Lupinus angustifolius

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Lupinus angustifolius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Lupinus
Species:
L. angustifolius
Binomial name
Lupinus angustifolius
MHNT

Lupinus angustifolius is a species of

lupin known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupin,[1] narrow-leaved lupin[2] and blue lupin. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa and naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It has been cultivated for over 6000 years[3] as a food crop for its edible legume seeds, as a fodder for livestock and for green manure
.

Biology

Like other legumes, the narrow-leaved lupin fixes nitrogen in a symbiotic interaction with different bacteria in the rhizosphere. Bacteria living in this rhizosphere include Bradyrhizobium lupinii or the newly discovered species Kribbella lupini.[4]
The narrow-leaved lupin is an erect, branching herb sometimes exceeding one meter. There are reduced-branching cultivars. Each palmate leaf is divided into 5 to 9 linear leaflets under 4 centimeters long. The herbage is slightly hairy in some areas. The inflorescence bears many flowers in shades of blue, violet, pink, or white. The fruit is a legume pod containing seeds of varying colors from dark gray to brown to white, or speckled or mottled.[5] Lupinus angustifolius has a high content of alkaloids, e.g. lupanin or angustifolin. However, cultivars with a low alkaloid content have been bred. These low alkaloid cultivars are called sweet lupins, such as the Australian Sweet Lupin.[6]

Agronomy

The narrow-leaved lupin is sown as early as possible in the spring,[7] to have the growing season as long as possible. Another reason for early sowing is its sensitivity to high temperature in spring.[8] Lupins react with a higher yield loss, when they are sown late, than other crops (e.g. cereals) do.[9] The optimum seed density depends on the site yield potential [10] and is generally higher in non-branching cultivars than in branching ones.[7] The variance is high, 14 to 138 plants per m2 [11] are an optimal plant density, depending on the yield potential of the site. On most grounds, a plant density around 80 plants per m2 would be the optimum.

Lupins are usually sown with technique used for

cereals
in a depth of about 5 cm.

The narrow-leaved lupin needs to be harvested as soon as the grain reaches a moisture of about 12%. The

Swathing
is not widely applied. However, it can be a good alternative to reduce harvest losses in case harvest is delayed.

The disease and weed spectrum of the narrow-leaved lupin is different from most major crops and it is able to improve the soil (see Use). Therefore, it is a valuable partner in intensive crop rotations.

Use

The plant is used as a

soil improver. Additionally, lupins have strong roots, that can reduce the compaction of a soil.[13]

The whole plant, including the seeds, is widely used as a fodder for livestock, due to its high

protease inhibitors.[14]

Lupins are mainly consumed as fermented foods, bread and pasta products, milk products or sprouts. As of 2020, only 4% of lupin were consumed by humans, with the majority used as

Lupin beans are growing in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace.[15][16][6]

Genomics

This species of lupin had its

whole genome shotgun sequencing dataset for this species with 26.9x (average amount of overlapping scaffolds) coverage of the genome, then NGS-based RAD-sequencing technology was used to obtain 8,244 sequence-defined markers. A total of 4,214 scaffolds from the genome sequence was assembled and aligned with the genetic map.[17]

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lupinus angustifolius". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ISBN 0-85199-224-2
    .
  4. ^ Trujillo, M. E., et al. (2006). Kribbella lupini sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Lupinus angustifolius Archived 2008-06-07 at the Wayback Machine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:407-11.
  5. ^ FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. "Lupinus angustifolius". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  6. ^ a b Nicholas, Lorna (2020-05-18). "Wide Open Agriculture enters multi-billion-dollar plant-based protein market". Small Caps. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  7. ^ a b Eckardt, Thomas; Haag, Franz; Dietrich, Regine (2002). "Der Einfluss von Wuchstyp, Saatzeitpunkt und Saatstärke auf den Kornertrag von Blauen Süsslupinen (Lupinus angustifolius)". Lupinen 2001:Ergebnisse aus Forschung, Anbau und Verwertung.
  8. ISBN 0-85199-224-2
    .
  9. ISBN 0-85199-224-2
    .
  10. ISBN 0-85199-224-2
    .
  11. doi:10.1071/EA9940491
    .
  12. ISBN 0-85199-224-2
    .
  13. doi:10.1071/AR9890497
    .
  14. ^ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/23099
  15. ^ "Strong Growth Predicted for Lupin Protein Market as Demand for Plant-Based Foods Increases". vegconomist. 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  16. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.036
    .
  17. PMID 23734219
    .

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lupinus angustifolius.
  • Zhukovsky, P.M. (1929). A contribution to the knowledge of genus Lupinus Tourn. Bull. Apll. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., Leningrad-Moscow, XXI, I:16-294.
  • Gladstones, J.S. (1998). Distribution, Origin, Taxonomy, History and Importance. In: J.S. Gladstones et al. (eds.), Lupin as Crop Plants. Biology, Production and Utilization. 1-39.
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