Māori music
Traditional Māori music, or pūoro Māori, is composed or performed by Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, and includes a wide variety of folk music styles, often integrated with poetry and dance.
In addition to these traditions and musical heritage, since the 19th-century European colonisation of New Zealand, Māori musicians and performers have adopted and interpreted many of the imported Western musical styles. Contemporary rock and roll, soul, reggae, and hip hop all feature a variety of notable Māori performers.
Traditional forms
Waiata
Songs (waiata) are sung solo, in unison, or at the octave. Types of songs include lullabies (oriori), love songs (waiata aroha), and laments (waiata tangi). Traditionally all formal speeches are followed by a waiata sung by the speaker and their group of supporters. Some of the smaller wind instruments are also sung into, and the sound of the poi (raupō ball swung on the end of a flax cord) provides a rhythmic accompaniment to waiata poi.
Mōteatea
Ngā Mōteatea,[2] collected by
Karanga
A karanga is a formal, ceremonial call and response at the start of a pōwhiri (welcome ceremony) and is common on a marae. Karanga are carried out almost exclusively by women and in the Māori language. It is a special role and there are guidelines around who is best placed to carry out the karanga that are dependent on the protocols of each pōwhiri.[3][4] Woman performing the call are called kaikaranga,[5] the call comes from the host group and also from the visitor group, a name for the person from the visitor group is also kaiwhakautu. Skilled kaikaranga encapsulate important information about the group and the purpose of the visit.[6]
Taonga pūoro (traditional Māori musical instruments)
There is a rich tradition of wind, percussion and whirled instruments known by the collective term taonga pūoro. The work of researchers and enthusiasts such as Richard Nunns, Hirini Melbourne and Brian Flintoff has provided a wealth of knowledge and information around the sounds, history and stories of these instruments, which included various types of flutes, wooden trumpets, percussion instruments and bull-roarers.
Revival of traditional music
As part of a deliberate campaign to revive Māori music and culture in the early 20th century,
In 1964, The Polynesian Festival (which became the Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Festival and is now known as Te Matatini), was founded with the express purpose of encouraging the development of Māori music.
Contemporary Māori music
While the guitar has become an almost universal instrument to accompany Maori performances today, this only dates from the mid 20th century. Earlier performers used the piano or violin. Some modern artists such as Hinewehi Mohi, Tiki Taane, Maisey Rika and Taisha Tari have revived the use of traditional instruments.
Ngata and
By the 1970s, Māori music had become a very minor part of New Zealand broadcasting. In 1973, only 15 minutes of Māori music was played on New Zealand airways per week.[7] In the 1980s, a number of sungs sung in te Reo became hits in New Zealand, including "The Bridge" (1981) by Deane Waretini, "Maoris on 45" (1982) by the Consorts and "E Ipo" (1982) by Prince Tui Teka. The largest of these was "Poi E" performed by the Pātea Māori Club, which became the top single of 1984.
After the 1986 Te Reo Māori claim at the
From 1998 until 2010, NZ On Air produced compilation albums of Māori music for radio stations, entitled Iwi Hit Disc, in a similar vein to the organisation's Kiwi Hit Disc series.
In 2019, to mark the 20th anniversary of the 1999 Rugby World Cup semi-final where Hinewehi Mohi performed the national anthem in te reo, Mohi created Waiata / Anthems, an album where 11 New Zealand musicians re-recorded songs into te reo Māori, including Six60, Stan Walker, Benee, Drax Project and Bic Runga.[12] The album was a commercial success, debuting at number 1 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart,[13] and became one of the most successful albums of 2019 in New Zealand.[14] Due to the success of the project, Waiata / Anthems became an annual project, where original songs and songs re-recorded in te reo Māori would be released, coinciding with Te Wiki o te Reo Māori.[15] Some of the most successful songs from 2021 included "35" by Ka Hao featuring Rob Ruha, and "Pepeha" by Six60. In mid-2021, Recorded Music NZ began publishing a chart of the top songs sung in Te Reo Māori in New Zealand.[16]
Māori show bands
Māori show bands formed in New Zealand and Australia from the 1950s. The groups performed in a wide variety of musical genres, dance styles, and with cabaret skills, infusing their acts with comedy drawn straight from Māori culture. Some Māori show bands would begin their performances in traditional Māori costume before changing into suits and sequinned gowns.
Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards began awarding the Polynesian record of the year in 1982. In 1992, this category developed into the Aotearoa Music Award for Best Māori Artist; initially as Best Maori Album in 1992 and 1993. Between 1996 and 2003, two awards were released: Best Mana Maori Album for works embodying Māori music, and Best Reo Maori Album for works sung in te reo Māori. In 2003, the APRA Awards began awarding the Maioha Award, to recognise excellence in contemporary Māori music.[20] The first Waiata Māori Music Awards were held in 2008, acknowledging both contemporary and traditional genres.[8]
See also
- , Waiata.
- Kapa haka
- Music of New Zealand
- List of Māori composers
- Waiata / Anthems, a 2019 compilation album by New Zealand artists, with songs recorded in Māori language.
References
- ^
McLean, Mervyn (1975). Traditional Songs of the Maori. Auckland University Press (published 2013). ISBN 9781869406264. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^
ISBN 9781869403218. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ Keane, Basil (5 Sep 2013). "Marae protocol – te kawa o te marae". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
- ^ Higgins, Anahera (2020-02-22). "Karanga: The call of home". E-Tangata. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
- ^ "kaikaranga". Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
- ^ "Karanga - A call from the heart". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
- ^ ISSN 1038-2909.
- ^ a b Sciascia, Piri; Meredith, Paul (22 October 2014). "Waiata hōu – contemporary Māori songs". Te Ara. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Aotearoa Stan Walker Ria Hall Maisy Rika Troy Kingi". flava.co.nz. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^ "Stan Walker Released new song Aotearoa". morefm.co.nz. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^ "STAN WALKER FEAT. RIA HALL, TROY KINGI & MAISEY RIKA - AOTEAROA (SONG)". Recorded Music NZ. Hung Medien. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ "Waiata / Anthems out in September". Shane the Gamer. August 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Waiata Anthems Debuts at 1". Creative NZ. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "The 40 best-selling and most-streamed albums in New Zealand in 2019". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Tyson, Jessica (30 August 2021). "New 2021 Waiata Anthems project launches next week". Te Ao Māori News. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ "New music chart, the official Te Reo Māori Top 10, joins the NZ Music Charts". Stuff. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- ^ Walker, Piripi (15 May 2015). "The Maori Show Bands Part 1: Music Was A Hunger". RNZ National. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Carl Walrond. 'Māori overseas – Emigration to Australia', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Mar-14 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/4164/touring-bands
- ^ "Prince Tui Teka". p. 1. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "2006 APRA Silver Scroll, Maioha and SOUNZ Awards Finalists Announced". NZ Musician. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
External links
- Lyrics and translations of Maori songs
- MĀORI MUSIC – Musical Instruments – 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
- Research in New Zealand Performing Arts – a free online research journal that discusses Maori music and related performing arts.
- Traditional Maori-music from New-Zealand
- Maori musical instruments