Lumbini Province

Lumbini Province Lumbini Pradesh
Province
- transcription(s)
• Nepali	लुम्बिनी प्रदेश Lumbinī pradēśa
From Top left to right Eastern Rukum, Ranighat Palace in Palpa, Bageshwori Temple and a Bengal tiger at Bardiya National Park
Seal
Location of Lumbini Province
Bardiya Banke Dang Rolpa Eastern Rukum Pyuthan Gulmi Argha khanchi Kapil vastu Palpa Rupan dehi NP West Karnali Province India (Uttar Pradesh) Gandaki Province Sudur Province Divisions of Lumbini
Coordinates: 27°39′33.13″N 83°26′18.3″E / 27.6592028°N 83.438417°E / 27.6592028; 83.438417
GDP	5 billion USD
GDP rank	3rd
Website	http://ocmcm.p5.gov.np/

Lumbini Province (

Lumbini borders Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the geographic center of the province; it is a small town which is currently being developed to meet the prerequisite of a provincial capital. The major cities in the province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi district, Nepalgunj in Banke district, Tansen in Palpa district, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang district.

Etymology

The Lumbini province is named after the holy

Emperor

After the late 13th century, Khasa kingdom disintegrated into numerous principalities each with its own ruler. In the 18th century, King Prithvi Narayan Shah, born from the marriage of king Nara Bhupal Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom and Queen Kaushalyavati Devi, the princess of the Palpa kingdom; set out on a conquest to unify the region into modern Nepal.

Modern history

Anglo-Nepalese War

The

After the Kingdom of Nepal outright refused the proposal of British East India Company which wanted to claim its sovereignty in the territories of Butwal and Sheoraj, General John Sullivan Wood of the East India Company led an offensive column to the fort of Jit Gadhi in January 1815 AD. The frontier fort, which was surrounded by dense forest and situated on the west bank of the river Tinau on a primary route to Tansen, was being held by Nepalese Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa - the nephew of Nepalese Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.

Although low in number and acutely inferior in firepower, the strong resistance put forward by Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa thwarted the incursion of the British forces into Nepal twice in January 1815 and April 1815. The battle established Colonel Thapa as a national military hero and forced the English troops to withdraw.^[15]

Historical Districts

During the Rana regime, the region was politically divided into administrative districts Butwal, Palpa, Deukhuri, Sallyana, Banke, Bardiya and Pyuthan.

Geography

Lumbini, with an area of 22,288 square kilometers (8,605.44 sq. mi) covers about 15.1% of the country's total area. Lumbini Province is almost the size of US state of New Jersey. The province extends 150 km (93 mi) north to south and about 300 km (186 mi) east to west at its maximum width. It shares 413.14 km (256 mi) of border with India (states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh).^[16]

The Province is geographically bordered with Gandaki Province to the east and north, by Karnali province to the north and west, by Sudurpaschim Province to the west and by India to the south. There are three ecological regions of Mountains, Hills and Terai; each occupying 3.1%, 69.3% and 27.6% of the province respectively.^[17]

Climate

Lumbini has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.^[18] In winter, it's sunny and mild, pleasantly warm during the day but cool at night, sometimes even cold. The average temperature in January is around 15 °C (59 °F). But the northern parts of the province get colder and can experience snowfall. By March, the temperature rises considerably and it begins to be hot, while from April to June it's scorching hot, and highs can reach or exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in southern plains.

In June, the summer monsoon arrives, characterized by heavy rains, in the form of downpours and thunderstorms. The monsoon arrives first in the east, in early June, while in the west it comes in the middle of the month or so. The temperature decreases, with the maximum dropping to around 32 °C (90 °F) in July and August, but the humidity increases, making the heat muggy. The rains are heavy, especially in July and August, when they exceed 300 millimeters (12 inches) per month, but in certain areas at the foot of the mountains, they can exceed 600 mm (23.5 in) per month.^[19] The monsoon starts to withdraw by early October in the west, and about a week later in the east. The weather returns to be sunny, and even though October is still a hot month, the humidity decreases, and the night temperature becomes a bit cooler.

Valleys

Dang-Deukhuri

Dang and Deukhuri valleys, 10 km apart, are located in the

Other small valleys of the province are located in districts like Arghakhanchi (Rapti), Palpa (Rampur), Gulmi (Simaltari), Pyuthan (Darban and Bajipur).^[23]

Forests

About 15% of the total land is covered in protected forest in the province.

Mountains

Being the only mountain district of Lumbini province, most of the prominent peaks of the province lie in Eastern Rukum District along the Dhaulagiri range.^[25] The tallest mountain of Lumbini Province in Eastern Rukum, Putha Himchuli also known as Mount Dhaulagiri VII, has an altitude of 7,246 meters and is one of the popular trekking peak of the Dhaulagiri region.^[26] The mountain was first ascended jointly by British explorer J.O.M Roberts and Nepalese climber Ang Nyima Sherpa in 1954.^[27] Mount Sisne I remained an unclimbed summit until 2013, and the first successful ascent was made by a mountaineering team led by Man Bahadur Khatri.^[28]

Protected areas

Three regions of the province have been designated as protected; two national parks in the

One of the five sacred rivers of

In 2021 Lumbini had a census population of 5,122,078 with 1,141,902 households.[35]

Ethnicity

The province is very ethnically diverse. The largest group is the Magar with 14.58% of the population. The second largest is Tharu with 14.30%. The Chhetri (14.24%), Hill Brahmin (11.27%), Kami (6.01%), Damai (1.93%), Kurmi(1.73%), Musalman (6.93%), Yadav (4.01%), Chamar (2.01%), 1.^[36]

Religion

The majority of population in the province practices Hinduism, followed by Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. Among these, almost 90% of the people identify themselves as Hindus and 7% identify themselves as Muslims, 3% as Buddhists and 1% as Christians. Often cited as an example of social harmony, the majority population of Hindus and Muslims of Lumbini and the surrounding villages have safeguarded and promoted the Buddhist heritage sites together in unison.^[37]

Language

Nepali is the most spoken language of the province, but is also a home to Tharu community and 'Tharu language' with 600,000 speakers. The province also has many speakers of Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Sanskrit and Magar languages.^[38]

The

Districts

Districts in Nepal are the second level of administrative divisions after

After the state's reconstruction of administrative divisions,

Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Lumbini has two types of municipalities.

1. Urban Municipality (Urban Municipality has three levels):
   1. Metropolitan city (Mahanagarpalika)
   2. Sub-metropolitan city (Upa-mahanagarpalika) and
   3. Municipality (Nagarpalika)
2. Rural Municipality (
   Gaunpalika
   )

The government of Nepal has set out a minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure and revenues.

Largest cities or towns in Lumbini Province Central Bureau of Statistics [14]
	Rank		District	Pop.	Rank		District	Pop.
Ghorahi	1	Ghorahi	Dang	156,164	11	Shivaraj	Kapilvastu	66,781	Nepalgunj Butwal
	2	Tulsipur	Dang	141,528	12	Gulariya	Bardiya	66,679
	3	Nepalgunj	Banke	138,951	13	Buddhabhumi	Kapilvastu	64,949
	4	Butwal	Rupandehi	138,741	14	Siddharthanagar	Rupandehi	63,483
	5	Tilottama	Rupandehi	100,149	15	Krishnanagar	Kapilvastu	65,602
	6	Kapilvastu	Kapilvastu	76,394	16	Rajapur	Bardiya	59,553
	7	Banganga	Kapilvastu	75,242	17	Ramgram	Parasi	59,455
	8	Lumbini Sanskritik	Rupandehi	72,497	18	Bansgadhi	Bardiya	55,875
	9	Kohalpur	Banke	70,647	19	Sainamaina	Rupandehi	55,822
	10	Barbardiya	Bardiya	68,012	20	Sunwal	Parasi	55,424

Government

The Governor acts as the head of the province, while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Tulsipur High Court is the head of the judiciary.^[43] The Speaker of the Assembly is Purna Bahadur Gharti.^[44] Umakanta Jha is the first Governor of Lumbini Province.^[45] Current Governor Dharma Nath Yadav was appointed on 4 November 2019 by the President of Nepal.^[46]

Provincial Assembly

Further information:

first past the post system and forty percent through the party-list proportional representation (PR) system. Women should account for one-third of total members elected from each party. If one-third percentage are not elected, the party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of the total number as women through the party-list proportional representation

.

Party		Parliamentary party leader	Seats[47]
	CPN (UML)	Lila Giri	29
	Nepali Congress	Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary	27
	CPN (Maoist Centre)	Jokh Bahadur Mahara	10
	Nagrik Unmukti Party	Dharma Bahadur Chaudhary	4
	Rastriya Prajatantra Party	Ashish Kumar Chaudhary	4
	Janamat Party	Chandrakesh Gupta	3
	Loktantrik Samajwadi Party	Santosh Kumar Pandeya	3
	People's Socialist Party		3
	CPN (Unified Socialist)		1
	Rastriya Janamorcha		1
	Independent		2
Total			87

Economy

As of 2021, Lumbini Province is the 2nd fastest growing province in Nepal after Bagmati Province and is third out of the seven provinces in terms of its contribution to the GDP (14% as of 2021).^[48] The two major custom points of Nepal, Nepalganj and Siddharthanagar (Bhairahawa) are situated in the south of the province, and are major transit zones of trade and transport through India.^[49] The rapidly expanding cities in Lumbini province, Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi District, Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang District, and Nepalgunj and Kohalpur in Banke District are major industrial centers.^[50]

Ranking 2nd in the number of banks and financial institutions in Nepal after Bagmati Province;^[51] several projects have been launched in the province to boost economic growth. Construction of the Gautam Buddha International Airport, upgrade of the Nepalgunj Airport into an international airport as per the 20-years master plan, establishment of industrial units in Special economic zone, and the opening of new hotels are expected to spur further economic growth in the province.^[52][53] The national pride projects which have been initiated in the province include:^[51]

National Pride Projects in Lumbini Province

Project	Investment (NPR)
Sikta Irrigation Project	25.2 Billion
Babai Irrigation Project	18 Billion
Bheri-Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project (including Karnali Province)	33 Billion
Gautam Buddha International Airport	6 Billion
Lumbini Development Trust	7.5 Billion
Electricity Transmission Project (including Bagmati Province)	61 Billion
North-South (Karnali) Highway (including Karnali Province)	4.1 Billion

Agriculture

The province has both temperate and tropical climates and is diverse in terms of agriculture crop production potentialities. The province is best suited for agriculture production with five core terai districts, one inner terai, and 6 other hill districts. The land is very fertile and a good source of irrigation prevails. Sikta Irrigation Project and Babai Diversion and Irrigation project have benefited the agricultural production. The major crops are paddy, mustard, wheat, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, potato, lentils and cotton.^[54] Lumbini is self-sufficient in milk, cereal crops and pulses.

The total land used for agriculture in Lumbini is 889,219 hectares. Land Holding for agriculture in the province is 484,678 hectares.

Agriculture land use area in Lumbini^[55]

Land use	Percentage	Area (Hectares)
Arable land	45.5%	404,541
Temporary Crops	44.9%	398,849
Permanent crops	5%	44,388
Woodland/Forest	0.9%	8,343
Meadows/Pasture	0.6%	5,561
Temporary Fallow	0.5%	4,389
Temporary Meadows	0.2%	1,303
Pondes	0.1%	828
Other	2.4%	21,017

Industry

Lumbini province ranks 2nd in the country after Bagmati Province in the share of small, cottage and micro-level industries numbering 81,164 that create an estimated 493,686 employment.^[48] The province also ranks 2nd nationally, after Bagmati, in the share of manufacturing industry output.^[56] By 2021, there were 16,549 registered companies in the province. In addition, tourism industry is a massively growing industry in Lumbini province, welcoming the largest numbers of tourists in Nepal from about 113 countries worldwide.^[57][58]

Two of the prime industrial estates of Nepal in Lumbini Province - Nepalgunj industrial estate (district), the oldest industrial estate of the province, was established in 1973 AD and Butwal industrial estate was established in 1975 AD. Combined, the two industrial estates have about a hundred industries in the zone and are a significant source of revenue of the country. Post-promulgation of the

Dang district.^[60]

Tourism

Lumbini

Buddha's birth, is a World Heritage Site and the most visited place in Nepal with 1.5 million tourist arriving annually.^[57] Lumbini has a number of older temples, including the Mayadevi Temple

- a site traditionally considered to be the birthplace of the Buddha, and various new temples funded by Buddhist organizations from various countries that have been completed or are still under construction.

Buddha

's birthplace

The ancient ruins of complex structures have been conserved in the area including the Shakya tank – the remains within the Mayadevi Temple with brick structures and cross-wall system that have been dated from the 3rd century BC,

Bodhi tree

and an ancient bathing pond.

• 
  Royal Thai monastery
• 
  South Korean Stupa
• 
  Sri Lankan Temple
• 
  German monastery
• 
  Austrian monastery
• 
  Chinese Monastery

Buddha and consists of the Mayadevi Temple, the Asoka Pillar, the Marker Stone, the Nativity Sculpture, Sacred Pond (Puskarini), and many structural ruins including Buddhist Viharas & Stupas.^[62] The monastic zone is divided into east and west each reflecting two different schools of Buddhism. As a centre of pilgrimage, many countries have established their monasteries in the complex reflecting their own cultural design and spirituality. In the large monastic zone only monasteries can be built; no shops, hotels or restaurants are allowed. The zone is divided into an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the Theravadin monasteries, the western having the Mahayana and Vajrayana

monasteries. The Cultural Center consists of museums, Lumbini International Research Institute (LIRI), administration complex etc. and the New Lumbini Village has the World Peace Pagoda and the Lumbini Crane Sanctuary. World Peace Pagoda lies at the northern end of the Lumbini complex and was designed by Japanese buddhists to represent universal peace.

• 
  Ruins within Maya Devi Temple complex
• 
  Sacred Pond adjacent to Temple
• 
  Little Buddha Statue
• 
  World Peace Stupa gate

Kapilvastu

Widely attributed as the hometown of

Gautama Buddha spent 29 years of his lifetime, was added to the World Heritage Tentative List by UNESCO in 1996.^[63]

• 
  Ruins of ancient Kapilavastu at Tilaurakot
• 
  Kakusandha Buddha

  Ashoka Pillar
• 
  Koṇāgamana Buddha

  Ashoka Pillar

Ramagrama

After the death of

mahājanapadās

. A

Parasi district), built a stupa enshrining one relic.^[9]

Known as the only undisturbed original relic of Buddha in the world,[10] the site of stupa was added to the World Heritage Tentative List by UNESCO on 23 May 1996.

Dhaulagiri circuit

The Dhaulagiri circuit in Eastern Rukum encompasses the Dhaulagiri mountain range of the northern Lumbini Province. The Dhaulagiri mountain range extends from the northwest to the northeast of Eastern Rukum district and then continues eastward to its tallest peak at Dhaulagiri I. Putha Hiunchuli (Dhaulagiri VII), one of the most popular 7,000-metre mountains, was first climbed by British explorer J. O. M. Roberts and Sherpa Ang Nyima in 1954.^[27]

Himalayas

The West Dhaulagiri circuit is a tourist trekking circuit close to the Dhaulagiri mountain range and

danphe

.

National Parks

Bardiya National Park is the largest national park in the lowland Terai, covering 968 square kilometres. It was established in 1976 to protect the representative ecosystem, habitats of tigers and their prey species. As a beautiful, unspoiled wilderness of sal forest, grassland, and alluvial washes cut by the many fingers of the Karnali River, it is a popular tourist destination, offering elephant rides and wilderness sight-seeing of Gangetic dolphins, tigers, rhinos and elephants.

In 1997, a buffer zone of 327 square kilometres surrounding the park was declared, consisting of forests and private lands. The buffer zone is jointly managed by the local communities and the park and community development and resource management is carried out jointly.^[65]

The Babai valley, which is rich in biodiversity, was added to the park in 1984. The zone has wooded grassland and riverine forest and its water is home to Gharial crocodile. More than 30 different mammals, 513 species of birds and several species of snakes, lizard and fishes have been recorded in the park area.^[66]

A tiger monitoring study conducted (July 2016) in Bardiya National Park in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape has estimated 56 wild tigers, an increase of six from the 2013 estimate for the national park. —WWF

• 
  Forest trees of Bardiya National Park
• 
  Banke National Park
• 
  Deers at Bardiya National Park

Banke National Park, adjacent to the Bardiya National Park with the coherent protected area of 1,518 km² (586 sq mi), represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU). The national park was established in 2010 and is a protected area of tiger and four-horned antelopes. The park extends over 550 square kilometers in Banke district of the province. Banke National Park is connected with Bardiya National Park in the west and wildlife sanctuary and forests of India in the south. The protected zone is an important component of Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) that provides habitat for tigers. The park has eight ecosystem types: Sal forest, deciduous Riverine forest, savannahs and grasslands, mixed hardwood forest, flood plain community, Bhabar and foothills of Chure range. It is home to 124 plants, 34 mammals, more than 300 birds, 24 reptiles, 7 amphibians and 58 fish species. Under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973, 3 species of mammals (tiger, striped hyaena, four-horned antelope), 4 species of birds (giant hornbill, black stork, Bengal florican, and lesser florican) and 2 species of reptiles (gharial crocodile and python) are protected in the park.^[67]

Cultural Heritage

Religious sites

Dang valley believed to be where five Pandavas brother prayed to Lord Shiva

Dang district

The culture of the province has been shaped by multi-religious and multi-ethnic demography as well as the historical development of the Indian sub-continent.

Dang district, also known as Ratnanath temple, remained an ancient temple which was respected and protected by the ruling kings of the region throughout - including the later kings of the Shah dynasty.^[68]

Jama Masjid Rahmaniya

, one of the oldest mosque of Nepal

Further popular Hindu sites in Dang district include

Sati Devi; and Pandaveswor temple which has the world's largest trident and believed to be where the five Pandavas brother prayed to Lord Shiva.^[69][70] To the south-western region of Lumbini province, Shiva and Goddess Durga are worshipped in Bageshwori Temple in Banke District.^[71] Other prominent temples of the province include Bhairabsthan Temple of Palpa where Lord Bhairava is worshipped as a deity and Swargadwari temple of Pyuthan which has the deities of Shiva and Vishnu

.

Jama Masjid Rahmaniya, is situated in Rupandehi District

.

Within and around

Gautama Buddha are pilgrimage centers for Buddhists throughout the world. Lumbini Development Trust, an autonomous and non-profit organization manages the Buddhist sites in Lumbini and the master plan is initiated together with the United Nations to ensure long-term safeguarding of the archeological sites of global importance.^[73]

Rani Mahal

After being forced to drop his royal titles,

General Khadga Shumsher was sent to Palpa as a Commander in Chief of Nepal where his beloved youngest wife, Rani Tej Kumari Devi, died. The General constructed a grand palace and named it after his wife as Rani Mahal ("Queen's Palace") in 1893 AD. He also named the nearby forest around the palace as Rani ban ("Queen's forest").^[74] The palace is at the banks of the Kali Gandaki River.

Infrastructure

Education

As per the 2021 census, Lumbini's literacy rate was above the national average at 78.1%, the national average being 76.2%.^[75] The breakdown of the data showed that the male literacy stood at 85.2% while female literacy stood at 71.7% in the province. District-wise, Palpa and Dang were the best performers with literacy rate of 83.7% and 81.4% respectively, followed by Rupandehi at 81.2%. Nationally, Palpa was also among the top five districts of Nepal with highest literacy rate alongside Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kaski.^[76]

By 2014,

Eastern Rukum District were classified as fully literate districts of Nepal.^[79]

Universities

• Nepal Sanskrit University
• Rapti Academy of Health Sciences
• Lumbini Bauddha University

Health

According to the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the Province's Neonatal Mortality (per 1000 live births) stands at 30 and Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) stands at 42, both of which are higher than the national average of 21 and 32 respectively. The province has 670 public health facilities, including four hub hospitals, 18 hospitals, two regional medical stores, 31 primary health care centers, 570 health posts, 27 urban health centers, 15 community health units and 9 other health facilities.^[80]

Communication

In Lumbini province, 49.2% of the population have radio access and followed by 30.4% have access to TV, and only 1.3% have access to the internet. Similarly, 4.4% of the population have access to landline telephone, while 65.8% have access to mobile phone. There are three major cell phone providers in Lumbini Province. They are Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited (NTC), Ncell Axiata Limited (NCELL) and Smart Cell. The coverage of Smart Cell providers is only in 5 districts.

There are 66 newspaper channels in Lumbini Province with national, provincial, and local outreach. As per the classification, some of the top-ranking newspapers are Gorachya Dainik, Dainik Nepalgunj, and Mechikali Sandesh Dainik. There are a total of 63 radio stations in the province, such as Radio Lumbini, Radio Tulsipur, Bheri F.M., etc.^[81]

Energy

91% of the population has access to electricity in the province. Of the 12 districts in Lumbini Province,

MW of electricity from hydropower.^[83] Total number of electricity consumers in the province is 457992, consuming 370.8 Million MWh of energy annually. According to NEA, Distribution and Consumer Service Directorate 93% of consumers are domestic users; loss of electricity in the province is 12.17% for the year 2076/77 (2020 AD). Out of the total loss in distribution provincial office, Gularia

contributes the highest loss percentage of 25.02%.

MW of electricity.^[84]

)

Transportation

Roadways

Transportation routes in Lumbini evolved since H01. Lumbini has two major routes, H01 and H10 both intersecting in Butwal. 8,931 km of road is constructed in the Province. Out of which 5,293 km is blacktopped.

Dang district^[85]

All 12 districts of the province are connected via blacktopped roads. Major highways of the province are as follows:

1. Mahendra Highway: Mahendra Highway( H01) traverses districts of Bardiya, Banke, Dang, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Parasi latitudinally. It connects to Bagmati to east and Sudurpaschim to the west.
2. Ratna Highway: Ratna Highway ( H12) to Karnali Province. It starts at Nepal- India border in Nepalgunj and terminates at Birendranagar, Surkhet. The highway transition into the Karnali Highway system from the point it terminates.
3. Rapti Highway: Rapti Highway ( H11) starts from Ameliya, Dang and terminates at Musikot West Rukum. This highway makes hilly regions of Rolpa, Salyan West Rukum and east Rukum accessible.
4. Siddhartha Highway: Siddhartha Highway( H10) highway starts at Nepal-India Border in Siddharthanagar and terminates at Prithivi chowk, Pokhara. The major settlements on the highway are Siddharthanagar, Butwal, Tansen, Waling, Putalibazar, Syangja and Pokhara.

Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj have always been major trade routes with India. Lumbini has no railways but East West railway, Kathmandu-Lumbini railway and several other routes connecting Indian cities are planned.^[86][87][88]

Air Travel

Gautam Buddha International Airport, Nepalgunj Airport and Dang Airport are major airstrips in the province. Nepalgunj Airport, Nepal's second most busiest airport after Tribhuwan International Airport, is being upgraded to an international airport as per the 20 year master plan.^[53] Being mostly flat land air travel isn't preferable but Nepalgunj Airport serves as hub for most of the airports in Karnali Province and Sudurpaschim Province and is a transit point for tourists heading to Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash in Tibet.^[89][90] New airports are under construction in Resunga (Gulmi District) and Sandhikharka (Arghakhanchi District).^[91][92]

• 
  Nepalgunj Airport is Nepal's second-most busiest airport after TIA
• 
  Lumbini hosts Nepal's second international airport - Gautam Buddha International Airport

See also

• List of provinces of Nepal
• List of districts of Nepal
• List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal
• List of districts of Lumbini Province

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