Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei (Italian pronunciation: [akkaˈdɛːmja dei linˈtʃɛi]; literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy.
Founded in the Papal States in 1603 by Federico Cesi, the academy was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. "The Lincei did not long survive the death in 1630 of Cesi, its founder and patron",[1] and "disappeared in 1651".[2]
During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Vatican and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the
The Accademia
The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by
The name "Lincei" 'the
The goal was nothing less than the assembly of modern science reflected on the method of observation: the church of knowledge. The Academy was to possess in each quarter of the global
Galileo was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611, and became its intellectual centre. Galileo clearly felt honoured by his association with the Academy for he adopted Galileo Galilei Linceo as his signature. The Academy published his works and supported him during his disputes with the Roman Inquisition. Among the Academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were Galileo's "Letters on Sunspots" and "The Assayer", and the Tesoro Messicano describing the flora, fauna and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labour, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. The new usage of microscopy, with "references to magnification tools can be found in the works of Galileo and several Lincei, Harvey, Gassendi, Marco Aurelio Severino—who was probably also in contact with the Lincie—and Nathanial Highmore." Domenico Bertoloni Meli, in Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Johns Hopkins University Press: 2011; p. 41). Microscopes were not just by the Lincei for astronomical and mathematical work, but were also used for new experimentations in anatomy, as this was the time of the rise of mechanistic anatomy, and the theories of atomism. Experimentation proliferated across the board. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630 at forty-five.
The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs or drawings made with the help of the newly invented
Members
- Federico Cesi – founder
- Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "telescope"
- Anastasio de Filiis – polymath
- Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician
- Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright
- Adam Elsheimer – German artist
- Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "microscope"
- Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher
- Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath
- Francesco Stelluti – mathematician
- Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor
- Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician
- Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII
- Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII
The Accademia is re-founded
In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei.[13][14] The period from 1801-1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the Academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s.[14] During the French domination of the Accademia, the institution saw a transition from a private association to a municipal institution.[14] Despite efforts from the early 1800s onward, the Accademia underwent a true revival in 1847, when Pope Pius IX re-founded it as the Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei.
The Reale Accademia dei Lincei
In 1874, Quintino Sella turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, the Royal National Lincean Academy. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy. After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese Quintino Sella infused new life into the Nuovi Lincei, reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archaeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of Soci (Fellows).
Members
- Mario Ageno
- Giusto Bellavitis
- Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli – archaeologist – first female member
- Domenico Comparetti
- Benedetto Croce
- Albert Einstein
- Enrico Fermi
- Edward Augustus Freeman[15]
- Giovanni Gentile
- William Ewart Gladstone[16]
- Otto Hahn
- Werner Heisenberg
- Theodor Mommsen
- Antonio Pacinotti
- Louis Pasteur
- Max Planck
- Olinto De Pretto
- George Rawlinson[17]
- Augusto Righi
- Wilhelm Röntgen
- Manlio Simonetti
- Herbert Spencer[18]
- Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
- Celal Şengör
The Accademia d'Italia
- see main article Royal Academy of Italy
During the
The Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
In 1986, the Academy was placed under a statute that says it shall be composed of 540 members, of whom 180 are ordinary Italian members, 180 are foreigners, and 180 are Italian corresponding members. The members are divided into two classes: one for
In 2001, the natural sciences were re-divided into five categories: mathematics, mechanics and applications; astronomy, geodesy, geophysics and applications; physics, chemistry and applications; geology, paleontology, mineralogy and applications; and biological sciences and applications. At the same time, the moral sciences were divided into seven categories: philology and linguistics; archaeology; criticism of art and of poetry; history, historical geography, and anthropology; philosophical science; juridical science; social and political science.
Prizes
The Accademia regularly awards prestigious prizes to talented researchers and scholars. Notable prizes include:
- Premio Presidente della Repubblica
- Feltrinelli Prize
- Alfredo di Braccio Award for young Italian researchers in Physics and Chemistry
- Premio del Ministro per i Beni e le Attività Culturali
- Premio Linceo
- Premio Internazionale Cataldo Agostinelli e Angela Gili Agostinelli
Notes
- ISBN 9780313021954. Page 39.
- ISBN 9781402011894. Page 5.
- ^ Thomas G. Bergin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Renaissance Italy (Oxford and New York: New Market Books, 1987).
- ^ "Federico Cesi (1585–1630) and the Accademia dei Lincei". The Galileo Project. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^ Donato, Maria Pia. "Science on the Fringe of the Empire: The Academy of Linceans in the early 19th century". Nuncius: Annali di Storia della Scienza. 27 (1): 137–138.
- ^ a b Della Porta's Life – From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist by Louise George Clubb – Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
- ^ Walton, 370
- ^ Sloane 11
- ^ a b David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002.
- ISSN 0035-8991.
- ^ Sloane, 11
- ^ Paper Museum, Warburg Institute Archived March 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Accademia dei Lincei: Protagonisti: Feliciano Scarpellini
- ^ PMID 23035397.
- ^ Sloane, 11
- ^ Sloane, 11
- ^ Sloane, 11
- ^ Sloane, 11
- ^ Fascist Italy, John Whittam, page 84
References
- This article draws material from the corresponding article in the Italian Wikipedia, retrieved 09:12, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
- Cagiano De Azevedo, Paola; Gerardi, Elvira, eds. (2005), Reale Accademia d'Italia. Inventario dell'archivio (Inventory of the Archive) (PDF), Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato – Strumenti, vol. CLXVII, Roma: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali – Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari – Direzione Generale per gli Archivi, pp. lxxxiv+492, Accademia Nazionale dei Linceibetween 1939 and 1944.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (August 2004), "The Accademia dei Lincei", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Van Helden, Albert (May 24, 2004), Accademia dei Lincei, archived from the original on July 5, 2008, retrieved January 14, 2010, available at Connexions.
- Walton, S.A., Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition, 2001, Annals of Science, 2001 Oct;58(4):357-79, PDF on Academia.edu
- David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002.
- T. O'Conor Sloane. Facts Worth Knowing Selected Mainly from the Scientific American for Household, Workshop, and Farm Embracing Practical and Useful Information for Every Branch of Industry. Hartford: S. S. Scranton and Co. 1895.
External links
- Official website, with brief history (in Italian).
- Official website in English
- Notes on the Accademia dei Lincei from the Scholarly Societies Project
- ISSN 0161-7370 – via Wikisource.
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- The British Library's database of Italian Academies
- Historic article about the society, Scientific American, "The Oldest Scientific Society", 27 November 1880, p. 340