Lwów subdialect
The Lwów dialect (
One of the peculiarities of the Lwów dialect was its popularity. Unlike many other Polish dialects, it was seen by its speakers as neither inferior to standard Polish nor denoting people of humble origin. That caused it to be used both by common people and university professors alike.
History
The Lwów dialect emerged in the 19th century and gained much popularity and recognition in the 1920s and 1930s, in part due to countrywide popularity of numerous artists and comedians using it.
The dialect is one of the two main sources of galicisms (galicyzmy – words originating from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) in standard Polish. Some words of the dialect have entered into the vocabulary of modern Polish language, and many others were adopted by other regional and social varieties of Polish, notably the grypsera. Some elements of the dialect remain in use in contemporary Ukrainian spoken in modern Lviv.[9][10]
In 1939, the city of Lwów was annexed by the
Phonology
Vowels
Among the most characteristic phonological features of the Lwów dialect were the changes in vowel quality influenced by word stress. For example:[11][14]
- unstressed ie, e merging into i, y:
- in syllables before the stressed syllable: Standard Polish człowiekowi → Lwów dialect człuwikowi, wielbłądy → wilbłondy, kieliszkami → kiliszkami, ciekawy → cikawy, elektryczny → iliktryczny
- in syllables after the stressed syllable: Standard Polish człowiek → Lwów dialect człowik, nawet → nawyt, majątek → majontyk
- at the end of a word: Standard Polish ale → Lwów dialect ali, ciągle → wciągli, w Polsce → w Polscy, wasze piękne miasto → waszy pienkny miastu
- unstressed o merging into u:
- in syllables before the stressed syllable: Standard Polish oferma → Lwów dialect uferma, godzina → gudzina, kobita → kubita, doprowadził → dupruwadził
- in syllables after the stressed syllable: Standard Polish czegoś → Lwów dialect czeguś, ogon → ogun, ściskając → ściskajunc
- at the end of a word: Standard Polish jutro → Lwów dialect jutru
In songs, the vowels of some words were pronounced inconsistently. Differing musical rhythms could change which syllable of a word was stressed, which is why, for example, one could hear both policaj and pulicaj ("police") in the same song.[14]
Consonants
Younger speakers of the Lwów dialect often
The consonant ⟨m⟩ before ⟨i⟩, and ⟨mi⟩ before other vowels, was pronounced as [mɲ] ⟨mń⟩.[15] For example, Standard Polish ⟨miód⟩ [mʲut] was pronounced as [mɲut].[15]
Phonological changes
In the Lwów dialect, as in other dialects, there were various phonological changes including assimilation, dissimilation and consonant cluster simplification.[11]
Examples of assimilation and voicing changes[16][11] | |||
---|---|---|---|
change | example | change | example |
xt → kt | autochthony → autoktony | łń → mń | kołnierza → komnirza, żołnierz → żomnirz |
mkn → nkn | zamknięty → zanknienty | mv → mb | tramwaj → trambaj |
ks → xs | weksla → wechsla | ż → dz | żelazny → dzylazny |
nz → ndz | benzyna → bendzyna | devoicing | nożyczki → noszyczki |
word-initial voicing | tektura → dektura | word-medial voicing | wielki → wielgi |
References
- ISBN 83-242-0656-6.
- ISBN 83-229-0766-4. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
- ^ Kazimierz Schleyen; Zygmunt Nowakowski (1967). Lwowskie gawędy (in Polish). London: Gryf. pp. 119–120.
- ^ Witold Szolginia (1991). "Batiar i jego bałak". Przekrój (in Polish) (wydanie specjalne).
- ^ Henryk Breit (1938). Gwara lwowska (in Polish). Lwów.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 83-87456-12-8.
- ISBN 0-902508-15-6.
- YouTube
- ^ Natalka Kosmolinska, Yurko Ohrimenko (2004). "Homo leopolensis esse". Ї (in Ukrainian). 36.
- ^ Yuriy Vynnychyk. Лаймося по-львівськи. Postup (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2012-02-09.
- ^ ISBN 83-229-0629-3.
- ^ Kazimierz Schleyen, op.cit., pages 18-19
- ISBN 83-229-0381-2.
- ^ OCLC 22868373.
- ^ OCLC 9916402.
- OCLC 9916402.