Lunisolar calendar

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)
Not to be confused with Lunarsolar.
Chinese lunisolar calendar for 1834, 1835, and 1836 during the Qing dynasty under the Daoguang Emperor
's Reign (道光十四年，道光十五年，道光十六年)

A lunisolar calendar is a

embolismic year, which adds a thirteenth intercalary
, embolismic, or leap month.

Chinese lunisolar calendar
, with English translation.
1729 Japanese calendar, which used the Jōkyō calendar procedure, published by Ise Grand Shrine

Their months are based on the regular cycle of the Moon's phases. So lunisolar calendars are

lunar calendars
with – in contrast to them – additional intercalation rules being used to bring them into a rough agreement with the solar year and thus with the seasons.

Examples

The Chinese, Buddhist, Burmese, Assyrian,

Hellenic, Coligny, and Babylonian calendars are all lunisolar. Also, some of the ancient pre-Islamic calendars in south Arabia followed a lunisolar system.[1]
The Chinese, Coligny and Hebrew[a] lunisolar calendars track more or less the tropical year whereas the Buddhist and Hindu lunisolar calendars track the sidereal year. Therefore, the first three give an idea of the seasons whereas the last two give an idea of the position among the constellations of the full moon.

Chinese lunisolar calendar

Main article: Chinese calendar

The

Yin Yang[citation needed] and astronomical phenomena, as movements of the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (known as the seven luminaries) are the references for the Chinese lunisolar calendar calculations.[citation needed
] The Chinese lunisolar calendar is believed to be the origin of some variant calendars used in other neighboring countries, such as Vietnam and Korea.

The traditional calendar calendars used the sexagenary cycle-based ganzhi system's mathematically repeating cycles of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches.[citation needed] Together with astronomical, horological, and phenological observations, definitions, measurements, and predictions of years, months, and days were refined. Astronomical phenomena and calculations emphasized especially the efforts to mathematically correlate the solar and lunar cycles from the perspective of the earth,[citation needed] which however are known to require some degree of numeric approximation or compromise.

The earliest record of the Chinese lunisolar calendar was in the Zhou dynasty (1050 BC – 771 BC, around 3000 years ago.[2] Throughout history, the Chinese lunisolar calendar had many variations and evolved with different dynasties with increasing accuracy, including the "six ancient calendars" in the Warring States period, the Qin calendar in the Qin dynasty, the Han calendar or the Taichu calendar in the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty, the Shoushi calendar in the Yuan dynasty, and the Daming calendar in the Ming dynasty, etc. Starting in 1912, the solar calendar is used together with the lunar calendar in China.

The most celebrated Chinese holidays, such as

Chinese lunisolar calendar. In addition, the popular Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme based on the Chinese calendar
that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating twelve-year cycle.

Movable feasts in the Christian calendars, related to the lunar cycle

The

ecclesiastical equinox in March. (These events are almost, but not quite, the same as the actual astronomical observations.) The Eastern Christian churches have a similar algorithm that is based on the Julian calendar
.

Reconciling lunar and solar cycles

Determining leap months

A

Babylonians applied the 19-year cycle in the late sixth century BCE.[5]

Intercalation of leap months is frequently controlled by the "

Latin for 'leap of the moon') – which causes the epacts to repeat every 19 years. When the epact reaches 30 or higher, an intercalary month is added and 30 is subtracted. The Metonic cycle states that 7 of 19 years will contain an additional intercalary month and those years are numbered: 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19. Both the Hebrew calendar and the Julian calendar use this sequence.[citation needed
]

The Buddhist and Hebrew calendars restrict the leap month to a single month of the year;[

perihelion, when the apparent speed of the Sun along the ecliptic is fastest (now about 3 January). This increases the usual number of common months between leap months to roughly 34 months when a doublet of common years occurs, while reducing the number to about 29 months when only a common singleton occurs.[citation needed
]

With uncounted time

An alternative way of dealing with the fact that a solar year does not contain an integer number of

Chehalis began their count of lunar months from the arrival of spawning chinook salmon (in Gregorian calendar October), and counted 10 months, leaving an uncounted period until the next chinook salmon run.[7]

List of lunisolar calendars

The following is a list of lunisolar calendars sorted by family.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The modern Hebrew calendar, since it is based on rules rather than observations, does not exactly track the tropical year, and in fact the average Hebrew year of about 365.2468 days is intermediate between the tropical year (about 365.2422 days) and the sidereal year (about 365.2564 days).

References

  1. ^ F.C. De Blois, "TAʾRĪKH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, X:260.
  2. ^ Xu, Zhaofeng. "Considering Chengzhou ("Completion of Zhou") and Wangcheng ("City of the King")" (PDF). Chinese Achaeology. 8: 172–177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  3. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6
    .
  4. ^ P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. p. 577. For convenience, it is common to speak of a lunar year of twelve synodic months, or 354.36707 days. (which gives a mean synodic month as 29.53059 days or 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds)
  5. ^ van Gent, R.H. (July 2021). "The Babylonian Calendar". Utrecht University.
  6. ^ Nilsson, Martin P. (1920), "Calendar Regulation 1. The Intercalation", Primitive Time-Reckoning: A Study in the Origins and First Development of the Art of Counting Time among the Primitive and Early Culture Peoples, Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, p. 240, The Lower Thompson Indians in British Columbia counted up to ten or sometimes eleven months, the remainder of the year being called the autumn or late fall. This indefinite period of unnamed months enabled them to bring the lunar and solar year into harmony.
  7. ^ Suttles, Wayne P. Musqueam Reference Grammar, UBC Press, 2004, p. 517.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunisolar calendars.


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