Lying press
Lying press (German: Lügenpresse, lit. 'press of lies') is a pejorative and disparaging political term used largely for the printed press and the mass media at large. It is used as an essential part of propaganda and is thus usually dishonest or at least not based on careful research.
History
The term Lügenpresse has been used intermittently since the 19th century in political
The
Hermann Göring used the expression on 23 March 1933 in his speech during the debate on the Enabling Act of 1933 in the Reichstag.[9] In the same speech he denied attacks on Jewish shops and desecrations of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries.
In December 1937, Manfred Pechau summarized parts of his dissertation ("National Socialism and German Language", Greifswald 1935) in the National Socialist monthly and listed synonyms for what he called "Jewish-Marxist lying press", including "Jewish journals".
In several speeches by Joseph Goebbels from the first half of 1939, "Lügenpresse" is used to characterize the media abroad, especially in the future WW2 opponents, the US, France, and Great Britain.[12] At this point in time, the German domestic press had been "synchronized" (controlled) and a critical domestic press that the National Socialists referred to as the Lügenpresse no longer existed. The Nazi propaganda reacted to the false report of Max Schmeling's death with an attack on the "foreign lying press".[13] There were also variations in this terminology; the Völkischer Beobachter, for example, referred to the 'emigrant and international lying press' to deny reports about the poor health of the imprisoned Carl von Ossietzky, [14] and in 1932, it rejected criticism of Rosenberg using the formula "Marxist lying press".[15]
In 1942, Baldur von Schirach described the French journalist Geneviève Tabouis, who published reports on the expansion plans of National Socialism, as "the embodiment of this nifty lying press that was available to anyone who knew how to pay"; in the same context he claimed that "90 percent of all Paris newspapers" were under "Jewish influence" and that the newspaper editorial offices were staffed by "over 70 percent" Jews.[16]
The expression was also used in speeches at carnival events that were used to bolster the party.[17]
After the National Socialist
In 1948, Walter Hagemann analyzed how the Nazi press used the accusation of the "lying press" against the foreign press. He observed that readers should be made aware of how vigilant and reliable German journalism and politics are on this point. The rejection of the Allied "horror reports" as products of the "Jewish journal" was part of this Nazi strategy.[20]
Some
During the protests of 1968, left-wing students disparaged the liberal-conservative Axel Springer publishing house, notably its flagship daily Bild, as a "lying press".[22]
21st century usage
Germany
In late 2014, the term was re-popularised by the anti-Islam
Alternative for Germany chair Frauke Petry accused the German media of "defamatory" coverage of her party at a party congress at Hanover, but said the party executive would use the term "lying press" sparingly, preferring the milder designation "Pinocchio press".[25] Her fellow party member Björn Höcke criticized Lügenpresse as too sweeping a verdict for the journalistic profession, arguing instead for the alternative, phonetically very similar term 'Lückenpresse' ("gaps press"), which would describe more accurately reporting bias.[26]
German media detractors felt vindicated by the perceived lack of mainstream coverage of the 2016
A 2015 poll by
United States
Prior to the
See also
- Big lie – Propaganda technique
- Fake news
- Journaille
- Yellow journalism
References
- Spiegel Online. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ Wiener Zeitung, 2 September 1835, p. 990; Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 69, 9 March 1840, p. 547
- ISBN 978-3-7858-0488-9.
- ^ Weber, Hermann (1993). Die Gründung der KPD: Protokoll und Materialien des Gründungsparteitages der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands 1918/1919 mit einer Einführung zur angeblichen Erstveröffentlichung durch die SED (in German). Dietz. p. 78.
- ^ "Die Glocke – sozialistische Wochenschrift". Die Glocke (in German). 10 (40–52). Parvus/Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft: 1450. 1925.
- ^ Hitler, 17 February 1922. wilhelm-der-zweite.de
- ^ Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf. Kapitel „Kriegspropaganda".
- ^ Volltextsuche in Mein Kampf.
- ^ Deutscher Reichsanzeiger Nr. 71 24 March 1933.
- ^ Zitiert nach Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Beda Weber: Die Trauerfeierlichkeit für Robert Blum zu Frankfurt am Main. In: Historisch-politische Blätter, Band 22 (1848), S. 794–811, Zitat: S. 799, online auf Google Books.=PA326 Journaille. In: dies.: Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus. Berlin, New York 1998, Stichwort "Journaille", S. 326 f.
- ^ Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP: Einziges Parteiamtliches Aufklärungs- und Redner Informationsmaterial (Sniplet) 1938.
- ^ Joseph Goebbels: Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1939/40/41, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf., München 1941.
- ^ Guido Knopp: Der Zweite Weltkrieg: Bilder, die wir nie vergessen. Hamburg 2014, S. 67.
- ^ Nach Raimund Koplin: Carl von Ossietzky als politischer Publizist. A. Leber, 1964, S. 221.
- ^ Fundstelle in den Literaturangabe von: Philipp Loewenfeld, Peter Landau, Rolf Riess: Recht und Politik in Bayern zwischen Prinzregentenzeit und Nationalsozialismus: die Erinnerungen von Philipp Loewenfeld. Aktiv Druck & Verlag, 2004, 712 Seiten (online).
- ^ Baldur von Schirach: Wille und Macht. Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1942, S. 32.
- ^ Carl D. Dietmar, Marcus Leifeld: Alaaf und Heil Hitler. Karneval im Dritten Reich. Herbig, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7766-2630-8, S. 108.
- ^ Wolf Martin Hamdorf: Angriff am Markttag. Deutschlandfunk, 26 April 2007; retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ Peter Monteath, Elke Nicolai: Zur Spanienkriegsliteratur: die Literatur des Dritten Reiches zum Spanischen Bürgerkrieg. Lang, 1986 (online; findet sich ähnlich in der Memoirenliteratur des NS).
- ^ Walter Hagemann: Publizistik im Dritten Reich. Ein Beitrag der Methodik der Massenführung. Hamburg 1948 (online).
- ^ Peter Niggli, Jürg Frischknecht: Rechte Seilschaften: wie die „unheimlichen Patrioten" den Zusammenbruch des Kommunismus meisterten. Rotpunktverlag, 1998, S. 666.
- ISBN 978-3-89706-904-6.
- ^ "Pressemitteilung: Wahl des 24. "Unworts des Jahres"" (PDF) (in German). Unwort des Jahres. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Gauck kritisiert "Lügenpresse"-Begriff als geschichtsvergessen". Die Zeit (in German). 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ Rohbohm, Hinrich (28 November 2015). "Petry schwört AfD auf "harten Kampf" ein". Junge Freiheit (in German). Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- ^ Höcke, Björn (7 January 2016). "Nicht "Lügenpresse" sondern "Lückenpresse"" (in German). Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- ^ a b Karnitschnig, Matthew (25 January 2016). "Cologne puts Germany's 'lying press' on defensive". Politico. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Silence on sex crimes will make racism worse". The Local. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ Huggler, Justin (6 January 2016). "'Cover-up' over Cologne sex assaults blamed on migration sensitivities". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Reports of New Year's Eve sex assaults in Cologne fuel German migrant debate". CNN. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ "Cover-up claim over NYE mass sexual assaults". The Local. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "Der Pressekodex. Richtlinie 12.1 – Berichterstattung über Straftaten" (in German). Presserat. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Jeder Fünfte nennt deutsche Medien "Lügenpresse"". Die Welt (in German). 31 October 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ Köcher, Renate (16 December 2015). "Allensbach-Studie: Mehrheit fühlt sich über Flüchtlinge einseitig informiert". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ Hamann, Götz (25 June 2015). "Wer vertraut uns noch?". Die Zeit (in German). Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ The Atlantic (21 November 2016), 'Hail Trump!': Richard Spencer Speech Excerpts, retrieved 26 April 2019
- ^ "Donald Trump supporters are using a Nazi word to attack journalists". Time. 25 October 2016.
Buzzfeed's Rosie Gray, one of the first reporters to chronicle Trump's rise alongside core elements of the alt right movement, recently tweeted a video that captured two Trump supporters shouting the phrase [Lügenpresse] at the members of the media covering the Republican Party's presidential nominee at a convention center in Cleveland, Ohio.