Bock (Luxembourg)

Coordinates: 49°36′42″N 06°08′13″E / 49.61167°N 6.13694°E / 49.61167; 6.13694
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The Bock fortifications by Christophe-Guillaume Selig (1791-1837)

The Bock (

Count Siegfried built his Castle of Lucilinburhuc in 963, providing a basis for the development of the town that became Luxembourg. Over the centuries, the Bock and the surrounding defenses were reinforced, attacked, and rebuilt time and time again as the armies of the Burgundians, Habsburgs, Spaniards, Prussians, and French vied for victory over one of Europe's most strategic strongholds, the Fortress of Luxembourg. Warring did not stop until the Treaty of London was signed in 1867, calling for the demolition of the fortifications. Ruins of the old castle and the vast underground system of passages and galleries known as the casemates
continue to be a major tourist attraction.

History

Main article: History of Luxembourg
Count Siegfried of Luxembourg
The Bock cliff with loop-holes for the cannons

It was in 963 that

Count Siegfried, in search of a site from which he could defend his properties, obtained the Bock and its surroundings from St Maximin's Abbey in Trier in exchange for the land he owned at Feulen in the Ardennes to the north. The Romans, then the Franks, had probably already inhabited the Bock although there is only scant archeological evidence of their presence.[1][2] There are however traces of a 4th-century Roman watchtower close to the point in the Fish Market where two major Roman roads used to cross, one from Reims to Trier and the other from Metz to Liège.[3]

Photograph of the four Bock gates (c. 1867)

The first historical mention of the Bock is indeed in connection with a watchtower or fortification on the Roman road from

Emperor Otto I had been obtained, the deed was signed by Viker, Abbot of St Maximin's, on 7 April 963. Siegfried acquired the site in exchange for some of his properties at Feulen.[4]

Map of Luxembourg by Matteus Seuter (c. 1730)

Over the centuries, Siegfried's fortified castle on the Bock was considerably enlarged and protected with additional walls and defences. In 987, the castle chapel was built at the nearby

Counts of Luxembourg. It was damaged, destroyed, captured and rebuilt on several occasions as the Burgundians (1473), the Habsburgs (1477), and the Spaniards (1555) attacked and took the fortress.[3]

As time passed, the fortifications needed to be adapted to new methods of war based on increasingly strong firepower. During the 1640s under the Spaniards, the Swiss engineer Isaac von Treybach significantly reworked the defences. The Bock was also strengthened with three forts, the Large Bock, Middle Bock and Small Bock (from west to east), separated from each other by cuts in the rock and linked by bridges. As a result, little remained of the medieval castle.[6]

A little later in 1684, on behalf of

Vauban succeeded in capturing the city of Luxembourg during a month-long siege under which the Bock fortifications were completely flattened.[6] Thereafter Vauban, perhaps the most competent fortification engineer of his day, undertook major additions to the defences, realizing that underground passages and chambers were just as important as the surface installations. The Large Bock, connected to the old town by the Pont du Château, was further reinforced. Enclosed by a wall 12 m (39 ft) high, it was the major component of the new fortress.[7]

The "Hollow Tooth" ruin

In addition to these structures, the Bock also included a system of casemates, which originated in the cellars of the medieval castle. In 1744, during the Austrian period, these underground passages were considerably enlarged by General Neipperg. The main passage, which still remains, is 110 m long and up to 7 m wide. Branches leading off on either side were equipped with no less than 25 cannon slots, 12 to the north and 13 to the south, offering considerable firepower. In the event of war, the Bock casemates, covering an area of 1,100 m2, could be used as barracks for several hundred soldiers. Water was supplied from a well 47 m deep.[7]

Thanks to its defenses, in 1794 during the

siege for seven months. When the garrison finally surrendered, the walls were still unbreached. This led the French politician and engineer Lazare Carnot to call the Luxembourg fortress "the best in the world, apart from Gibraltar".[1]
As a result, it has often been called the Gibraltar of the North.

The fortifications were finally demolished under the terms of the Treaty of London in 1867. The demolition took 16 years and cost the enormous sum of 1.5 million gold francs.

Pont du château

The Pont du château

The two-storey bridge connecting the Bock to the old town was an important component of the fortifications. Technically, it is a rather curious structure. Built in 1735 by the Austrians, it provides no less than four ways of crossing between the cliffs: the road over the top, a passage by way of the four upper arches, a spiral staircase up through the main arch, and a tunnel under the road at the bottom.[7]

Famous visitors

Over the years, the Bock casemates have received several famous visitors.[8] These include:

The legend of Melusina

There have reportedly been people that have seen Melusine in the waters nearby.[9]

See also

Gallery

  • The Bock fortifications
    The Bock fortifications
  • The Bock cliff with cannon loopholes
    The Bock cliff with cannon loopholes
  • Cannon inside the casemates
    Cannon inside the casemates
  • The Bock fortifications in the winter
    The Bock fortifications in the winter
  • Luxembourg by Joan Blaeu (1649)
    Luxembourg by Joan Blaeu (1649)
  • Luxembourg by William Turner (1834)
    Luxembourg by William Turner (1834)
  • Luxembourg by Nicolas Liez (1870)
    Luxembourg by Nicolas Liez (1870)
  • The Luxembourg fortress before demolition in 1867
    The Luxembourg fortress before demolition in 1867
  • St Michael's Church, once the castle chapel
    St Michael's Church, once the castle chapel
  • The "Hollow Tooth" tower with Saint Michael's Church in the background
    The "Hollow Tooth" tower with Saint Michael's Church in the background

References

  1. ^ a b Jean-Marie Kreins, "Histoire du Luxembourg", Presses universitaires de France, 1996.
  2. ^ Isabelle Yegles-Becker, "La naissance d'une ville", Onsstad.lu (in French) Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  3. ^
    ISBN 3-88957-068-2
    .
  4. ^ John Allyne Gade, "Luxembourg in the Middle Ages", Luxembourg: E. J. Brill, 1951, 251 pp. Online access here
  5. ^ "Patrimoine religieux", ONT Luxembourg. (in French). Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Luxembourg" Archived 2015-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, Fortified Places. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  7. ^ a b c "Le Bock", Service des sites et monuments nationaux. (in French) Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  8. ^ "The casemates UNESCO world heritage", Luxembourg: the city. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  9. ^ "Luxembourg legends" Archived November 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Luxembourg Tourist Office in London. Retrieved 27 September 2010.

49°36′42″N 06°08′13″E / 49.61167°N 6.13694°E / 49.61167; 6.13694

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