Lyall's wren

Lyall's wren
1895 illustration by John Keulemans
Conservation status
Extinct (1895?)  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Acanthisittidae
Genus:	†Traversia Rothschild, 1894
Species:	†T. lyalli
Binomial name
†Traversia lyalli Rothschild, 1894

Lyall's wren or the Stephens Island wren (Traversia lyalli) was a small, flightless

Lyall's wren had olive-brown plumage with a yellow stripe through the eye. Its underside was grey in females and brownish-yellow in males and its body feathers were edged with brown.[5]

Most distinctively, Lyall's wren was

Living Lyall's wrens were seen only twice. The lighthouse keeper described the 'rock wren', as he called it, as almost nocturnal, "running around the rocks like a mouse and so quick in its movements that he could not get near enough to hit it with a stick or stone".^[5]

Distribution

Historically, Lyall's wren was found only on

Much of what is commonly assumed to be established knowledge about this species' extinction is either wrong or has been misinterpreted, starting with the account by Rothschild (1905) who claimed that a single cat had killed all of the birds.^[11] The research of Galbreath and Brown (2004) and Medway (2004) has uncovered much of the actual history of the bird during the short time that it was known to researchers.^[12][13]

• 1879
  • Early June?: A track to the site of the proposed lighthouse site is cleared, starting the period of human activity on the island.
• 1881
  • 22 February: Marine engineer John Blackett surveys the site for the proposed lighthouse.
• 1891
  • April: Preparations for the construction of the lighthouse are begun by starting to build a tramway and a landing site for boats.
• 1892
  • April: Clearance of land for the lighthouse and the associated farm begins (three lighthouse keepers and their families, 17 people in total, would eventually be living on the island). The first report of the species was a note on the island's birdlife made by the construction worker F. W. Ingram, which mentions "two kinds of wren" (the other one was probably the rifleman).
• 1894
  • 29 January: The lighthouse commences working.
  • 17–20 February?: This is a likely date for introduction of cats to Stephens Island. What can be said with any certainty is that at some time in early 1894, a pregnant cat brought to the island escaped.
  • June?: A cat starts to bring carcasses of a species of small bird to the lighthouse keepers' housings. Lyall, who was interested in natural history, has one taken to Walter Buller by A. W. Bethune, second engineer on the government steamboat NZGSS Hinemoa.
  • Before 25 July?: The specimen reaches Buller, who at once recognises it as distinct species and prepares a scientific description, to be published in the journal
    lithograph
    plate to accompany the description.
  • Winter – early spring (Southern Hemisphere): Lyall finds several more specimens. He tells Buller about two more (but does not send them to him), and sells nine to Travers.
  • 9 October: Travers, who recognizes the commercial value of the birds, sidelines Buller and offers the birds to Walter Rothschild, who was wealthier and thus more likely to pay a high price, further piqueing Rothschild's interest by writing, "in a short time there will be [no "wrens"] left". Rothschild acquires his nine specimens.
  • 11/12 October: Edward Lukins makes a list of birds on Stephens Island; he apparently confuses the species with the
    South Island rockwren
    .
  • 19 December: Rothschild has quickly prepared a description of the bird, as Traversia lyalli, which is read by Ernst Hartert at the British Ornithologists' Club meeting. Philip Sclater, the Club's president and editor of the Ibis who knows of Buller's article in preparation, brings up the matter to Hartert, who says he cannot withdraw Rothschild's description without consent.
  • 29 December: Rothschild's description^[14] appears in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club.
• 1895
  • 24 January: Travers offers Rothschild a specimen preserved in
    viscera
    intact) for £5 (about £415 in 2002's money: U.K. House of Commons Library, 2003). Rothschild apparently agrees, but never receives the bird.
  • 4–9 February: Travers and three assistants searched the island for the bird, but found none.
  • Before 11 February?: Lyall writes to Buller: "...the cats have become wild and are making sad havoc among all the birds."
  • 7 March: Travers supplies Rothschild with some details of the bird's habits. To his knowledge, the species had only been seen alive twice until then. He has only been able to procure one additional specimen, brought in by the cat as the bird was dying, which also had been preserved in alcohol.
  • 16 March: The Christchurch newspaper The Press writes in an editorial:
    

    "there is very good reason to believe that the bird is no longer to be found on the island, and, as it is not known to exist anywhere else, it has apparently become quite extinct. This is probably a record performance in the way of extermination."

  • April: Buller's description of Xenicus insularis appears in the Ibis. The name is immediately reduced to a
    junior synonym. In the same issue, Rothschild's description is reprinted,^[15]
    with some additional remarks on the bird's apparent flightlessness. The race to describe the bird sparks much animosity between the two men and Buller never forgives Rothschild for beating him to it; for details and quotes, see Fuller (2000).
  • August: In a paper for the
    Wellington Philosophical Society
    , Buller speaks of a female bird he recently had examined. He later purchases this specimen.
  • 28 November: Travers informs Hartert that Lyall was not able to find more specimens during the winter and he believes the bird to be extinct. He offers two alcohol specimens for sale, for the price of £50 apiece (nearly £4,200 in 2002's money – to compare, the average lighthouse keeper's wage in 1895 was £140 a year).
  • December: Travers tries another search for the bird, again without success.
• 1896
  • 13 May: Travers, unable to sell the birds at such a high price, now wants to sell his specimens for £12 each, about £1,000 in 2002's money.
  • June: Lyall gets assigned to another lighthouse and leaves Stephens Island.
  • 31 December – 7 January or longer: Hugo H. Schauinsland collects birds on Stephens Island, but cannot find many and no "wrens" at all. On 7 January, he collects the only specimen of the local South Island piopio acquired during his stay. It is the last record of that species.
• 1897
  • 31 July: The principal lighthouse keeper, Patrick Henaghan, requests shotguns and ammunition from the
    Marine Department
    to destroy the "large number of cats running wild on the island."
• 1898
  • 5 September: Travers writes James Hector that he has one more specimen available. At some time before this date, he had sold Buller one specimen for Henry Baker Tristram and claimed he had two additional ones.
  • 27 December: Travers writes to Hector, saying that Stephens Island "is now swarming with cats".
• 1899
  • 1 August: The new principal lighthouse keeper, Robert Cathcart, shoots over 100 feral cats since his arrival on 24 November 1898.
• 1901
  • Travers offers "his specimen of the Stephen's Island Wren" to the government for £35 (c. £2700 in 2002); apparently, the bird is bought and deposited at the Colonial Museum with other skins. The collection is not reviewed until 1904, by which time a fifth has to be discarded due to insect damage. No record is made of the specimen since the offer, but the eventual sales price suggests it was among the collection deposited at the Colonial Museum.
• 1905
  • Travers sells one specimen to the
    Otago Museum
    .
  • Buller publishes his Supplement, in which he keeps using his name Xenicus insularis. He furthermore quotes an anonymous correspondent to The Press:
    

    "And we certainly think that it would be as well if the Marine Department, in sending lighthouse keepers to isolated islands where interesting specimens of native birds are known or believed to exist, were to see that they are not allowed to take any cats with them, even if mouse-traps have to be furnished at the cost of the state."

• 1907
  • Rothschild publishes his book, Extinct Birds. In a remarkable breach of nil nisi bonum (especially considering both men's social standing), it contains several acrimonious attacks on Buller, who had died the previous year.
• 1925
  • The last cats on the island were exterminated.

Considering Buller's August 1895 note, it is probable that the species was exterminated by feral cats during the winter of 1895. Assuming the date of February 1894 for cat introduction was correct (there were certainly cats around in the winter months of that year), the winter of 1895 would see the second generation of cats born on the island reaching an age where the wren would have made ideal prey. Habitat destruction, sometimes given as an additional reason for the birds' disappearance, was apparently not significant: in 1898, the island was described as heavily forested and there was little interference with habitat beyond the lighthouse and its associated buildings. Large-scale destruction of habitat started in late 1903, by which time T. lyalli was certainly extinct.

Specimens

About 16–18 specimens (excluding

subfossil bones) are now known. They were collected by the lighthouse keeper's cat, by the keepers themselves and by professional collectors.^[16]

• Rothschild's specimens, all of which were collected between July and October 1894:
  • Natural History Museum, London: three (NHM 1895.10.17.13; 1939.12.9.76; 1939.12.9.77).
  • American Museum of Natural History, New York City: four (AMNH AM 554502; AM 554503; AM 554504; AM 554505).
  • Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
    : one (ANSP 108,631).
  • Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    : one (MCZ 249,400).
• Buller's specimens, collected at unknown dates between 1894 and 1899:
  • Pittsburgh: one (CMNH 24639), labelled as female and dated 1894 in Buller's handwriting. Apart from the date discrepancy, it could be the bird Buller spoke of in August 1895; possibly the specimen was collected months before Buller had examined it. Alternatively, it could be the Bethune bird in case Buller kept it (he initially seems to believe it to be a female), as Rothschild (1907) believed. DNA
    analysis could, at least, clarify the bird's sex.
  • Canterbury Museum, Christchurch: AV917 and AV918, a pair from the collection of Buller's son, dated 1899. They were acquired between late 1896 and 1899, but may have been collected before that date.
• World Museum, National Museums Liverpool: Two (including NML-VZ B.18.10.98.10).^[17]
  Purchased by Buller from Travers for Tristram, probably after late 1896 (but may have been collected earlier). Sold to the museum in October 1898.
• Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington: one (OR.005098)^[18] mounted specimen without data; may be Travers' specimen sold in 1901 or another one. This photograph by Dr Paddy Ryan
  shows the Te Papa specimen and another one – possibly the Otago Museum bird, but the matter is not clear.
• Otago Museum, Dunedin
  : one, but two catalog numbers (AV739 and AV7577) exist. It is not clear whether they represent re-cataloguing of the one specimen sold by Travers in 1905, or whether a specimen was lost.

• Unaccounted for (all collected in 1894 or very early in 1895):
  • Bethune's specimen: lent to Buller for the description, apparently later given back. If so, it was probably deposited at the Colonial Museum (now part of
    Te Papa
    ) for safekeeping between 1895 and 1897, or
  • Buller's female mentioned in August 1895, or even both (if neither is CMNH 24639).
  • Two of Lyall's first three specimens (one was given to Bethune) remain unaccounted for. They may be part of Rothschild's nine, or Buller's three. They were not in Buller's possession as of early February 1895.
  • Travers' "lost" specimen referred to in January 1895. It is not certain that this specimen was indeed lost; it may have been one of the alcohol-preserved specimens mentioned in November 1895 and Travers may simply have withheld it so he could fetch a higher price as the bird became extinct.

In the media

• Lyall's wren was featured in the episode "Strange Islands" of the documentary series South Pacific that originally aired on 13 June 2009.^[19]
• Lyall's wren was the topic of the episode "Stephens Island Wren and the Cobra Effect" of the game show Citation Needed, published on YouTube on 8 June 2017.^[20]

See also

• New Zealand wren
• Cats in New Zealand

Notes

1. ^ Tibbles (and her unborn kittens) were believed to be the first cats brought to the island and most of the feral population was descended from them.

References

1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22698593A93691279.en
   . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
2. ^ "How a Single Cat Hunted to Extinction the Entire Species of Stephens Island Wren".
3. ISBN 84-87334-69-5
   .
4. PMID 27261250
   .
5. ^ ^{a b c} Southey, I. (2013). Miskelly, C. M. (ed.). "Lyall's Wren". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
6. ^ Millener, P.R. (1989) The only flightless passerine: the Stephens Island Wren (Traversia lyalli: Acanthisittidae). Notornis 36(#4): 280–284.
7. ^
   doi:10.1080/03115519408619497
   .
8. ^ Millener, P.R. (1984). "New Zealand theses in Earth Sciences: The Quaternary avifauna of the North Island, New Zealand. PhD, 1981. University of Auckland, 2 vols.. (abstract)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 27: 99–100.
9. ^ Millener, P.R. (1988) "Contributions to New Zealand's Late Quaternary avifauna I: Pachyplichas, a new genus of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae), with two new species." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 18(#4): 383–406
10. ^ Tyrberg, T.; Milberg, P. (1991). "Xenicus lyalli exterminated by Polynesia's rats and lighthouse keeper's cats". Var Fagelvarld. 505: 15–18.
11. ^ Rothschild, W. (1905) "On extinct and vanishing birds". Proceedings of the 4th International Ornithological Congress, London: 191–217.
12. ^ Galbreath, R. & Brown, D. (2004) The tale of the lighthouse-keeper's cat: Discovery and extinction of the Stephens Island wren (Traversia lyalli). Notornis, 51(#4): 193–200. http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf
13. ^ Medway, D.G. (2004). "The land bird fauna of Stephens Island, New Zealand in the early 1890s, and the cause of its demise". Notornis. 51: 201–211.
14. ^ Rothschild, Walter (1894): A new species from Stephens Island. Bull. B. O. C. 4(#22): 10.
15. ^ Rothschild, Walter (1895): Notes on Xenicus lyalli. Ibis 7(#1): 268–269.
16. ISBN 0-253-34034-9
    .
17. ^ "Stephens Island Wren". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
18. ^ "Traversia lyalli". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
19. ^ "Wild Pacific – Strange Evolutions". IMDb. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
20. ^ Stephens Island Wren and the Cobra Effect, Citation Needed, from the Technical Difficulties, 8 June 2017, retrieved 29 July 2022

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xenicus lyalli.

Wikispecies has information related to Xenicus lyalli.

• TerraNature – Wren
• New Zealand wrens, including picture
• Extinct New Zealand Birds
• Lyall's Wren. Traversia lyalli. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006