Luton
Luton | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 51°52′42″N 00°24′53″W / 51.87833°N 0.41472°W | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | England |
Region | East of England |
Ceremonial county | Bedfordshire |
Settlement | c. 6th century |
Borough | 1876 |
Unitary authority | 1997 |
Administrative HQ | Luton Town Hall |
Government | |
• Type | Unitary authority |
• Body | Luton Borough Council |
• Executive | Labour |
• Mayor | Mohammed Yaqub Hanif |
• MPs | Sarah Owen (Labour) Rachel Hopkins (Labour) |
Area | |
• Total | 16.74 sq mi (43.35 km2) |
• Rank | 254th |
Population (2021)[5] | |
• Total | 224,826 |
• Rank | 82nd |
• Density | 13,430/sq mi (5,186/km2) |
Demonym | Lutonian |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
LTN) | |
Railway stations | Luton (B) Luton Airport Parkway (D) Leagrave (D) |
OS grid reference | TL0896521763 |
GSS code | E06000032 |
ONS code | 00KA |
NUTS 3 | UKH21 |
FIPS 10-4 | UKI1 |
Website | www |
Luton (/ˈluːtən/ ⓘ)[7] is a town and unitary authority with borough status in Bedfordshire, England, with a population at the 2021 census of 225,262.[5][8]
The town is on the River Lea, 30 miles (50 km) north-west of London,[9] 18 miles (29 km) north-west of Hertford, 20 miles (32 km) south of Bedford[9] and 22.5 miles (36.2 km) south-east of Milton Keynes. The town's foundation dates to the sixth century as a Saxon settlement on the river, from which Luton derives its name.[10] Luton is recorded in the Domesday Book as Loitone and Lintone.[11] One of the largest churches in Bedfordshire, St Mary's Church, was built in the 12th century.[12] There are local museums which explore Luton's history in Wardown Park[13] and Stockwood Park.[14]
Luton was once known for
History
Luton is believed to have been founded by the Anglo-Saxons sometime in the 6th century.[26] Its name first appears in the 8th century as Lygetun, meaning "town on the River Lea".[27]
The Domesday Book records Luton as Loitone and as Lintone.[11] Agriculture dominated the local economy at that time, and the town's population was around 700 to 800.[28]
In 1121
The hat making industry began in the 17th century and became synonymous with the town.[31][32]
The town grew: in 1801 the population was 3,095,[33] but by 1850 it was over 10,000 and by 1901 it was almost 39,000.
Newspaper printing arrived in the town in 1854. The first public cemetery was opened in the same year and Luton was made a borough in 1876.[34]
Luton's hat trade reached its peak in the 1930s,[35] but severely declined after the Second World War and was replaced by other industries.
In 1907,
The original town hall was destroyed in 1919 during Peace Day celebrations at the end of the
Luton Borough Corporation had provided the borough with electricity since the early twentieth century from Luton power station, located adjacent to the railway. Upon
The pre-war years, were something of an economic boom for Luton, as new industries grew and prospered. New private and
Post-war, a number of substantial estates of
The closure of the Vauxhall manufacturing plant in 2002 had negative effects for Luton, leading to increased unemployment and deprivation.[43]
Governance
The town is situated within the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire but, since 1997, Luton has been an administratively independent unitary authority, administered by Luton Borough Council. There are 48 councillors on the Borough Council, representing 19 wards.
As of April 2022[update], Luton is represented in Parliament by Sarah Owen who holds Luton North and Rachel Hopkins who holds Luton South.
In 1876 the town council was granted its own coat of arms.[2] The wheatsheaf was used on the crest to represent agriculture and the supply of straw used in the local hatmaking industry (the straw plaiting industry was brought to Luton by a group of Scots under the protection of Sir John Napier of Luton Hoo). The bee is traditionally the emblem of industry and the hive represents the straw plaiting industry for which Luton was famous. The rose is from the arms of the Napier family, whereas the thistle is a symbol for Scotland. An alternative suggestion is that the rose was a national emblem, and the thistle represents the Marquess of Bute, who formerly owned the Manor of Luton Hoo.[44][45]
Geography
Luton is situated 28 miles north of
Luton is located in a break in the eastern part of the
Bedfordshire had a reputation for brick making but the industry is now significantly reduced. The brickworks[48] at Stopsley took advantage of the clay deposits in the east of the town.
The source of the
There are few routes through the hilly area for some miles, this has led to several major roads (including the M1 and the A6) and a major rail-link being constructed through the town.
Climate
Luton has a
The local climate around Luton is differentiated somewhat from much of South East England due to its position in the
Climate data for Rothamsted WMO ID: 03680; coordinates 51°48′24″N 0°21′37″W / 51.80671°N 0.36017°W; elevation: 128 m (420 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
38.5 (101.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.7 (1.9) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.6 (2.66) |
50.9 (2.00) |
42.7 (1.68) |
51.2 (2.02) |
51.2 (2.02) |
52.9 (2.08) |
52.2 (2.06) |
68.2 (2.69) |
55.4 (2.18) |
78.2 (3.08) |
76.8 (3.02) |
67.2 (2.65) |
714.5 (28.13) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.2 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 120.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.0 | 78.3 | 119.1 | 165.9 | 202.5 | 205.2 | 209.0 | 194.4 | 149.8 | 111.5 | 69.2 | 56.0 | 1,620.9 |
Source 1: Met Office[54] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[55] |
Demography
The 2021 United Kingdom census showed that the borough had a population of 225,262,[6] a 10.9% increase from the previous census in 2011 and a 22.2% increase compared with 2001. In 2021, 52,566 residents (23% of the total) were aged under 16, 146,330 (65%) were aged 16 to 64, and 26,363 (12%) were aged 65 or over.[6]
Local inhabitants are known as Lutonians.
Ethnicity
Luton: Ethnicity: 2011 Census[56] and 2021 Census[6] | |||||||||||||
Ethnic group | 2011 Population |
2011 % |
2021 Population |
2021 % | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 111,079 | 54.7 | 101,798 | 45.2 | |||||||||
Mixed | 8,281 | 4.1 | 9,620 | 4.3 | |||||||||
Asian or Asian British | 60,952 | 30.0 | 83,325 | 37.0 | |||||||||
Black or Black British | 19,909 | 9.8 | 22,735 | 10.1 | |||||||||
Other Ethnic Group | 2,980 | 1.5 | 7,783 | 3.5 | |||||||||
Total | 203,201 | 100 | 225,261 | 100 |
Luton has seen several waves of immigration. In the early part of the 20th century, there was internal migration of
As of the 2021 census, the White British population of Luton (including White English/Scottish/Welsh/Northern Irish) comprised less than a third of the total (31.8%), the twelfth lowest proportion out of 318 local authorities in England and Wales and the second lowest (after Slough) outside of London.[57] Overall, 45.2% of Luton's population in 2021 was White (including non-British White people),[57] down from 54.7% in 2011.
In 2011 81% of the population of Luton defined themselves as British.[59]
Religion
At the 2021 census, the religious affiliation of Luton was as follows:[60]
Religion | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Christian | 85,297 | 37.9 |
Muslim | 74,191 | 32.9 |
Hindu | 7,438 | 3.3 |
Sikh | 3,032 | 1.3 |
Buddhist | 664 | 0.3 |
Jewish | 246 | 0.1 |
Other religion | 1,115 | 0.5 |
No religion | 39,580 | 17.6 |
Religion not stated | 13,697 | 6.1 |
Economy
Luton's economy has traditionally been focused on several different areas of industry, including
Notable firms with headquarters in Luton include:
- London Luton Airport
- Impellam Group – headquarters at Capability Green[62]
- TUI UK (TUI Airways) – travel (Wigmore House)[63][64]
- Vauxhall Motors – headquarters (Chalton House)[65]
Notable firms with offices in Luton include:
- Anritsu – electronics[66]
- AstraZeneca – pharmaceuticals[67]
- Selex ES – aerospace[68]
- Ernst & Young – accountants[69]
- Whitbread – hospitality[70]
- Stonegate Pub Company – hospitality[71]
Luton's post-war and more recent industrial decline has been compared to that of similar towns in northern England.[72]
Employment
Of the town's working population (classified 16–74 years of age by the Office for National Statistics), 63% are employed. This figure includes students, the self-employed and those who are in part-time employment. 11% are retired, 8% look after the family or take care of the home and 5% are unemployed.[73]
Transport
Luton is situated less than 30 miles (50 km) north of the centre of London, giving it good links with the City and other parts of the country via rail and major roads such as the M1 (which serves the town from junctions 10 and 11) and the A6.
The town has three railway stations: Luton,[74] Leagrave[75] and Luton Airport Parkway[76] that are served by East Midlands Railway and Thameslink services.
Luton is also home to
A network of bus services run by
Luton is also served by a large
Education
Luton is one of the main locations of the University of Bedfordshire. A large campus of the university is in Luton town centre, with a smaller campus based on the edge of town in Putteridge Bury, an old Victorian manor house. The other campuses of the university are located in Bedford, Milton Keynes and Aylesbury.
The town is home to Luton Sixth Form College and Barnfield College. Both have been awarded Learning & Skills Beacon Status by the Department for Children, Schools and Families.[81][82]
Luton's schools and colleges had also been earmarked for major investment in the government scheme Building Schools for the Future programme, which intends to renew and refit buildings in institutes across the country. Luton is in the third wave of this long-term programme with work intending to start in 2009.[83] Some schools were rebuilt before the programme was scrapped by the coalition government.
There are 98 educational institutes in Luton – seven
Culture
Architecture
The town contains 92 listed buildings.[72]
Leisure and entertainment
Luton International Carnival
The procession starts at Wardown Park and makes its way down New Bedford Road, around the town centre via St George's Square, back down New Bedford Road and finishes back at Wardown Park. There are music stages and stalls around the town centre and at Wardown Park.
Luton is home to the UK Centre for Carnival Arts (UKCCA),[86] the country's first purpose-built facility of its kind.[87]
Luton St Patrick's Festival
The festival celebrating the patron saint of Ireland
Luton Mela
The first Luton Melā took place in August 2000 and has developed into one of the most significant and well attended South Asian cultural events in the eastern region.
City of Culture bid and pilot year
Luton Council's strategic vision for the Arts, and Cultural and Creative industries includes the plan to bid for City of Culture Status. This plan includes a pilot year with the theme of Peace Riots starting in Spring 2019.[72] Events will be published on the Luton.Events website.
Theatre and performing arts
Luton is home to the Library Theatre, a 238-seat theatre located on the 3rd floor of the town's Central Library. The theatre's programme consists of local amateur dramatic societies, pantomime, children's theatre (on Saturday mornings) and one night shows of touring theatre companies.[91]
Luton is also home to the Hat Factory, originally as its name suggests, this arts centre was in fact a real hat factory. The Hat Factory is a combined arts venue in the centre of Luton. It opened in 2003 and since then has been the area's main provider of contemporary theatre, dance and music. The venue provides live music, club nights, theatre, dance, films, children's activities, workshops, classes and gallery exhibitions.
Media
Radio
- BBC Three Counties Radio, the local BBC station, broadcasts from its office in Dunstable to Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire.[92]
- Diverse FM[93] began broadcasts in April 2007 having been awarded a community radio licence from Ofcom.
- Radio LaB (formerly Luton FM), the university's radio station, began broadcasting full-time in 2010 having been awarded a community radio licence from Ofcom.
Television
- Luton is served by London and East Anglia regional variations of the BBC and ITV. Television signals are received from either Crystal Palace or Sandy Heath TV transmitters. However, the local relay transmitter for Luton only broadcast programmes from Norwich.[94]
Local attractions
- Dunstable Downs
- Leagrave Park
- Leighton Buzzard Light Railway
- The Hat Factory
- Luton Hoo
- Someries Castle
- Stockwood Discovery Centre
- Stockwood Park
- Wardown Park
- Wardown Park Museum
- Waulud's Bank
- Whipsnade Tree Cathedral
- Whipsnade Zoo
- Woburn Safari Park
- Woodside Farm and Wildfowl Park
- Wrest Park
Recreation
Parks and open spaces
Luton has a variety of parks ranging from district parks, neighbourhood parks, local open space and leisure gardens.
Brantwood Park
In the 1880s, the land now known as Brantwood Park was an open field on the south side of Dallow. The site was purchased by the Town Council in 1894 for use as a recreation ground and there is reference to it as ‘West Ward Recreation Ground' in a 1911-year book. It is reported as being one of the first two recreation grounds in Luton; the other being East Ward Recreation Ground, now known as Manor Road Park.[95]
Kidney Wood
Kidney Wood is ancient semi-natural woodland on the southern edge of Luton that has been identified as a County Wildlife Site. The wood was purchased by Luton Borough Council as an area of public open space. The council seeks to maintain and enhance the nature conservation interest of Kidney Wood, including its habitats while allowing public access for informal recreation including play. Kidney Wood includes a way marked nature trail and play dells.
Memorial Park
Sir Julius Wernher purchased the Luton Hoo Estate and the Manor of Luton from Madame de Falbe around 1903. He carried out substantial renovation works to the Manor and grounds. On his death in 1912 the estate passed to Lady Ludlow. Lady Ludlow presented the Park to the people of Luton on 12 June 1920, in memory of her son Alex Piggott Werner, who was killed in action during the First World War. The site is officially named Luton Hoo Memorial Park. Council records state that the area was purchased under the Statutory Powers of the Public Health Acts.
Stockwood Park
Stockwood Park is a large municipal park near Junction 10 of the M1. Located in the park is Stockwood Discovery Centre, a free museum that houses Luton local social history, archaeology and geology. The collection of rural crafts and trades held at Stockwood Discovery Centre was amassed by Thomas Wyatt Bagshawe, who was a notable local historian and a leading authority on folk life. The park has an athletics track, an 18-hole golf course, several rugby and football pitches and areas of open space. The park was originally the estate and grounds to Stockwood house, which was demolished in 1964. The museum includes the Mossman Collection of horse-drawn vehicles, which is the largest and most significant vehicle collection of its kind in the country, including originals from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
Wardown Park
Wardown Park is situated on the
Shopping
The main shopping area in Luton is centred on
The shopping centre had some construction and re-design work done to it over the 2011/12 period, with a new square built to be used for leisure events, as well as a number of new food restaurants. Contained within the main shopping centre is the market, which contains butchers, fishmongers, fruit and veg, hairdressers, tattoo parlours, ice cream, a flower stall, T-shirt printing and the market's original sewing shop for clothes alterations and repairs as well as eating places.[98]
Another major shopping area is Bury Park where there are shops catering to Luton's ethnic minorities.
Sport
Luton has a wide range of sports clubs. It is the home town of
Twin towns
Luton participates in international
Country | Place | State/Region | Date | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | Bergisch Gladbach[102] | North Rhine-Westphalia | 1956 | ||
France | Bourgoin-Jallieu[103] | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | 1956 | ||
Sweden | Eskilstuna[104] | Södermanland | 1949 | ||
Germany | Berlin-Spandau[105] | Berlin | 1959 | ||
Germany | Wolfsburg | Lower Saxony | 1950 |
Notable people
People who were born in Luton or are associated with the town.
By birth
- Mick Abrahams, guitarist for Jethro Tull
- Keshi Anderson, footballer
- David Arnold, composer
- Emily Atack, actress
- John Badham, film director
- Lewis Baker, footballer[106]
- Clive Barker, sculptor and artist
- Jonathan Barnbrook, graphic designer and typographer
- Josh Bassett, rugby player
- Kevin Blackwell, goalkeeper and football manager
- Dean Brill, footballer
- Charles Bronson, born Michael Peterson, prisoner
- William Brown, footballer
- Clive Bunker, drummer for Jethro Tull
- Danny Cannon, screenwriter, director and producer
- Gerald Anthony Coles, artist
- Natasha Collins, actress and television presenter
- Andy Day, television presenter
- Steve Dillon, comic artist
- Kerry Dixon, footballer
- Stacey Dooley,[107] journalist, television presenter and Strictly Come Dancing winner
- Jamal Edwards, entrepreneur, author, director, DJ and founder of SB.TV[108]
- Jonathan Edwards, footballer
- Kevin Foley, footballer
- Sean Gallagher, actor
- Liam George, footballer
- John Hagan, 8th master chief petty officer, US Navy
- Arthur Hailey, novelist
- Nadiya Hussain, The Great British Bake Off winner
- Neil Jackson, actor
- Sharna Jackson, children's writer
- James Justin, footballer
- Stephen Kelman, novelist
- Stuart Lewis-Evans, Formula One driver
- Sean Maguire, footballer for Preston North End
- Frederick Mander, General Secretary of the NUT
- Sarfraz Manzoor, journalist and author
- Herbert Moody, Luton Town footballer
- Monty Panesar, cricketer
- David Price, cricketer
- Phil Read, motorcycle racer
- David Renwick, scriptwriter
- Stu Riddle, footballer
- Tommy Robinson, born Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, activist
- Lee Ross, actor
- Billy Schwer, boxer
- Andy Selway, drummer
- Junior Simpson, comedian
- Paul Sinha, comedian and quizzer
- Zena Skinner, television chef and author
- Steven M Smith, biologist
- Will Smith, cricketer
- David Stoten, storyboard artist
- Jordan Thomas, World and European karate champion
- Mark Titchner, artist
- UK Decay, band
- Richard Wiseman, psychologist
- Jamie Woolford, rock musician for The Stereo, Animal Chin and Let Go
- Paul Young, pop rock singer
- Zuby, rapper
By association
- Rodney Bewes, actor
- Mo Chaudry, entrepreneur
- Diana Dors, actress[109]
- Ian Dury, singer[110]
- Darrel N Gregory, Author
- John Hegley, poet
- Hilda Hewlett, UK's first female pilot
- Alec Jeffreys, geneticist
- Sarfraz Manzoor, author and columnist, The Guardian
- Eric Morecambe, entertainer
- Elizabeth Price, artist
- Colin Salmon, actor
- Andrew Tate, British-American ex-kickboxer and internet personality
Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Luton.
Individuals
- John Still: 15 January 2015.[111]
- Rt Hon Lord McKenzie of Luton: 15 January 2015.[111]
- Viv Dunnington: 15 January 2015.[111]
See also
Notes
- Whitsuntide (Pentecost) exactly seven weeks after Easter, in this case usually on the Monday
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The aspiration contained in its motto: Scientiae et labori detur (May it be given to skill and industry)
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During the 1950s a regular visitor was actress Diana Dors, whose first husband Dennis Hamilton was the son of landlord Stanley Gittins. She is said to have served behind the bar in the pub on a number of occasions.
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Bibliography
- Dyer, James; Stygall, Frank; Dony, John (1964). The Story of Luton. Luton: White Crescent Press.
External links
- Luton in the Domesday Book
- Luton Borough Council
- Bedfordshire Police
- Bedfordshire Fire and Rescue
- Luton and Dunstable – major local hospital
- Luton Today – local news
- Luton Culture – charity which manages museums and various events
- Luton Town F.C. – local football team