonym Lug,[7][13] though perhaps from Latin lucus ('grove') cannot be ruled out.[14]
It is also in the personal names Lugu-dunolus, Lugu-uec[ca], Lugius, Lugissius, Lugu-rix, and Lugiola. The female name Lugu-selua, meaning 'Lug's possession', can be compared with the Greek personal name Theodulus ('God's slave').[5] In Insular Celtic are found the Brythonic Louocatus (< *Lugu-catus) and Old Welsh Loumarch (< *Lugu-marcos 'Lug's stallion').[5]
Ethnonyms which may derive from Lug include the Luggoni (or Lougonoi) of Asturias, as well as the Lougei, known from inscriptions in Lugo and El Bierzo.[7] The Lougoi of Scotland might also be related.[13]
Inscriptions
The god Lug is mentioned in a Celtiberian inscription from Peñalba de Villastar in Spain, which reads:
- ENI OROSEI VTA TICINO TIATVNEI TRECAIAS TO LVGVEI ARAIANOM COMEIMV ENI OROSEI EQVEISVIQVE OGRIS OLOCAS TOGIAS SISTAT LVGVEI TIASO TOGIAS
The translation is debated, but the phrase "to Luguei" ("to/for Lug" with the theonym in the dative singular) clearly indicates a dedication to the god.[15][16]
Additionally, the name is attested several times in the plural, for example: nominative plural Lugoues in a single-word (and potentially Gaulish) inscription from
- Lugovibus sacrum L. L(icinius) Urcico collegio sutorum d(onum) d(at)[18]
- "Lucius Licinius Urcico dedicated this, sacred to the Lugoves, to the guild of shoemakers"[19]
This shows Lug being worshiped by shoemakers in Spain, parallel to his Welsh counterpart
The plural form of the theonym is also found in Latin inscriptions:
Lugo, Galicia, Spain:
- Luc(obo) Gudarovis Vale[r(ius)] Cle.[m](ens) v(otum) l(ibens) s(olvit)[22]
Outeiro de Rei, Lugo, Galicia, Spain:
[Both epithets Arquieni and Arquienobo are considered to be related to a
]- Rufina Lucubus v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)[27]
The majority of the known inscriptions dedicated to Lug come from the Iberian Peninsula, perhaps indicating this deity's particular importance and popularity among the Iberian Celts.[7]
An inscribed lead plate found in Chamalières in France includes the phrase luge dessummiíis, which has been tentatively interpreted by some scholars as "I prepare them for Lug", though it may also mean "I swear (luge) with/by my right (hand)".[28]
Gaulish Mercury
Iconography
The
Triplism
Gaulish Mercury is associated with triplism: sometimes he has three faces, sometimes three
Sacred sites
High places (Mercurii Montes), including
Continuity in later Celtic narratives
In Ireland, Lugh was the victorious youth who defeated the monstrous Balor "of the venomous eye". He was the paradigm of holy or priestly kingship, and his epithet lámhfhada “of the long arm”, carries on an ancient Proto-Indo-European image of a noble sovereign spreading his power far and wide (cf. "the long arm of the law"). His festival, called Lughnasadh ("Festival of Lugh") in Ireland, was commemorated on 1 August.
His name survives in the village of
The Celtic Lugh and Lleu Llaw Gyffes may also have influenced the
See also
- Llywelyn (name)
- Lugaid (name)
- Lleu Llaw Gyffes
- Lugh
- Odin
- Mercury
- Hermes
- Pan
- Pushan
- Mitra
- Mithras
- Apaliunas
- Apollo
- Grannus
- Belenus
- Borvo
- Sulis
- Minerva
- Sol
- Sol Invictus
- Helios
- Surya
- Solar deity
- Triple deities
- Triad (religion)
- Capitoline Triad
- Trimurti
References
Citations
- Carnavalet Museum, from J.-L. Courcelle-Seneuil, Les Dieux gaulois d'après les monuments figurés (The Gallic Gods According to the Figurative Monuments), Paris, 1910.
- ^ Maccrossan, Tadhg (May 29, 2002). "Celtic Religion". Llewellyn Worldwide. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
Lugus, like Odin, was king of the gods in the Celtic pantheon, was accompanied by crows and ravens, carried a spear, and closed one eye to do his magic (Odin offered his eye); like the Great Zeus in Hesiod's Theogony, he led the Tuatha Dé Danann gods in victory over the Fomorian giants. Lugh's birth and childhood also parallels that of Zeus.
- ISBN 0190291702.
In The Baile in Scail ("The God's Prophecy") Lugh is seen as a sacred solar king and king of the otherworld, associated with Rosmerta, who is herself a kind of personification of Ireland, sometimes known as "the Sovranty of Ireland." Lugh followed Nuada as king of the gods in Ireland, and was with the mortal Dechtire the father of the great hero Cuchulainn.
- ^ a b c Delamarre 2003, p. 211.
- ^ a b c d Matasović 2009, p. 248.
- ^ Koch 2017, pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b c d Simón 2005.
- ^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Francke, 1959, 686.
- ^ Bernard Mees, Celtic Curses, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 45.
- ^ H. Wagner, Studies in the Origins of early Celtic Civilisation, Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, 31, 1970, p. 24.
- ^ Schrijver 1995, p. 348.
- ^ J.E.B. Glover, Allen Mawer, F.M.Stenton (1938). The Place-Names of Hertfordshire. Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Abad, Rubén Abad. (2008). "La divinidad celeste/solar en el panteón céltico peninsular". In: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua, 21: 101.
- ^ García Alonso, Juan Luis (2001). "The Place Names of Ancient Hispania and its Linguistic Layers". Studia Celtica. 35 (1): 213–244.
- ^ Lejeune, Michel, Celtibérica, Universidad de Salamanca, 1997, pp. 8ff.
- ^ Koch, John, Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p.[page needed]
- ^ CIL XIII, 05078
- ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Vol. 2, Walter de Gruyter, 1974, p. 387, inscription 2818.
- ^ Gruffydd, William John. Math vab Mathonwy, University of Wales Press, 1928, p. 238.
- ^ Gruffydd, William John. Math vab Mathonwy, University of Wales Press, 1928, pp. 237ff.
- ^ a b Alexei Kondratiev, "Lugus: the Many-Gifted Lord", An Tríbhís Mhór: The IMBAS Journal of Celtic Reconstructionism #1, 1997
- ^ AE 2003, 952
- ^ IRPL, pp. 80-89.
- ^ ILER, p. 868.
- ^ IRPL, pp. 87-88.
- ^ ILER, p. 869.
- ^ CIL XII, 3080
- ^ Lugus: The Gaulish Mercury Archived 2005-03-06 at the Wayback Machine at Mabinogion.info. P.-Y. Lambert leaves this phrase partially untranslated, Que tu ... à ma droite ("May you ... to my right"), cited at L'Arbre Celtique.
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.17
- ^ Jan de Vries, Celtisches Religion (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag) 1961, pp 40-56.
- ^ Peter Buchholz, "Perspectives for Historical Research in Germanic Religion" History of Religions 8.2 (November 1968, pp. 111-138) p 120 and note.
- ^ 2001. Celtic Heroes, Changelings', and the Mothers. (37), pp.93-116.
- ^ Rübekeil, Ludwig. Wodan und andere forschungsgeschichtliche Leichen: exhumiert, Beiträge zur Namenforschung 38 (2003), 25–42.
Bibliography
- ISBN 9782877723695.
- ISBN 978-1891271250.
- ISBN 9789004173361.
- ISBN 978-90-5183-820-6.
- Simón, Francisco (2005). "Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6 (1). ISSN 1540-4889.
Further reading
- Epigraphic evidence
- AE = L'Année épigraphique
- CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Vol XIII: Inscriptiones trium Galliarum et Germaniarum Latinae; Vol II: Inscriptiones Hispaniae Latinae.
- ILER = Inscripciones Latinas de la España Romana
- IRPL = Inscriptions Romaines de la Province de Lugo
- Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises [RIG], Tome 1: Textes gallo-grecs (CNRS, Paris, 1985)
- Studies
- Alberro, Manuel (2010). "El pancéltico dios Lug y su presencia en España". Polis: Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad (22): 7–30. ISSN 1130-0728.
- .
- Ellis, Peter Berresford, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (Oxford Paperback Reference), Oxford University Press, (1994): ISBN 0-19-508961-8
- Eska, Joseph F. (2006). "Remarks on the Morphology, Phonology and Orthography of Hisp.-Celt. LVGVEI and Related Matters". Emerita. 74 (1): 77–88. .
- Gricourt, Daniel; Dominique, Hollard (1997). "Le dieu celtique Lugus sur des monnaies gallo-romaines du IIIe siècle". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French). 23 (1): 221–286. .
- Gricourt, Daniel; Dominique, Hollard (2002). "Lugus et le cheval". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French). 28 (2): 121–166. .
- Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (2010). "Los Ástures del conventus lucensis y el culto al dios Lug en el noroeste de Hispania" [The Astures del conventus Lucensis and the cult of the god Lug in the North West of Hispania]. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 36 (2): 117–136. hdl:10045/131629.
- Raydon, Valéry (2015). "Lugnez: Un 'Lugdunum' Oublié Dans Le Jura Tabulaire Suisse". Pallas (97): 121–31. JSTOR 43606249.. Accessed 18 Dec. 2022.
- Raydon, Valéry (2016). "Le cró Logo "enclos de Lug" (Cath Maige Tuired, § 69)" [The cró Logo “Lug’s pen” (Cath Maige Tuired, § 69)]. Études Celtiques. 42: 123–133. .
- Stifter, David (1997). "Celtiberian -unei, Luguei". Die Sprache. 39 (2): 213–223. ISSN 0376-401X.
- Tovar, Antonio. "El dios céltico Lugu en España". In: La religión romana en Hispania. Madrid, Ministerio de Educación Nacional, 1981. pp. 279–282.
External links
- Media related to Lugus at Wikimedia Commons