Luoyang

Coordinates: 34°37′11″N 112°27′14″E / 34.6197°N 112.4539°E / 34.6197; 112.4539
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Luoyang (disambiguation).
For the old city, see
The Old City of Luoyang
.
Luoyang
洛阳市
Loyang
License plate prefixes
豫C
Websitewww.ly.gov.cn
Luoyang at night

Luoyang (

Yanshi District, now being conurbated.[1] By the end of 2022, Luoyang Municipality had jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts, 7 counties and 1 development zone. The permanent population is 7.079 million.[4]

Situated on the

central plain of China, Luoyang is among the oldest cities in China and one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. It is the earliest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China
.

Names

The name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny (

female emperor in Chinese history, the city was known as Shendu (神都; 'divine capital'). Luoyang was renamed Henanfu (河南府) during the Qing dynasty
but regained its former name in 1912.

History

Classical era

Museum of Luoyang Eastern Zhou Royal Horse and Chariot Pits

The greater Luoyang area has been sacred ground since the late Neolithic period.[5] This area at the intersection of the Luo River and Yi River was considered to be the geographical center of China.[citation needed] Because of this sacred aspect, several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070 BC, the Xia dynasty king Tai Kang moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city Zhenxun (斟鄩). In 1600 BC, Tang of Shang defeated Jie, the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo, (西亳), a new capital on the Luo River. The ruins of Western Bo are located in Luoyang Prefecture.

In 1036 BC a settlement named Chengzhou (成周) was constructed by the

Eastern Han dynasty capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou. Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are still visible today at Wangcheng Park.[6]

Qin Shi Huang's chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that Liu Bang visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to Chang'an instead for his capital.[7]

Han dynasty

White Horse Temple gate

In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by Emperor Guangwu of Han.[8] The city walls formed a rectangle 4 km south to north and 2.5 km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the Luo River just outside the northern eastern walls. The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3 km apart and connected by The Covered Way. In 26, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, Emperor Gao of Former Han were inaugurated. The Imperial University was restored in 29. In 48, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56, main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.[9]

For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the

Buddhist temple in China, was founded in Luoyang. The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century. An Shigao
was one of the first monks to popularize Buddhism in Luoyang.

The ambassador Banchao restored the Silk Road during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk Road during the Han dynasty.

In 166 AD, the first Roman mission, sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in Rinan Commandery in what is now central Vietnam.[10]

The late 2nd century saw China decline into anarchy:

The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the

Yellow Turbans, who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.[11]

Wei and Jin dynasties

On April 4, 190 AD,

Jin dynasty, successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after Rome.[13]

During the

Former Zhao and Shi Le of Later Zhao took place outside the remnants of the city in 328, with Shi obtaining a decisive victory, capturing Liu Yao and leading to the collapse of Former Zhao.[26]

Northern Wei

Longmen Grottoes
Luoyang
Tâi-lô
Lo̍k-iông

In winter 416, Luoyang fell to

Shaolin Temple was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the Mont Song right next to Luoyang City. The Yongning Temple (永宁寺), the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei.[27] The city was destroyed by the warlord Gao Huan, who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at Ye in 534.[28] The old city was the site of numerous battles between Western Wei (and its successor Northern Zhou) and Eastern Wei (and its successor Northern Qi
) between 538 and 575

Sui and Tang dynasties

When Emperor Yang of Sui took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father Emperor Wen of Sui's work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.[29][30]

Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the Bright Hall [zh] of Luoyang (right) commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 chi = 93m tall).[31]
The Luoyang Pavilion by Li Zhaodao (675-758)

During the Tang dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.[32]

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history –

An Lushan Rebellion.[7]

Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.[33] Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.[34] In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.[35] Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.[36]

Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China

During the short Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang (only for a few years before the court moved to Kaifeng) and Later Tang dynasty.

Later history

During the North Song dynasty, Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.[7]

During the Jurchen Jin dynasty, Luoyang was the "Middle Capital".

Since the Yuan dynasty, Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the Qing dynasty.[7] The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the Republic of China for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.

People's Republic of China

After the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the

Jianxi District, including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the Third Front
construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Ancient city sites

Administrative divisions

Luoyang Museum
Luoyang Longmen railway station (HSR)
Map including Luoyang (labeled as LO-YANG (HONANFU) 洛陽) (AMS, 1955)

The

counties
:

Qiyun Pagoda in White Horse Temple

During the 2010 census, the 5 "built-up" urban districts held a population of 1,857,003, making it the fourth-largest city in Henan. The entire area of Luoyang's municipal government held 6,549,941 inhabitants total.

Map

2021 administrative reorganization

With the 2017 designation of Zhengzhou as a National Central City, Henan Province in 2020 proposed a new development plan for Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area, which called for the development of Luoyang as a sub-central city. As part of this development, authorities decided to expand the urban area of Luoyang. This not only facilitated planning and coordinated use of resources and infrastructure in Luoyang, but also allowed for better integration towards Zhengzhou, as Yanshi, Jili and Mengjin previously separated the Luoyang urban area from Zhengzhou.[40]

On 28 March 2021, the central government approved a major administrative reorganization of Luoyang city.

Mengjin County were merged into Mengjin District. This reorganization effectively doubled the urban area of Luoyang.[40]

Geography

As its name states, the Old Town of Luoyang is located on the north bank of the Luo, a southern tributary of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The districts of the modern urban center include both banks and some of the surrounding mountains.

The countryside controlled by the municipal government includes still more rugged land: mountains comprise 45.51% of the total area; hills, 40.73%; and plains, 13.8%.[41]

Climate

Luoyang has a highly continental dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwa).

Climate data for Luoyang (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.5
(95.9) 		40.6
(105.1) 		44.2
(111.6) 		41.9
(107.4) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.8
(94.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		19.5
(67.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.2
(59.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−18.2
(−0.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 8.2
(0.32) 		12.9
(0.51) 		25.4
(1.00) 		31.1
(1.22) 		57.5
(2.26) 		64.6
(2.54) 		138.5
(5.45) 		100.2
(3.94) 		84.2
(3.31) 		43.4
(1.71) 		20.9
(0.82) 		7.8
(0.31) 		594.7
(23.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1mm) 3.5 5.1 6.2 7.0 6.9 8.0 12.2 10.7 9.4 7.8 5.0 3.4 85.2
Source 1: National Meteorological Center of CMA[42]
Source 2: Weather China (precipitation days 1971–2000)[43] data.ac.cn[44]

Culture

Sites
Guanlin Temple in May 2007

The

Three Kingdoms period—is nearby. The White Horse Temple
is located 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the modern town.

The

dynasties. The total number of exhibits on display is 1,700.[45] China's only tomb museum, the Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum
, opened to the public in 1987 and is situated north of the modern town.

The

Jesuit China Missions, it was used for establishing the summer and winter solstices in traditional Chinese astronomy.[46]

Luoyang is the foundation of Confucianism, the birth of Taoism, the first transmission of Buddhism, the formation of metaphysics, and the origin of neo-Confucianism. All kinds of cultural thoughts are integrated and symbiosis here, and the compass, paper making and printing among the four great inventions of ancient China were born here. Luoyang is also the cultural root and ancestral lineage of the global Chinese, more than 100 million Hakka ancestral home in the world, 70% of China's clan name originated here, Heluo culture represented by "Hetu Luoshu" is the ancestral source of Chinese civilization.[47]

Cuisine

Water Banquet, which is one of the famous banquets passed on for generations in the history of Chinese cuisine, consists of 8 cold and 16 warm dishes all cooked in various broths, gravies, or juices. The water here has two meanings: one is that all the hot dishes have soup-tang soup water; the other is that each dish is served after another smoothly just like flowing water. It comprises a wide selection of ingredients, simple and versatile, diverse tastes, sour, spicy, sweet and salty, comfortable and delicious.

Botany

Luoyang is also celebrated for the cultivation of

peonies, its city flower. Since 1983, each mid-April the city hosts the Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang. More than 19 million tourists visited Luoyang during the 2014 festival.[48]

Music

"Spring in Luoyang" (洛阳春; Luòyáng Chūn), an ancient Chinese composition, became popular in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) and is still performed in its dangak (Koreanized) version Nakyangchun (낙양춘). Lou Harrison, an American composer, has also created an arrangement of the work.

Dialect
Main article: Luoyang dialect

Residents of Luoyang typically speak a dialect of

Mandarin which became the basis of the standard modern dialect
.

Outer space

Asteroid (239200) 2006 MD13 is named after Luoyang.

Education

Transportation

The city can be reached by highways, trains or planes. Long-distance buses are also an option although they generally tend to take longer. High-speed rail is the most common way to get into the city from either Xi'an or Zhengzhou. Luoyang has a bus system of around 30+ lines. Taxis are also a common sight in the city.

Subway

Main article: Luoyang Subway

Line 1 of Luoyang Subway opened 28 March 2021.[49] Line 2 opened on 26 December 2021.

Rail

Conventional speed

The main station for conventional rail services is Luoyang railway station on the Longhai railway. Guanlin railway station on the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway has a far less frequent service, only seeing north–south trains or vice versa that don't stop at Luoyang railway station.

high-speed

Luoyang Longmen railway station sees high-speed services on the Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway.

Road

Air

Luoyang is served by Luoyang Beijiao Airport.

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Luoyang is

twinned
with:

Famous residents

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luoyang.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Luoyang.
Look up Luoyang, Loyang, or Lo-yang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Preceded by
Zongzhou
 Primary capital of China
771–256 BCE 		Succeeded by
—
then Xianyang
Preceded by Primary capital of China
25–190 CE 		Succeeded by
—
then Chang'an
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luoyang&oldid=1213912459"