Lullubi

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Lullubi Kingdom
𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠
3100 BC–675 BC
Territory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area.
Territory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area.
Common languagesUnclassified (Lullubian?)
Akkadian (inscriptions)
Religion
Mesopotamian religions
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
3100 BC
• Disestablished
675 BC
Today part ofIraq
Iran

Lullubi, Lulubi (

Hurrian Simurrum kingdom.[5] Frayne (1990) identified their city Lulubuna or Luluban with the region's modern town of Halabja
.

The language of the Lullubi is regarded as an

Indo-European, and the names of its known rulers have Hurrian or more rarely Semitic influence.[7]

Historical references

Legends

The early Sumerian legend "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird", set in the reign of Enmerkar of Uruk, alludes to the "mountains of Lulubi" as being where the character of Lugalbanda encounters the gigantic Anzû bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar's army en route to siege Aratta.

Akkadian empire and Gutian dynasty

Musée du Louvre
.
Relief of the Lulubian Tardunni, known as the Darband-i Belula, the Darband-i Hurin or Sheikhan relief, Kurdistan, Iraq

Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the lands

Gutium, which was probably of the same origin as the Lullubi. Sargon's grandson Naram Sin defeated the Lullubi and their king Satuni, and had his famous victory stele
made in commemoration:

"Naram-Sin the powerful . . . . Sidur and Sutuni, princes of the Lulubi, gathered together and they made war against me."

— Akkadian inscription on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.[8]

After the Akkadian Empire fell to the

Gutians, the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian king Erridupizir
, according to the latter's inscriptions:

Ka-Nisba, king of Simurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi]... made the land [rebel]... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him... In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.

— Inscription R2:226-7 of Erridupizir.[9]

Neo-Sumerian Empire

Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the King and his victories on the Lullubi people, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

Following the Gutian period, the

Neo-Sumerian Empire (Ur-III) ruler Shulgi is said to have raided Lullubi at least 9 times; by the time of Amar-Sin, Lullubians formed a contingent in the military of Ur, suggesting that the region was then under Neo-Sumerian
control.

Lullubi-ki ("Country of the Lullubi") on the Anubanini rock relief

Another famous

Ishtar
, captives in tow, is now thought to date to the Ur-III period; however, a later Babylonian legendary retelling of the exploits of Sargon the Great mentions Anubanini as one of his opponents.

Babylonian and Assyrian interactions

In the following (second) millennium BC, the term "Lullubi" or "Lullu" seems to have become a generic Babylonian/

Ashur-nasir-pal II had to suppress a revolt among the Lullubian / Zamuan chiefs in 881 BC, during which they constructed a wall in the Bazian pass (between modern Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah
) in a failed attempt to keep the Assyrians out.

They were said to have had 19 walled cities in their land, as well as a large supply of horses, cattle, metals, textiles and wine, which were carried off by Ashur-nasir-pal. Local chiefs or governors of the Zamua region continued to be mentioned down to the end of Esarhaddon's reign (669 BC).

Representations

Defeated Lullubis in Akkadian representations
Louvre Museum.[10]
Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair. Rock relief at Darband-iGawr. The depiction of the vanquished Lullubis is also similar in the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.[11]

In depictions of them, the Lullubi are represented as warlike mountain people.[12] The Lullubi are often shown bare-chested and wearing animal skins. They have short beards, their hair is long and worn in a thick braid, as can be seen on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.[11]

Rulers

See also: List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

Rulers of the Lullubi kingdom:[13][14]

  1. Immashkush (c. 2400 BC)[15]
  2. Anubanini (c. 2350 BC) he ordered to make an inscription on the rock near Sar-e Pol-e Zahab.[16]
  3. Awan
    )
  4. Irib (c. 2037 BC)
  5. Darianam (c. 2000 BC)
  6. Ikki (precise dates unknown)[16]
  7. Tar ... duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. His inscription is found not far from the inscription of Anubanini.[16]
  8. Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
  9. Zabini (c. 881 BC)
  10. Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
  11. Dada (c. 715 BC)
  12. Larkutla (c. 675 BC)

Lullubi rock reliefs

Various Lullubian reliefs can be seen in the area of

Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, the best preserved of which is the Anubanini rock relief. They all show a ruler trampling an enemy, and most also show a deity facing the ruler. Another relief can be found about 200 meters away, in a style similar to the Anubanini relief, but this time with a beardless ruler.[17] The attribution to a specific ruler remains uncertain.[17][18]

Anubanini rock relief

Main article: Anubanini rock relief

Other Lullubi reliefs

  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[20][19] This is possibly the son of Iddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum.[21]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[20][19] This is possibly the son of Iddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum.[21]
  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
  • Relief of Tardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription in Akkadian.
    Relief of Tardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription in Akkadian.
  • Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
    Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
  • Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
    Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE

See also

History of Greater Iran
Pre-Islamic
BCE / BC
Caucasian Iberia
 c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250–125
Parthian Empire 248 BCE–224 CE
Caucasian Albania 2nd century BCE –
8th century CE
Roman Empire 27 BCE – 330 CE
CE / AD
Kushan Empire 30–275
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Afrighid dynasty 305–995
Hephthalite Empire 425–557
Kabul Shahi kingdom 565–879
Dabuyid dynasty 642–760
Bagratid Armenia 880s – 1045
Alania 8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
Kingdom of Georgia 1008–1490
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
 1407–1468
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508
Safavid Empire 1501–1722
Mughal Empire 1526–1857
Hotak dynasty 1722–1729
Afsharid Iran 1736–1750
Zand dynasty 1750–1794
Durrani Empire 1794–1826
Qajar Iran 1794–1925

References

  1. ISBN 978-87-7304-227-4
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-5128-1881-9
    .
  3. ISBN 978-1-317-61091-5
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9
    .
  5. ISBN 9781134520626
    .
  6. ^ "The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007)".
  7. ^ Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.
  8. ^ Babylonian & Oriental Record. 1895. p. 27.
  9. ISBN 9781134520626
    .
  10. ^ "Louvre Museum Official Website". cartelen.louvre.fr.
  11. ^
    ISBN 9781890951849
    .
  12. ISBN 9780521086912
    .
  13. ^ Qashqai, 2011.
  14. ^ Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
  15. ^ Cameron, George G. (1936). History of Early Iran (PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 35.
  16. ^ a b c Cameron, George G. (1936). History of Early Iran (PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 41.
  17. ^
    ISBN 9781438453255
    .
  18. ^ Vanden Berghe, Louis. Relief Sculptures de Iran Ancien. pp. 19–21.
  19. ^
    ISBN 9781438453255
    .
  20. ISBN 9781438453255
    .
  21. ISBN 9780802058737
    .

Sources
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