Lycoperdon echinatum

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lycoperdon echinatum
Mature specimen with brown spines
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Lycoperdon
Species:
L. echinatum
Binomial name
Lycoperdon echinatum
Pers. (1797)
Synonyms
Lycoperdon echinatum
saprotrophic
Edibility is edible or inedible

Lycoperdon echinatum, commonly known as the spiny puffball or the spring puffball, is a type of

saprobic species has been found in Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America, where it grows on soil in deciduous woods, glades, and pastures. It has been proposed that North American specimens be considered a separate species, Lycoperdon americanum, but this suggestion has not been followed by most authors. Molecular analysis indicates that L. echinatum is closely related to the puffball genus Handkea
.

The fruit bodies of L. echinatum are 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) wide by 2–3.5 cm (0.8–1.4 in) tall, supported by a small base, and densely covered with spines that are up to 0.6 cm (0.2 in) long. The spines can fall off in maturity, leaving a net-like pattern of scars on the underlying surface. Initially white in color, the puffballs turn a dark brown as they mature, at the same time changing from nearly round to somewhat flattened. Young specimens of L. echinatum resemble another edible spiny puffball, Lycoperdon pulcherrimum, but the latter species does not turn brown as it ages. The fruit bodies are edible when young, when the interior is white and firm and before it has turned into a powdery brown mass of spores. Laboratory tests have shown that extracts of the fruit bodies can inhibit the growth of several bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was first described by

Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797.[1] It was later reduced to a variety of Lycoperdon gemmatum (as L. gemmatum var. echinatum; L. gemmatum is now known as Lycoperdon perlatum[2]) by Elias Magnus Fries,[3] but American mycologist Charles Horton Peck, who extensively studied the North American distribution of the genus, raised it again to species level in 1879. He thought it worthy of status as a species distinct from L. gemmatum because of the different character of its warts, its much spinier appearance, and the smoother surface of the peridium underneath the spines.[4] Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome wrote of the fungus in 1871, but believed their specimen, collected from Reading, Berkshire, by Hoyle, represented a new species, which they called Lycoperdon Hoylei. They wrote that their specimen agreed "exactly with an authentic specimen of Persoon's L. echinatum externally, who could, however, scarcely have overlooked the lilac spores."[5] Despite the apparent difference in spore color, L. Hoylei is currently considered synonymous with L. echinatum.[6] Utraria echinata, named by Lucien Quélet in 1873,[7] is another synonym for L. echinatum.[8]

In 1972,

L. pyriforme.[17][18]

The species is

specific epithet echinatum is derived from the Greek word echinos (εχινος) meaning "hedgehog" or "sea-urchin".[20]

Description

Young specimens (above) are white before turning brown in maturity (below).

The

rhizomorphs).[24] The internal contents of the puffball contain the gleba, a mass of spores and associated spore-producing cells. In young specimens the gleba is white and firm, but as the puffball ages, it turns yellowish and then brown to purple-brown and powdery.[13] Mature specimens develop a pore at the top of the fruit body through which spores are released when hit by falling raindrops.[24]

The spores of L. echinatum, roughly spherical with warts on the surface, have diameters between 4 and 6 

sterigmata (tapered spine-like projections from the basidia that attach the spores) are up to 5 µm long.[25]

Edibility

Like most other puffball species, L. echinatum is

sautéeing puffballs with other mushrooms.[28] To avoid possible confusion with potentially deadly Amanita species, it is recommended to slice young puffballs with a longitudinal cut to ensure that the flesh is devoid of any internal structures.[29]

Similar species

Lycoperdon pulcherrimum has stouter spines than L. echinatum.

Lycoperdon pulcherrimum closely resembles L. echinatum, but its spines are stouter,

intergrade, as specimens may be found whose spines turn brown but do not fall off.[11] Young specimens of L. pedicellatum may also be difficult to distinguish from L. echinatum, but the former has a smooth outer surface when mature, and has spores attached to a pedicel (a narrow extension of the basidium on which the sterigmata and spores are formed) that is about 4–5 times as long as the spore.[31] Lycoperdon compactum, found only in New Zealand, also resembles L. echinatum in appearance, but differs in having smaller spores, capillitia that are hyaline (translucent) and septate (with partitions that divide the capillitia into compartments).[32]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Lycoperdon echinatum can be found either solitary or in small groups. It typically grows on the ground in

larval food.[33]

This species has been collected from eastern central Africa,[34] China,[35] Costa Rica,[36] Iran,[37] Japan,[38] and Europe (including Britain,[39] Bulgaria,[40] the Czech Republic,[41] Finland,[42] Germany,[43] Italy,[44] Slovakia,[45] Spain,[46] Sweden,[47][48] and Switzerland[49]). In North America, it is "locally frequent" east of the Rocky Mountains.[19]

It is considered a threatened species in Åland (Finland).[42] A study of the species' distribution in Sweden reported that in the 1940s and 50s, it grew in beech woods with broad-leaved grasses and herbs in topsoils with soil pH levels between 5.0 and 6.6, but the populations have since decreased owing to soil acidification during the last several decades.[48] Fruit bodies collected near arsenic-contaminated sites have been shown to bioaccumulate arsenic, largely in the form of arsenobetaine.[50]

Antimicrobial activity

Using a

Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Mycobacterium smegmatis.[51] An earlier study (2000) had identified weak antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus.[52] Although the specific compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity have not been identified, chemical analysis confirms the presence of terpenoids,[51] a class of widely occurring organic chemicals that are being investigated for their potential use as antimicrobial drugs.[53]

References

  1. ^ Fries EM. (1797). Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum in classes, ordines, genera et familias. Cum supplemento adjecto (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: P.P. Wolf. p. 53.
  2. ^ "Species Fungorum – Species synonymy for Lycoperdon gemmatum". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  3. ^ Fries EM. (1829). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 3. p. 37.
  4. ^ a b Peck CH. (1879). "United States species of Lycoperdon". Transactions of the Albany Institute. 9: 285–318.
  5. doi:10.1080/00222937108696408
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  6. ^ "Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome 1871". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  7. ^ Quélet L. (1873). "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie" [Mushrooms of the Jura and the Vosges. 2nd Part.]. Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5 (II): 333–427.
  8. ^ "Utraria echinata (Pers.) Quél. 1873". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  9. ^ Demoulin V. (1972). "Espèces nouvelles ou méconnues du genre Lycoperdon (Gasteromycetes)" [New or ignored species of the genus Lycoperdon (Gasteromycetes)]. Lejeunia (in French). 62: 1–28.
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  14. ^ Kuo M. (October 2003). "Lycoperdon pulcherrimum". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
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  16. ^ "Species Fungorum – Species synonymy for Lycoperdon radicatum". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
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  18. ^ Krüger D, Kreisel H (2003). "Proposing Morganella subgen. Apioperdon subgen. nov. for the puffball Lycoperdon pyriforme". Mycotaxon. 86: 169–77.
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  22. ^ Lloyd CG. (1905). "The genus Lycoperdon in Europe". Mycological Notes. 19: 205–17.
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  27. ^ Coker et al., 1974 [1928], pp. 73–5.
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  29. ISBN 0-88192-586-1
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  30. ^ a b Smith AH. (1951). Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 68.
  31. ^ Coker et al., 1974 [1928], pp. 85–86. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  32. ^ Cunnigham GH. (1942). The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: John McIndoe. p. 148.
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  34. JSTOR 3667488
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  35. ISBN 962-201-556-5
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  41. ^ Kubát K. (1972). "Příspěvek k rozšíření břichatek (Gasteromycetes) v Českém středohoří. II" [Contribution to the geographic distribution of Gasteromycetes in the Czechoslovakian Stredohori Mountains. Part 2] (PDF). Česká Mykologie (in Czech and German). 26 (4): 238–41.
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  43. ^ Kreisel H. (1962). "Die Lycoperdaceae der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik" [The Lycoperdaceae of the German Democratic Republic]. Feddes Repertorium (in German). 64 (2/3): 89–201.
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  46. ^ Lázaro é Ibiza B. (1920). Botánica descriptiva. Compendio de la flora española [Descriptive botany. Compendium of the Spanish flora] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Clásica Expañola. p. 365.
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Bibliography

External links

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