Munich

Coordinates: 48°08′15″N 11°34′30″E / 48.13750°N 11.57500°E / 48.13750; 11.57500
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Munich
München (
Frauenkirche in the background
Location of Munich
Map
Urban district
First mentioned1158
Subdivisions
Government
 • Lord mayor (2020–26) Dieter Reiter (SPD)
 • Governing partiesGreens / SPD
Area
 • City310.71 km2 (119.97 sq mi)
Elevation
520 m (1,710 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • City1,512,491
 • Density4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,606,021
 • Metro
5,991,144[1]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
80331–81929
Dialling codes089
Vehicle registrationM, MUC
Websitestadt.muenchen.de
Mariensäule at Marienplatz
Aerial view of the old town
Lion sculptures by Wilhelm von Rümann at the Feldherrnhalle
Alps behind the skyline

Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk, -nɪx/ MEW-nik(h); German: München [ˈmʏnçn̩] ; Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ] ) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria. With a population of 1,589,706 inhabitants as of 29 February 2024,[3] it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to about 6.2 million people and the third biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.[4]

Straddling the banks of the river Isar north of the Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the

German Revolution of 1918–19, the ruling House of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the Nazi Party. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during World War II, but has restored most of its old town. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics
.

Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance,

Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018.[7] Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs.[8][9]

In 2021, 28.8 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 17.7 percent were German citizens with a migration background from a foreign country.

Allianz SE and Munich Re. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, and a multitude of scientific institutions.[11] Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest, attract considerable tourism.[12]

History

Coat of arms of Munich
The unofficial city anthem of Munich, recorded in 1929

Etymology

Munich was a tiny 8th-century friar settlement, which was named zu den Munichen ("to the monks"). The Old High German Muniche served as basis for the modern German city name München.[13]

Prehistory

The river

Celt settlements from the Iron Age have been discovered in areas around Ramersdorf-Perlach.[16]

Roman period

The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected Augsburg and Salzburg, crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of Baierbrunn and Gauting.[17] A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning.[18]

Post-Roman settlements

Starting in the 6th century, the Baiuvarii populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.[19][20] The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.[21]

Origin of medieval town

Munich in the 16th century
Plan of Munich in 1642

The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and

salt trade, after having burned down the town of Föhring and its bridges over the Isar.[22] Historians date this event at about 1158.[23] The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of Höxter.[24]

Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.[25]

Emperor Frederick Barbarosa (d. 1190). However, on 14 June 1158, in Augsburg, the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The Augsburg Arbitration mentions the name of the location in dispute as forum apud Munichen. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.[26][27][28]

The 14. June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near Marienplatz) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.[29][30] The old St. Peter's Church near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.[31]

In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile,

Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria
.

Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income.

On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.[32]

In 1349, the Black Death ravaged Munich and Bavaria.[33]

In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of

Frauenkirche
– now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

Capital of reunited Bavaria

The Renaissance Antiquarium of the Residenz

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief

Munich Residenz.[34] Albrecht V appointed the composer Orlando di Lasso as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late Renaissance music.[35] During the rule of Duke William V Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor Charlemagne as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.[36]

Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the

Frauenkirche, and the Peterskirche were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the Nazi Party seized power in 1933.[39]

Marienplatz, Munich, about 1650
Frauenkirche
in the background

The

Gustav II Adolph of Sweden.[citation needed
]

In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.[40] The bubonic plague nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.[41] During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.[42]

Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of Baroque life, but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.[citation needed] When Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died in 1745, the succession empowered the Palatinate branch within the House of Wittelsbach.[43]

In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited to

workhouses. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers.[44] Munich was the largest German city to lose fortification in the 1790s.[45] In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications.[46] After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls.[47]

After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 with Elector Maximillian Joseph becoming its first King. The state parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were also located in the city.[citation needed]

The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the

journeymen a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand.[48] In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown price and princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The parades in regional dress (Tracht) represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the Theresienwiese and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual Oktoberfest.[49]

The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (Wirtshäuser) were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the competition among breweries.[50] In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.[51] By the 1850s beer had become essential staple food for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious liquid bread (fließendes Brot) in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor water sanitation and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the fifth element. Beer was essential in maintaining public health in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.[52]

The Palace of Justice in Baroque Revival style

In 1832 Peter von Hess painted the Greek War of Independence at the order of Ludwig I of Bavaria. Ludwig I had the Königsplatz built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. Leo von Klenze supervised the construction of a Propylaia between 1854 and 1862.[53]

During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.[54] The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to Augsburg in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station (München Hauptbahnhof) was completed, with a line going to Landshut and Regensburg in the north.[55][56] In 1825 Ludwig I had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as Leo von Klenze to design a series of public museums in neoclassical style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I got Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".[57] Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener Carl von Effner landscaped the banks of river Isar and established the Maximilian Gardens. Since 1848 the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten were published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the Maximilianeum was started.[58]

By the time

Neo-Renaissance fashion that came to be the German Empire's predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing Baroque Revival architecture and Rococo Revival designs.[59]

Jugendstil style house at Leopoldstr. 77, Münchner Freiheit

In 1900 Wilhelm Röntgen moved to Munich, he was appointed as professor of Physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.[60]

The Prince Regent

expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter was established in Munich. Its founding members include Gabriele Münter.[66]

World War I to World War II

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.[citation needed]

In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' (BMW) produced its first aircraft engine in Munich.[67] The stock cooperation BMW AG was founded in 1918, with Camillo Castiglioni owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.[68]

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution,

premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed.[69] The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria.[70] In Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews".[71] In 1919 Bavaria Film was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio in Babelsberg.[72]

Unrest during the Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923

Gustav von Kahr was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews that did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police Ernst Pöhner and Wilhelm Frick openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences.[73] In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).[74]

Munich was chosen as capital for the

Free State of Bavaria and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s.[70]

Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first

concentration camp at Dachau, 16 km (9.9 mi) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement").[75]

The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the National Socialist Women's League and the Gestapo, had their offices along Brienner Straße and around the Königsplatz. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many Führerbauten ("Führer buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.[76] Construction work for the Führerbau and the party headquarters (known as the Brown House) started in September 1933.[77] The Haus der Kunst (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect Paul Troost was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the Glass Palace was destroyed in an arson.[78] The Red Terror that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich, was detailed in Nazi publications, seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker Rotmord über München published in 1934, and Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.[79]

In 1930 Feinkost Käfer was founded in Munich, the Käfer catering business is now a world leading party service.[80]

The city was the site where the 1938

Third French Republic with Nazi Germany as part of the Franco-British policy of appeasement. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.[81]

The Munich-Riem Airport was completed in October 1939.[82]

On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, Georg Elser planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.[83] By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.[84]

Liberated survivors of the Munich-Allach concentration camp greet arriving U.S. troops, 30 April 1945

During the war, Munich was the location of multiple forced labour camps, including two Polenlager camps for Polish youth,[85][86] and 40 subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, in which men and women of various nationalities were held.[87] With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the Munich-Allach concentration camp.

Munich was the base of the

Munich University campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler.[88]

The city was heavily damaged by the bombing of Munich in World War II, with 71 air raids over five years. US troops liberated Munich on 30 April 1945.[89]

Postwar

In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to

US Military occupation.[90] Due to Polish annexation of the Former eastern territories of Germany and expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe, Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946.[91] After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname Heimliche Hauptstadt ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.[92] In Munich, the Bayerischer Rundfunk began its first television broadcast in 1954.[93]

The

Free State of Bavaria used the arms industry as kernel for its high tech development policy.[94] Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the Munich Security Conference, held annually in the Hotel Bayerischer Hof.[95] Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss from the 1960s to the 1980s. The Munich Airport, which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor.[96]

In the early 1960s Dieter Kunzelmann was expelled from the Situationist International and founded an influential group called Subversive Aktion in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.[97]

A view from the Olympic Tower (Olympiaturm) of the adjacent Olympic Village

Munich hosted the

New City Hall (Neues Rathaus) could be restored.[99]

During 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by

Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.[100]

The most deadly militant attack the

Federal Republic of Germany has ever witnessed, was the Oktoberfest bombing. The attack was eventually blamed on militant Neo-Nazism.[101]

The Nockherberg beer garden

Munich and its

labour market, low unemployment, a growing service economy and high per capita income.[94] Munich is home of the famous Nockherberg Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.[102]

In 2007 the

flood protection.[103] About 20 percent of buildings in Munich now have a green roof, the Munich city council has been encouraging better stormwater management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies.[104]

On the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks an active shooter perpetrated a hate crime. The 2016 Munich shooting targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.[105]

Munich was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2020, which was delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, and is planned to be a host city for UEFA Euro 2024.[106]

Geography

Satellite photo by ESA Sentinel-2

Topography

Munich lies on the elevated plains of

fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes
as in the north of Munich.

Climate

Munich is located in close proximity of the Alps. Munich has an oceanic climate (Cfb) under the Köppen climate classification. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, as there are no substantial bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, while some Munich winters can be marked by significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of its latitude, inversion from the nearby Alps cause cold air to sink and result temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F). In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging 25 °C (77 °F)

Munich is subject to active

convective seasons and on occasion damaging events. The Alpine thunderstorm system moves along the mountain range, or detaches, heading east-north-east over the foothills of the Alps.[107]

At Munich's official weather stations, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.5 °C (100 °F), on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and −31.6 °C (−24.9 °F), on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city.[108][109]

Climate data for Munich (Dreimühlenviertel) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0)
21.4
(70.5)
24.0
(75.2)
32.2
(90.0)
31.8
(89.2)
35.2
(95.4)
37.5
(99.5)
37.0
(98.6)
31.8
(89.2)
28.2
(82.8)
24.2
(75.6)
21.7
(71.1)
37.5
(99.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2)
13.7
(56.7)
18.9
(66.0)
23.6
(74.5)
27.5
(81.5)
30.5
(86.9)
31.9
(89.4)
31.5
(88.7)
26.8
(80.2)
22.6
(72.7)
17.0
(62.6)
12.6
(54.7)
33.1
(91.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)
5.6
(42.1)
10.1
(50.2)
15.2
(59.4)
19.4
(66.9)
22.9
(73.2)
24.9
(76.8)
24.7
(76.5)
19.6
(67.3)
14.5
(58.1)
8.2
(46.8)
4.8
(40.6)
14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6)
1.9
(35.4)
5.7
(42.3)
10.2
(50.4)
14.3
(57.7)
17.8
(64.0)
19.6
(67.3)
19.4
(66.9)
14.7
(58.5)
10.1
(50.2)
4.9
(40.8)
1.8
(35.2)
10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)
−1.4
(29.5)
1.7
(35.1)
5.3
(41.5)
9.3
(48.7)
12.9
(55.2)
14.7
(58.5)
14.5
(58.1)
10.4
(50.7)
6.5
(43.7)
2.1
(35.8)
−0.8
(30.6)
6.1
(43.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −13.8
(7.2)
−12.4
(9.7)
−7.3
(18.9)
−3.3
(26.1)
1.5
(34.7)
5.3
(41.5)
7.8
(46.0)
6.6
(43.9)
1.9
(35.4)
−2.1
(28.2)
−6.8
(19.8)
−12.3
(9.9)
−16.8
(1.8)
Record low °C (°F) −22.2
(−8.0)
−25.4
(−13.7)
−16.0
(3.2)
−6.0
(21.2)
−2.3
(27.9)
1.0
(33.8)
6.5
(43.7)
4.8
(40.6)
0.6
(33.1)
−4.5
(23.9)
−11.0
(12.2)
−20.7
(−5.3)
−25.4
(−13.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.9
(2.04)
45.5
(1.79)
61.2
(2.41)
56.0
(2.20)
107.0
(4.21)
120.9
(4.76)
118.9
(4.68)
116.5
(4.59)
78.1
(3.07)
66.9
(2.63)
58.4
(2.30)
58.5
(2.30)
939.7
(37.00)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15.3 14.0 15.6 13.5 16.1 16.7 16.1 15.0 14.2 14.2 14.6 16.8 182.0
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 11.7 11.2 4.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 8.0 39.3
Average
relative humidity
(%)
80.3 75.9 70.7 64.6 67.2 67.2 66.1 68.1 75.5 79.9 83.3 82.3 73.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 74.6 95.2 145.3 186.0 213.0 223.7 241.4 232.1 169.7 123.3 74.0 66.4 1,841.4
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[110]
Source 2: DWD[111] SKlima.de[112] Infoclimat[113]

Climate change

In Munich, the general trend of

global warming with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1 °C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20 °C (tropical nights), a change in precipitation patterns, as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the German Meteorological Service that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding spatial planning and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning ventilation in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.[114]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
150013,447—    
160021,943+63.2%
175032,000+45.8%
1880230,023+618.8%
1890349,024+51.7%
1900499,932+43.2%
1910596,467+19.3%
1920666,000+11.7%
1930728,900+9.4%
1940834,500+14.5%
1950823,892−1.3%
1955929,808+12.9%
19601,055,457+13.5%
19651,214,603+15.1%
19701,311,978+8.0%
19801,298,941−1.0%
19901,229,026−5.4%
20001,210,223−1.5%
20051,259,584+4.1%
20101,353,186+7.4%
20111,364,920+0.9%
20121,388,308+1.7%
20131,402,455+1.0%
20151,450,381+3.4%
20181,471,508+1.5%
20201,488,202+1.1%
20221,512,491+1.6%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million. Munich has reached 1.5 million in 2022.

Immigration

In July 2017, Munich had 1.42 million inhabitants; 421,832 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2017 with 50.7% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 25.2% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).[115] Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital."[116] The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (39,204), Croats (33,177), Italians (27,340), Greeks (27,117), Poles (27,945), Austrians (21,944), and Romanians (18,085).

Foreign residents by citizenship, 2020[117][needs update]
Country Population
 Croatia 39,745
 Turkey 37,207
 Italy 28,496
 Greece 26,613
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21,559
 Austria 20,741
 Romania 18,845
 Poland 18,639
 Ukraine 17,833
 Serbia 14,283
 Bulgaria 13,636
 Kosovo 12,354
 India 11,228
 Iraq 11,093
 France 10,650
 Russia 9,526
 Spain 9,414
 China 9,240
 Hungary 8,769
 Afghanistan 7,446
 United States 6,705
 Vietnam 5,289
 Syria 4,614
 United Kingdom 4,297

Religion

About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were

Muslim.[120]
Munich has the largest

Government and politics

Bavarian State Chancellery

As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the

German Patent Office and the European Patent Office
.

Mayor

The current mayor of Munich is Dieter Reiter, he is Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. Bavaria has been dominated by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The Munich city council is called the Stadtrat.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Dieter Reiter Social Democratic Party 259,928 47.9 401,856 71.7
Kristina Frank Christian Social Union 115,795 21.3 158,773 28.3
Katrin Habenschaden Alliance 90/The Greens 112,121 20.7
Wolfgang Wiehle Alternative for Germany 14,988 2.8
Tobias Ruff Ecological Democratic Party 8,464 1.6
Jörg Hoffmann Free Democratic Party 8,201 1.5
Thomas Lechner The Left 7,232 1.3
Hans-Peter Mehling Free Voters of Bavaria 5,003 0.9
Moritz Weixler Die PARTEI 3,508 0.6
Dirk Höpner Munich List 1,966 0.4
Richard Progl Bavaria Party 1,958 0.4
Ender Beyhan-Bilgin FAIR 1,483 0.3
Stephanie Dilba mut 1,267 0.2
Cetin Oraner Together Bavaria 819 0.2
Valid votes 542,733 99.6 560,629 99.7
Invalid votes 1,997 0.4 1,616 0.3
Total 544,730 100.0 562,245 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 1,110,571 49.0 1,109,032 50.7
Source: Wahlen München (1st round, 2nd round)

City council

Groups in the council:
  Left/PARTEI: 4 seats
  SPD/Volt: 19 seats
  Greens/Pink List: 24 seats
  ÖDP/FW: 6 seats
  FDP/BP: 4 seats
  CSU: 20 seats
  AfD: 3 seats

The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Lead candidate Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) Katrin Habenschaden 11,762,516 29.1 Increase 12.5 23 Increase 10
Christian Social Union (CSU) Kristina Frank 9,986,014 24.7 Decrease 7.8 20 Decrease 6
Social Democratic Party (SPD) Dieter Reiter 8,884,562 22.0 Decrease 8.8 18 Decrease 7
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) Tobias Ruff 1,598,539 4.0 Increase 1.4 3 Increase 1
Alternative for Germany (AfD) Iris Wassill 1,559,476 3.9 Increase 1.4 3 Increase 1
Free Democratic Party (FDP) Jörg Hoffmann 1,420,194 3.5 Increase 0.1 3 ±0
The Left (Die Linke) Stefan Jagel 1,319,464 3.3 Increase 0.8 3 Increase 1
Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) Hans-Peter Mehling 1,008,400 2.5 Decrease 0.2 2 ±0
Volt Germany (Volt) Felix Sproll 732,853 1.8 New 1 New
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) Marie Burneleit 528,949 1.3 New 1 New
Pink List (Rosa Liste)[a] Thomas Niederbühl 396,324 1.0 Decrease 0.9 1 ±0
Munich List Dirk Höpner 339,705 0.8 New 1 New
Bavaria Party (BP) Richard Progl 273,737 0.7 Decrease 0.2 1 ±0
mut Stephanie Dilba 247,679 0.6 New 0 New
FAIR Kemal Orak 142,455 0.4 New 0 New
Together Bavaria (ZuBa) Cetin Oraner 120,975 0.3 New 0 New
BIA Karl Richter 86,358 0.2 Decrease 0.5 0 ±0
Valid votes 531,527 97.6
Invalid votes 12,937 2.4
Total 544,464 100.0 80 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 1,110,571 49.0 Increase 7.0
Source: Wahlen München

State Landtag

In the Landtag of Bavaria, Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the 2018 Bavarian state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows:

Constituency Area Party Member
101 München-Hadern
  • Sendling-Westpark, Hadern
  • Parts of Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln and Laim
CSU Georg Eisenreich
102 München-Bogenhausen
  • Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim
  • Parts of Au-Haidhausen
CSU Robert Brannekämper
103 München-Giesing
  • Sendling, Obergiesing-Fasangarten
  • Parts of Untergiesing-Harlaching and Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln
GRÜNE Gülseren Demirel
104 München-Milbertshofen
  • Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-West
  • Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
GRÜNE Katharina Schulze
105 München-Moosach
  • Moosach, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
  • Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
GRÜNE Benjamin Adjei
106 München-Pasing
  • Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing
  • Parts of Laim
CSU Josef Schmid
107 München-Ramersdorf
  • Ramersdorf-Perlach, Trudering-Riem
CSU Markus Blume
108 München-Schwabing
  • Schwabing-Freimann, Maxvorstadt, Altstadt-Lehe
GRÜNE Christian Hierneis
109 München-Mitte
  • Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe
  • Parts of Au-Haidhausen and Untergiesing-Harlaching
GRÜNE Ludwig Hartmann

Federal parliament

In the Bundestag, Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the 20th Bundestag, the composition and representation of each was as follows:

Constituency Area Party Member
217 Munich North
  • Maxvorstadt, Schwabing-West, Moosach, Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-Freimann, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
CSU Bernhard Loos
218 Munich East
  • Altstadt-Lehel, Au-Haidhausen, Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim, Trudering-Riem, Ramersdorf-Perlach
CSU Wolfgang Stefinger
219 Munich South
  • Sendling, Sendling-Westpark, Obergiesing, Untergiesing-Harlaching, Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln, Hadern
GRÜNE Jamila Schäfer
220 Munich West/Centre
  • Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe, Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing, Laim
CSU Stephan Pilsinger

Subdivisions

Munich's boroughs

Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative boroughs (Stadtbezirke). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas.

(18).

There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see map). The three largest districts are Schwabing in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), Sendling in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and Giesing in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants).[122]

Architecture

The New Town Hall and Marienplatz
Frauenkirche
Old Town Hall and Heiliggeistkirche seen from Viktualienmarkt

Old Town

The Ruffinihaus at Rindermarkt

At the centre of the old town is the

Heiliggeistkirche was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the Viktualienmarkt. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive, these are the Isartor, the Sendlinger Tor, and the Karlstor. The Karlstor leads up to the Stachus, a square dominated by the Justizpalast
(Palace of Justice).

The

Frauenkirche serves as the cathedral for the Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising. The nearby Michaelskirche is the largest renaissance church north of the Alps, while the Theatinerkirche is a basilica in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on southern German baroque architecture. Its dome dominates the Odeonsplatz
.

Palaces and castles

Schloss Nymphenburg (Nymphenburg Palace, construction started 1664) is a museum open to the public for tours.[123][124]

The smaller Schloss Fürstenried (

Archdiocese of Munich and Freising as a conference location.[125]

Schloss Blutenburg (Blutenburg Castle) opened as a children's library in 2024,[126] but visitors may tour the late-Gothic Blutenburg Castle Church built on the same grounds.[127]

The large

Palais Holnstein and the Prinz-Carl-Palais. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, so is the Alter Hof, the first residence of the House of Wittelsbach
.

Modernist architecture

Despite Munich being the breeding ground for German Jugendstil, starting with the architect

Jacobus Oud was rejected for the post of city building chief. Modernist exceptions include a series of post offices by Robert Vorhoelzer built in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Examples of avant-garde temporary constructions include the Wohnmaschine (Housing Machine) by Robert Vorhoelzer, as well as the Flachdachhaus (Flat Roof House) by Fritz Norkauer. Paul Schultze-Naumburg, and the Kampfbund enjoyed particular popularity.[128]

High rise buildings

The HVB Tower at Arabellapark

Several high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the

Uptown Munich, Münchner Tor and the BMW Headquarters next to the Olympic Park. Further high-rise buildings are located in the Werksviertel [de] in Berg am Laim
.

Long-term residential development

Munich is subject to a long-term residential development plan that is established by the city administration of Munich. The LaSie ("Langfristige Siedlungsentwicklung") was passed in 2011 in response to the acute housing crisis. LaSie is aligned with the strategic development plan passed for Munich in 1998 ("Perspektive München"). LaSie defines three priorities for the construction of residential housing in Munich. Existing

densification ("Nachverdichtung"). Non-residential industrial areas are subject to conservation and will be turned into residential and mixed-use areas. On greenfield sites in the Munich periphery medium and large-scale housing estates are to be built so as to extend Munich's urban center.[129]

Parks

FIFA World Cup 2006

Other large green spaces are the

Olympiapark, the Westpark and the Ostpark. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten, was founded in 1780.[citation needed
]

Sports

Football

Allianz Arena, also the home stadium of FC Bayern Munich
Olympiasee in Olympiapark, Munich

Munich is home to several professional Association football teams including the FC Bayern Munich. Other notable clubs include 1860 Munich, who currently play in the 3. Liga, and former Bundesliga club SpVgg Unterhaching, who currently play in the 3. Liga.

Basketball

German national basketball team
won the gold medal.

Ice hockey

The city's ice hockey club is EHC Red Bull München who play in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. The team has won four DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2023.

Olympics

Munich hosted the

DOSB President Thomas Bach confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.[132]
These plans were abandoned some time later.

Road running

Regular annual road running events in Munich are the Munich Marathon in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the Spartan Race Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon.

Swimming

Olympia Schwimmhalle

Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools[133] and eight outdoor swimming pools,[134] which are operated by the Munich City Utilities (SWM) communal company.[135] Popular indoor swimming pools include the Olympia Schwimmhalle of the 1972 Summer Olympics, the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the Riemer See or the Langwieder lake district.[136]

River surfing

Surfer on the Eisbach river wave

River surfing is a popular sport in Munich. The Flosskanal wave in the south of Munich is less challenging. A well visited surfing spot for experienced surfers is the Eisbach standing wave, where the annual Munich Surf Open is celebrated on the last Saturday of July.[137]

Culture

Language

German is spoken and understood in and around Munich. While the German language has many dialects, so-called "Standard German" or "High German" is learned in schools and spoken among Germans, Austrians and in some parts of Switzerland. A speaker of a Low German dialect in Hamburg may find it difficult to understand the dialect of a Bavarian mountaineer.[138] The Bavarian dialects are recognized as regional language and continues to be spoken alongside Standard German.[139]

Museums

Deutsches Museum
The Glyptothek

The gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.

In 1903

Wilhelm II, German Emperor.[140] The Deutsches Museum had its grand opening in 1925, but has undergone a reinvention recently. The Deutsches Museum now operates three locations. The original site in central Munich continues to expand its exhibits.[141]

Bavarian National Museum

The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal. The Lenbachhaus displays works of the movement Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a Munich-based modernist art.[citation needed] Starting in 1970s, German municipalities started to respond to cultural tourism and invested in public museums. The Neue Pinakothek, like other German museums, was wholly reconstructed from 1974 until 1981.[142] The Pinakothek der Moderne lets the public see an eclectic mix of contemporary art and the principle attention of the permanent collection is Classical Moderns. But the displays are enhanced continuously with spectacular gifts from private collections.[143]

City guides published in the early 1860s directed tourists to Munich's architecture and art collections, which at the time were unique in Germany and are a legacy mainly of

Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens
large Judgment Day.

BMW Welt

An extensive collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the

Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek.[146] Another interesting museum is the Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (the State Collection of Egyptian Art).[147][148][149]

Several public collections of the

Zoologische Staatssammlung München.[citation needed] After the first German art exhibition in the Glaspalast for an international audience in 1869, Munich emerged as a focal point for the arts. Men of distinction from around the world visited the Academy of Fine Arts under the directorship of Karl von Piloty and later Wilhelm von Kaulbach.[150]

The Museum Five Continents is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection display regional art and cultural history. The Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.[citation needed]

The memorial museum of the former Dachau concentration camp is just outside the city.

Music

National Theatre

Munich is a major international musical centre and has played host to many prominent composers including

Also sprach Zarathustra or Carl Orff's Carmina Burana.[citation needed][151]

Opera

Gasteig

National Theatre Munich, with Angelo Quaglio the Younger designing the premiere production.[153]

The National Theatre Munich is now the home of the

Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that also houses the Cuvilliés Theatre. The Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz is a state theater while another opera house, the Prinzregententheater, has become the home of the Bavarian Theater Academy and the Munich Chamber Orchestra
.

Orchestra

The modern

Deutsche Theater. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.[citation needed
]

The Golden Friedensengel

Pop and electronica

Munich was the centre of

synth disco and electronic dance music, and Donna Summer, one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, Electroclash was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when DJ Hell introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his International DeeJay Gigolo Records label here.[154]

Other notable musicians and bands from Munich include

]

Munich hosted several Love Parades and Mayday Party rave events throughout the 1990s. Munich continues to rave, the local youth scenes are active.[155]

Theatre

The Munich Kammerspiele is one of the most important German-language theaters. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich, they include Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.[citation needed]

Schwabing

Wassily Kandinsky's Houses in Munich (1908)

At the turn of the 20th century Schwabing was a preeminent cultural metropolis. Schwabing was an epicenter for both literature and the fine arts, with numerous German and non-German artists living there.[156]

Simplicissimus, founded in 1896 by Albert Langen and Thomas Theodor Heine, which quickly became an important organ of the Schwabinger Bohème. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on Wilhelmine German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.[citation needed
]

In 1971 Eckart Witzigmann teamed up with a Munich building contractor to finance and open the Tantris restaurant in Schwabing. Witzigmann is credited for starting the German Küchenwunder (kitchen wonder).[157]

Biedermeier

The Biedermeier era was named after a character that regularly appeared in the satire magazine Münchner Fliegende Blätter (Loose Munich Pages), which was published by Adolf Kussmaul and Ludwig Eichrodt in Munich between 1855 and 1857. Biedermeier was a synonym for arts, furniture, and the lifestyle of the nonheroic middle class. The Biedermeier era painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Moritz von Schwind, and Carl Spitzweg are shown in the Neue Pinakothek.[158]

Prinzregentenzeit

Celebrity literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called Prinzregentenzeit (literally prince regent's time) under the reign of

.

Weimar Republic

Portrait of Oskar Maria Graf by Georg Schrimpf (1927)

The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. Thomas Mann wrote in his novella Gladius Dei about this period: "München leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar Republic, with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht, Peter Paul Althaus, Stefan George, Ricarda Huch, Joachim Ringelnatz, Oskar Maria Graf, Annette Kolb, Ernst Toller, Hugo Ball, and Klaus Mann adding to the already established big names.[citation needed]

Karl Valentin, the cabaret performer and comedian, is to this day remembered and beloved as a cultural icon of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "Charlie Chaplin of Germany".[159][160]

Liesl Karlstadt, before working together with Valentin, cross-dressed and performed cabaret with yodeling on stage and in Munich's Cafe-Theatres. The cabaret scene was crushed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and Karlstadt was saved from Nazi sterilization by a doctor. Contemporary Munich cabaret still reverences 1920s cabaret, the Munich alternative rock band F.S.K. absorbs yodels.[161]

Post-war literature

After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as Wolfgang Koeppen, Erich Kästner, Eugen Roth, Alfred Andersch, Elfriede Jelinek, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Michael Ende, Franz Xaver Kroetz, Gerhard Polt and Patrick Süskind calling the city their home.[citation needed]

Fine arts

From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like

]

Cinema

Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the

Logo of Bavaria Film

In 1919, the

The Neverending Story (1984) by Wolfgang Petersen. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry.[164]

Festivals

Oktoberfest

Coopers' Dance

Schäfflertanz in Neuhausen, 2012

The

Old Bavaria region. The dance was supposed to be held every seven years.[165]

Starkbierfest

March and April, for three weeks during Lent, celebrating Munich's "strong beer". Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local Paulinerkirche, Leipzig monks who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or 'liquid bread'. It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. A Starkbierfest may be celebrated in beer halls and pubs.[citation needed]

Frühlingsfest

Held for two weeks at the Theresienwiese from the end of April to the beginning of May, the new local spring beers are served.[166]

Auer Dult

A regular event combining a market and a German style folk festival on the Mariahilfplatz. The Auer Dult can be up to 300 stalls, selling handmade crafts, household goods, and local foods.[167]

Kocherlball

Munich's Kocherlball (Cooks' Ball) is an annual event, to commemorate all servants, ranging from kitchenhands to cooks. The tradition started in the 19th century.[168]

Tollwood

Tollwood Winterfestival

Usually held annually in July and December, Olympia Park. The Tollwood Festival showcases fine and performing arts with live music, and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as Organic food, mostly Fusion cuisine.[citation needed]

Oktoberfest

At the Theresienwiese, the largest beer festival in the world, Munich's Oktoberfest runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October. In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over six million visitors every year. Beer is served from the six major Munich breweries. These are Augustiner-Bräu, Hacker-Pschorr Brewery, Löwenbräu Brewery, Paulaner Brewery, Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu, and Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. Food must be bought in each tent.[169]

Christkindlmarkt

The Munich

Christkindlmarkt started to evolve in the 14th century. The German Christkindlmarkt reached the desired accomplishment in the 17th century in Nuremberg.[170]

Cuisine and culinary specialities

Weisswurst with sweet mustard and a pretzel

The Munich cuisine contributes to the

sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels
.

Munich has 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more Michelin Guide stars in 2021.[171]

Beers and breweries

Helles beer
Augustiner brewery
Beer garden in Munich

Munich is known for its breweries and

Weissbier (wheat beer). Helles, a pale lager with a translucent gold color, is the most popular contemporary Munich beer. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, known as Dunkel, which gets its color from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with a high alcohol content of 6%–9%. It is dark amber in color and has a heavy malty taste. The beer served at Oktoberfest
is a special type of beer with a higher alcohol content.

Wirtshäuser are traditional Bavarian pubs, many of which also have small outside areas. Biergärten (beer gardens) are a popular fixture in Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture, and are an overt melting pot for members of all walks of life, regardless of social class. There are many smaller beer gardens, but some beer gardens have thousands of seats. Large beer gardens can be found in the Englischer Garten, on the Nockherberg, and in the Hirschgarten.

There are six main breweries in Munich are

. Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich.

Circus

The Circus Krone based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.[172] It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a building of its own.

Nightlife

The party ship Alte Utting

Nightlife in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Maxvorstadt, Au-Haidhausen, Berg am Laim and Sendling. Between Sendlinger Tor and Maximiliansplatz, on the edge of the central Altstadt-Lehel district, there is also the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning 1.3 km (0.8 mi) along Sonnenstraße, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants, which became the center of Munich's nightlife in the mid-2000s.[173]

Bahnwärter Thiel

In the 1960s and 1970s, Schwabing was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as Big Apple, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque Blow Up and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine,[154][174][175] and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context.[154][176] Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, Schwabinger 7 and Schwabinger Podium. Since the 1980s, however, Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to gentrification and the resulting high rents, and the formerly wild artists' and students' quarter developed into one of the city's most coveted and expensive residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.[177]

Since the 1960s, the Rosa Viertel (pink quarter) developed in the Glockenbachviertel and around Gärtnerplatz, which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam.[178] In particular, the area around Müllerstraße and Hans-Sachs-Straße was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. One of them was the travesty nightclub Old Mrs. Henderson, where Freddie Mercury, who lived in Munich from 1979 to 1985, filmed the music video for the song Living on My Own at his 39th birthday party.[178][175][179]

Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near München Ostbahnhof in Berg am Laim, hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people from the metropolitan area surrounding Munich and tourists.[178][180] The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby Haidhausen. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former Munich-Riem Airport.[154][181][182]

Blitz Club on Museumsinsel

Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Größenwahn, The Atomic Café and the techno clubs Babalu Club, Ultraschall, KW – Das Heizkraftwerk, Natraj Temple, MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts), Die Registratur and Bob Beaman.[183] From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the Union Move, one of the largest technoparades in Germany.[174]

Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin.[184][185] Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants.[186][187]

Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are Blitz Club, Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, Bahnwärter Thiel, Pimpernel, Charlie, Palais and Pathos.[188][189] Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, Zenith, Minna Thiel and the party ship Alte Utting. Some notable bars (pubs are located all over the city) are Schumann's Bar, Havana Club, Sehnsucht, Bar Centrale, Holy Home, Negroni, Die Goldene Bar and Bei Otto.[citation needed]

Education

Colleges and universities

Main building of the LMU
Main building of the Technical University
University of Applied Sciences (HM)
Academy of Fine Arts Munich

Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901 to Theodor W. Hänsch in 2005.

The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder).

Primary and secondary schools

Notable Gymnasien in Munich include the Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium, the Luitpold Gymnasium, the Wilhelmsgymnasium, as well as the Wittelsbacher Gymnasium. Munich has several notable international schools, including Lycée Jean Renoir, the Japanische Internationale Schule München, the Bavarian International School, the Munich International School, and the European School, Munich.[citation needed]

Scientific research institutions

Fraunhofer headquarters in Munich

Max Planck Society

The Max Planck Society, a government funded non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich.

Fraunhofer Society

The Fraunhofer Society, the German government funded research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich.

Other research institutes

European Southern Observatory's headquarters in Garching

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Neues Rathaus
(New City Hall) showing Munich's twin towns and sister cities

Munich is twinned with:[190]

Economy

BMW Headquarters building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl-shaped BMW Museum
BMW Museum Entrance
Siemens-Forum in Munich
The HypoVereinsbank tower

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study[191] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne).[192][193] Munich ranks third on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany.[191] The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine Capital in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.

Munich is a

Flixbus
.

Manufacturing

Munich holds the headquarters of

Linde (gases) and Rohde & Schwarz (electronics). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) as of 2007.[194] In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).[195]

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.

Krauss-Maffei, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as Microsoft
.

Finance

Munich has significance as a

Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz (insurance) and Munich Re (re-insurance).[197]

Media

Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe[198] and home to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterföhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich.

The

Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grünwald. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.[199]

Quality of life

Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life.

EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate in the air, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the state government to take a harder stance on pollution.[202] Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5 million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.[citation needed
]

Transport

Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport modal share in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.[203] Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.[204]

Munich is the hub of a developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the

Flixmobility
which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich.

The trade fair Transport Logistic is held every two years at the Neue Messe München (Messe München International).

Public transport

Public transport network
A class R2 Straßenbahn (Tram) on route 19 at Ostbahnhof
Munich's S-Bahn at the Marienplatz station

For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the

Munich tramway is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min.[citation needed
]

The extensive network of subway and tram lines assists and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. These attributes result from applying the principle of filtered permeability. Pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire Munich city centre, go through public squares and open spaces for enjoyment. Munich city centre was subject to urban planning and has a comprehensive model for laying out neighborhoods and districts according to grid plan.[205]

Cycling

Map of Munich's cycling network

Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognized as a good alternative. The growing number of

bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. A modern bike hire system
is available within the area bounded by the Mittlerer Ring.

Cultural history trails and bicycle routes

Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the List of cultural history trails in Munich (KulturGeschichtsPfade). Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer Äußere Radlring (outer cycle route) and the RadlRing München.[206]

Munich Central Train Station

München Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station located in the city centre and is the long-distance station in Munich.[citation needed]

Munich Central Train Station serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany. Munich Central Train Station alongside

München Ost railway station are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station
.

The central mainline station is a

terminal station with 32 platforms. The subterranean S-Bahn with 2 platforms and U-Bahn stations with 6 platforms are through stations.[citation needed
]

The

]

The old air raid shelter next to platform 11 of Munich Central Train Station was an important distribution point for

guest workers (Gastarbeiter) between 1960 and 1973. At peak more than 1,000 guest workers arrived per day, in total 1.8 million guest workers passed through Munich Central Train Station.[207]

Autobahns

Munich motorway network

Munich is an integral part of the

Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau
(SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.

Traffic is often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic congestion are commonplace at the beginning and end of major Bavarian holidays. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and an abundance of construction sites.[citation needed]

Munich has introduced an

green sticker for vehicles, these are an requirement when entering the city or driving in the wider surrounding area.[208]

Air

Munich International Airport

Munich International Airport (MUC)

magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid), which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h (249 mph) from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,[209] but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.[210] Lufthansa
opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.

Other airports

In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.[211] However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.[212]

Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, Memmingen Airport has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.

Around Munich

Nearby towns

The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the

Moosburg are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the Munich Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about 6 million people.[4]

Recreation

South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as Lake Starnberg, Ammersee, Chiemsee, Walchensee, Kochelsee, Tegernsee, Schliersee, Simssee, Staffelsee, Wörthsee, Kirchsee and the Osterseen (Easter Lakes), which are popular among Munich residents for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's S-Bahn.[213]

Notable people

Born in Munich

Entertainment

Fashion designers

  • Willy Bogner
    (born 1942), fashion designer and director of photography
  • Rudolph Moshammer (1940–2005), fashion designer

Musicians

Journalists and Writers

Nobel Prize laureates

Nobility

Painters

Photographers

Politicians

Professional athletes

Others

Notable residents

Notes

  1. ^ It ist a local party, founded in 1989 to support the queer community. It is represented in some Munich borough councils since 1990 (with its stronghold in the borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt) and in the city council continuously since 1996.

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