Māori protest movement
Part of a series on |
Indigenous rights |
---|
Rights |
Governmental organizations |
NGOs and political groups |
Issues |
Legal representation |
Countries |
|
Category |
Māori topics |
---|
New Zealand portal |
The Māori protest movement is a broad indigenous rights movement in New Zealand (Aotearoa). While there was a range of conflicts between Māori and European immigrants prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the signing provided one reason for protesting. Disagreements in the decades following the signing sometimes included war.
In its modern form, the Māori protest movement emerged in the early 1970s[1] as part of a broader Māori renaissance and has focused on issues such as the redressing Treaty of Waitangi grievances, Māori land-rights, the Māori language, culture, and racism in New Zealand. It has generally allied with the left-wing, although it differs from the mainstream left in a number of ways. Most members of the movement have been Māori but it has attracted some support from non-Māori New Zealanders and from other indigenous peoples around the world. Notable successes of the movement include establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975, the return of some Māori land, and the Māori language becoming an official language in New Zealand in 1987.
Background
Although a large proportion of chiefs had signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, there were almost immediately disagreement over British sovereignty of the country, which led to several armed conflicts and disputes beginning in the 1840s,
The Māori King Movement (Kīngitanga) began in the 1850s partly as a means of focusing Māori power in a manner which would allow them to negotiate with the Governor and Queen on equal footing. The chiefs justified this by the treaty's guarantee of rangatiratanga (chieftainship),[3] but in the early 1860s the government used the Māori King Movement as an excuse to invade lands in the eastern parts of the North Island, culminating in the Crown's confiscation of large parts of the Waikato and Taranaki from Māori[4] – the government arguing that the chiefs of Waikato and Taranaki were rebels against the Crown.[5]
Since then, Māori have used petitions, court cases, deputations to the
From World War II (1939–1945), but especially from the 1950s, Māori moved from rural to urban areas in large numbers, this affected race relations, as previously there was less contact between Māori and pākehā. Māori urbanisation brought the differences between the cultures and the economic gaps between Māori and pākehā into the open.[10] Urban Māori tended to be young as the elders stayed in the rural areas and so did not have the support or influence of their whānau and hapū. They also and encountered barriers in housing, income options, and general bigotry.[11]
Several new groups, most prominently the Māori Women's Welfare League (founded in 1951) and the New Zealand Māori Council (formed in 1962) emerged to help urban Māori and to provide a unified voice for Māori. The first president of the Māori Women's Welfare League was Whina Cooper. These groups were conservative by later standards but did criticise the government on numerous occasions.[10][12]
The first significant Māori connection with pākehā activists came during controversy over the exclusion of Māori players from the 1960
The Māori Affairs Amendment Act
In the mid-1960s the National government proposed to make Māori land more 'economic' by encouraging its transfer to a pākehā system of land ownership. The Māori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, as it became, generally allowed greater interference in Māori landholding, and was widely seen amongst Māori as a pākehā "land grab". Under the Māori Affairs Act of 1957, land owners who had shares less than $50 were forced to sell their shares which became a problematic type of land alienation. This was intensified under the 1967 Act. The plans were strongly opposed by virtually every Māori group and organisation as the Act blatantly ignored the importance of Māori land being turangawaewae. Despite this, the Act was passed with only minor modifications.[13]
The Act is generally seen as the catalyst for the Māori protest movement, and the evidence certainly points to this. However the movement can also be seen as part of a wider civil rights movement which emerged across the world in the 1960s. The Act was abolished under the Māori Affairs Amendment Act of 1974, led by minister of Māori Affairs, Matiu Rata[14]
Sporting contact with South Africa
New Zealand has a long history of sporting contact with South Africa, especially through rugby union. Until the 1970s this resulted in discrimination against Māori players, since the apartheid political system in South Africa for most of the twentieth century did not allow people of different races to play sport together, and therefore South African officials requested that Māori players not be included in sides which toured their country. Despite some of New Zealand's best players being Māori, this was agreed to, and Māori were excluded from tours of South Africa. Some Māori always objected to this, but it did not become a major issue until 1960, when there were several public protests at Māori exclusion from that year's tour. The protest group Halt All Racist Tours was formed in 1969. Although this was an issue in which Māori were central, and Māori were involved in the protests, the anti-tour movement was dominated by pākehā.
In 1973, a proposed tour of New Zealand by the
During and after the Tour, many Māori protesters questioned pākehā protesters' commitment to racial equality, accusing them of focussing on racism in other countries while ignoring it within New Zealand. The majority of pākehā protesters were not heavily involved in protest after the Tour ended, but a significant minority, including several anti-Tour groups, turned their attention to New Zealand race issues, particularly pākehā prejudice and the Treaty of Waitangi.[11]
Waitangi Day protests
The first act of the Māori protest movement was arguably the boycott of Waitangi Day by a handful of Māori elders in 1968 in protest over the Māori Affairs Amendment Act. A small protest was also held at parliament, and was received by Labour MP Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan. Although both were reported in the newspapers they made little impact. In 1971 the ceremonies were disrupted by the protest group Ngā Tamatoa[15] (The Young Warriors) who chanted and performed haka during speeches, and attempted to destroy the flag. There have been other protests on Waitangi Day also.
Māori language and culture activism
One of the early goals of the Māori protest movement was the promotion of Māori language (te reo Māori) and culture. Both of these had been generally ignored by the education system and New Zealand society in general, and schoolchildren were actively discouraged from speaking Māori in school. The 1867 Native Schools Act decreed that English should be the only language used in the education of Māori children- this policy was later rigorously enforced.[16] This movement was led by Māori MPs who saw the advantages of Māori becoming fluent in a dominant world language. Until Māori became largely urbanised after World War II, this did not seriously damage the language since most Māori spoke it in their rural communities. Urbanisation produced a generation of Māori who mostly grew up in non-Māori environments and were therefore less exposed to the language. In addition, many parents felt that it was much more important for their children to be fluent in English and made no attempts to pass on the language.
As a result, many leaders of Māori protest were not fluent in Māori and felt that this was a major cultural loss. In the face of official indifference and sometimes hostility, Nga Tamatoa and other groups initiated a number of schemes for the promotion of the language. These included Māori Language Day, which later became
In 1987 Te Reo was made an
The best known example of this was the 'haka party' incident. A group of
In December 2022, Mayor of Kaipara Craig Jepson's ban on karakia (Māori prayers) from Kaipara District Council proceedings provoked a hīkoi (protest march) in Dargaville. The hīkoi was organised by Paturiri Toautu, who stood as a candidate for the Kaipara council's new Te Moananui o Kaipara Māori ward during the 2022 New Zealand local elections.[18][19]
The Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi has always been a major focus of Māori protest. It is often used to argue for particular aims, such as return of unjustly taken land, and the promotion of the Māori language.
The Treaty to the mid 20th century
The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement, made in 1840, between the
Campaign for ratification
From about the mid nineteenth century, Māori campaigned for proper recognition of the Treaty, generally asking that it be
"The Treaty is a Fraud"
Some Māori activists in the early 1980s stopped asking for the Treaty to be honoured and instead argued that it was a fraudulent document. They argued that Māori had been tricked in 1840, that either they had never agreed to sign away their sovereignty or that pākehā breaches of the Treaty had rendered it invalid. Since the Treaty was invalid, it was argued, the New Zealand government had no right to sovereignty over the country. This argument was broadly expressed in
Activism and the Tribunal
In 1985 the Treaty of Waitangi Act was amended to allow the Tribunal to investigate historic breaches of the Treaty. It was also given more funding and its membership increased. In addition, the Treaty was mentioned in several pieces of legislation, and a number of court cases increased its importance. As a result, most Māori activists began to call once again for the Treaty to be honoured. Many protesters put their energies into Treaty claims and the management of settlements, but many also argued that the Tribunal was too underfunded and slow, and pointed out that because its recommendations were not binding the government could (and did) ignore it when it suited them. Some protesters continued to argue for Māori sovereignty, arguing that by negotiating with the Tribunal Māori were only perpetuating the illegal occupying government.[citation needed]
In December 2023, activist group Te Waka Hourua defaced the
Land
The longest-standing Māori grievances generally involve land and the economic disadvantage losing land created. In the century after 1840 Māori lost possession of most of their land, although the amount lost varied significantly between iwi. In some cases the land was purchased legitimately from willing Māori sellers, but in many cases the transfer was illegal and morally dubious. The best known cause of Māori land loss is the confiscation in the Waikato and Taranaki regions following the New Zealand Wars. Other causes included owners selling land without fully understanding the implications of the sale (especially in the early years of colonisation); groups selling land which did not belong to them; pākehā traders enticing land owners into debt and then claiming the land as payment; the conducting of unrequested surveys which were then charged to the owners, and the unpaid bills from this used to justify taking the land; levying of unreasonable rates and confiscation following non-payment; the taking of land for public works; and simple fraud. Upon losing land, most iwi quickly embarked on campaigns to regain it but these were largely unsuccessful. Some iwi received token payments from the government but continued to agitate for the return of the land or, failing that, adequate compensation.
The return of lost land was a major focus of Māori activists, and generally united the older, more conservative generation with the younger 'protest' generation. Some of the best-known episodes of Māori protest centred on land, including:
Bastion Point
Bastion Point in Auckland was originally part of a large area of land owned by Ngāti Whātua.[24] Between 1840 and 1960 nearly all of this was lost, leaving Ngāti Whātua with only the Point. In the 1970s the third National government proposed taking the land and developing it. Bastion Point was subsequently occupied in a protest led by Joe Hawke which lasted from January 1977 to May 1978. The protesters were removed by the army and police, but there continued to be conflict over the land. When the Waitangi Tribunal was given the power to investigate historical grievances, this the Ōrākei claim covering the Bastion Point area was one of the first cases for investigation. The Tribunal found that Ngāti Whātua had been unjustly deprived of their ancestral land hence Bastion Point was returned to their ownership with compensation paid to the tribe by the Crown.
Raglan Golf Course
During the Second World War, land in the
1975 Land March
In 1975 a large group (around 5000) of Māori and other New Zealanders, led by then 79-year-old Whina Cooper, walked the length of the North Island to Wellington to protest against Māori land loss. Although the government at the time, the third Labour government, had done more to address Māori grievances than nearly any prior government, protesters felt that much more needed to be done. Following the march, the protesters were divided over what to do next. Some, including Tāme Iti, remained in Wellington to occupy parliament grounds. A 1975 documentary from director Geoff Steven includes interviews with many of those on the march: Eva Rickard, Tama Poata and Whina Cooper.[25] Footage of the television coverage of the march was included in the 1978 television adaptation of Death of the Land by Māori playwright Rowley Habib.[26]
Resurgence of protest on land and Treaty issues from the 1990s
A series of protests in the mid-1990s marked a new phase of activism on land and Treaty issues, with action focused not only on the Government but also Māori conservatives who were seen[ and the lone pine on One Tree Hill (Auckland) and removing (1997)a Colin McCahon painting (subsequently returned) from the Lake Waikaremoana Visitor Centre. Rising protests at Waitangi Day celebrations led the government to move some official observances to Government House in Wellington. Many protests were generated in response to the government's proposal to limit the monetary value of Treaty settlements to one billion dollars over 10 years, the so-called "fiscal envelope". A series of hui (meetings) graphically illustrated the breadth and depth of Māori rejection of such a limitation in advance of the extent of claims being fully known. As a result, much of the policy package, especially the fiscal cap, was dropped. These protests included occupations of Whanganui's Moutoa Gardens and the Takahue school in Northland (leading to its destruction by fire).
Fiscal envelope
The government unveiled the fiscal envelope – its answer to settling Treaty of Waitangi grievances limiting the total amount that will be spent to one billion dollars. While early Tribunal recommendations mainly concerned a contemporary issue that could be revised or rectified by the government at the time, historical settlements raised more complex issues. The
Pākaitore
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2018) |
For 79 days in 1995, people of the Whanganui tribes occupied historic Pākaitore (Moutoa Gardens), beside the river and within the city of Whanganui. This protest was resolved peaceably, and a tripartite agreement with government and local government has since been signed. At the heart of all this is the Whanganui tribes' claim to the river, which is still seen as both an ancestor and a source of material and spiritual sustenance.[30] "We were forced to leave, and it shouldn't be lost on anybody that we upheld our dignity," protest leader Ken Mair told a press conference in Whanganui 18 May 1995 following the end of the occupation."
Takahue
The Whanganui occupation of Pakaitore inspired a group of Māori from Takahue a small Northland settlement to occupy the local schoolhouse. The several dozen protesters who have occupied the school since then are demanded that title to the land on which the school stands be returned to them. The 6 acres (24,000 m2) they claimed were part of 4,500 acres (18 km2) purchased by the government in 1875, in a transaction the protesters, descendants of the original owners, regard as invalid. The school has been closed since the mid-1980s and used as an army training camp and for community activities since then. Bill Perry, a spokesperson for the protesters, explained to reporters who visited the occupation on 22 April 1995 that the land they are claiming has been set aside in a government controlled Landbank together with other property in the region. This Landbank allegedly protects lands currently subject to claims under the Waitangi Tribunal from sale pending settlement of the claims. The occupation ended with mass arrests and the burning of the school.[31][32] An article in the New Zealand Listener by Adam Gifford from 1995 describes the events and reactions from the community of the occupation and burning of the Takahue School.[33]
Huntly
Another occupation inspired by Pakaitore began on 26 April 1995 in Huntly, a coal mining town south of Auckland. The block of land sits atop a hill overlooking the town, in full view of the mine entrance with its coal conveyor leading to a power station. Protesters told reporters who visited the occupation 29 April that the land is part of 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km2) confiscated by the government 132 years ago from the Tainui tribe. It is now owned by Solid Energy, previously Coalcorp, a state-owned enterprise.
Those occupying the land are demanding its return to Ngāti Whawhakia, the local Māori sub-tribe. The claim includes coal and mineral rights. Robert Tukiri, chairman of Ngāti Whawhakia Trust and spokesperson for the occupation said, "We have got our backs to the wall. There is a housing shortage. We need to have houses." Tukiri opposed a NZ$170 million (NZ$1=US$0.67) deal between the government and the Tainui Māori Trust Board due to be signed 22 May as final settlement for the government's land seizures last century. The agreement will turn over 86,000 acres (350 km2) of state-owned land to the trust board and NZ$65 million for further purchases of private land. "The Tainui Māori Trust Board stands to become the biggest landlord around, while 80 percent of our tribe rents their homes," Tukiri commented.[34]
Ihumātao occupation
In November 2016, the activist group "Save Out Unique Landscape" (SOUL) led by
On 23 July 2019, Police unsuccessfully attempted to evict the SOUL protesters, who continued to occupy the land throughout late July and August 2019.
In December 2020, the Government reached a deal with Fletcher Building to buy the disputed Ihumātao land for NZ$30 million for housing purposes. A steering committee consisting of the ahi kā (the occupiers), a
Foreshore and Seabed
In 2003 the
to Wellington, modeled on the 1975 land march but in vehicles, was held, attracting thousands of participants. Despite this, the legislation was passed later that year.Te Mana Motuhake o Tuhoe
Te Mana Motuhake o Tuhoe is a group which includes the Tuhoe leader
Te Urupatu
On 16 January 2005 during a pōwhiri (or greeting ceremony) which formed part of a Waitangi Tribunal hearing, Iti fired a shotgun into a New Zealand flag in close proximity to a large number of people, which he explained was an attempt to recreate the 1860s East Cape War: "We wanted them to feel the heat and smoke, and Tūhoe outrage and disgust at the way we have been treated for 200 years".[This quote needs a citation] The incident was filmed by television crews but initially ignored by police. The matter was however raised in parliament, one opposition MP asking "why Tāme Iti can brandish a firearm and gloat about how he got away with threatening judges on the Waitangi Tribunal, without immediate arrest and prosecution".[This quote needs a citation]
The police subsequently charged Iti with discharging a firearm in a public place. His trial occurred in June 2006. Tāme Iti elected to give evidence in Māori (his native language), stating that he was following the Tūhoe custom of making noise with
Judge McGuire convicted Iti on both charges and fined him. Iti attempted to sell the flag he shot on the
Iti lodged an appeal, in which his lawyer, Annette Sykes, argued that Crown Law did not stretch to the ceremonial area in front of a Marae's Wharenui. On 4 April 2007, the Court of Appeal of New Zealand overturned his convictions for unlawfully possessing a firearm. While recognising that events occurred in "a unique setting", the court did not agree with Sykes' submission about Crown law. However Justices Hammond, O'Regan and Wilson found that his prosecutors failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that Iti's actions caused "requisite harm", under Section 51 of the Arms Act. The Court of Appeal described Iti's protest as "a foolhardy enterprise" and warned him not to attempt anything similar again.[56][57]
Anti-terror raids
On Monday, 15 October 2007, several police raids were conducted across New Zealand in relation to the discovery of an alleged paramilitary training camp deep in the
About 300
On 29 October, police referred evidence gathered during the raids to the
Activists that were arrested and raided are known supporters of Te Mana Motuhake o Tuhoe[64] and came from diverse networks of environmental, anarchist and Māori activism.
Arrests and following court cases
A number of people were arrested in the raids, including Māori activist
Campaign to fly the Tino Rangatiratanga flag
The official recognition of the
In 2009 Prime Minister John Key and Māori Affairs Minister Pita Sharples announced that the Māori Tino Rangatiratanga flag has been chosen to fly from the Auckland Harbour Bridge and other official buildings (such as Premier House) on Waitangi Day.[73]
See also
References
- ^ "Waitangi Day 1970s – Waitangi Day | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ Walker 2004, p. 135.
- ^ Orange 1987, p. 120.
- ^ "New Zealand's 19th-century wars". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 15 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ Orange, Claudia (20 June 2012). "Treaty of Waitangi – The first decades after the treaty – 1840 to 1860". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ "Letters: Guard Pacific's triple star from the shards of strife . . ". NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- JSTOR 20705873.
- ^ Keenan, Danny (2012). "Te Whiti-o-Rongomai III, Erueti". teara.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ "Māori and Pakeha relations 1900–1945 – NZ Race Relations". New Zealand history online. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b "The Second World War and Māori urbanisation – NZ Race Relations | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ OCLC 779490407.
- ^ Derby, Mark (5 May 2011). "Māori urban migration". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Hill, Richard S. ""Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950–2000" – The Maori Affairs Amendment Act". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Victoria University of Wellington Library. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "20th-century developments – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand".
- Wikidata Q106878939.
- ^ "- Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori". tetaurawhiri.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 January 2002.
- ^ "The Haka Party Incident". ASB Waterfront Theatre. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Botting, Susan (14 December 2022). "Karakia protest: Kaipara mayor stands firm in wake of hikoi of hundreds". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Botting, Susan; Cooper, Karina (14 December 2022). "Kaipara karakia ban: Mayor Craig Jepson unrepentant on decision". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ King 2003, pp. 157–161.
- ^ Anderson, Ryan (11 December 2023). "Protesters arrested after defacing Treaty of Waitangi exhibit at Te Papa". Stuff. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Campbell, Georgina (19 December 2023). "Te Papa to renew Treaty of Waitangi exhibition that protesters defaced". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Anderson, Ryan (18 December 2023). "Te Papa exec promised to replace Te Tiriti exhibit two years ago, leaked email shows". Stuff. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Education, New Zealand Ministry of (24 October 2019). "How history can teach us". Education Gazette. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ This documentary can be viewed on NZ On Screen (requires Adobe Flash).
- ^ "Death of the Land (video)". NZOnScreen. 1978. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ FALLON, VIRGINIA (30 June 2017). "Flashback: Auld Mug attacked with sledgehammer after Kiwis' first Cup win". Stuff.
- ^ Office of Treaty Settlements (1995). "Crown Proposals for the Settlement of Treaty of Waitangi Claims". Australian Indigenous Law Reporter. Retrieved 15 August 2006.
- ^ Gardiner, Wira (1996). Return to Sender; what really happened at the fiscal envelope hui. Auckland: Reed.
- ^ Reid, Phil; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "March through Whanganui". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ "NEW ZEALAND: TAKAHUE: MAORI PROTEST | AP Archive". aparchive.com. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ^ Herald on Sunday. "Camerman calm amid community chaos". Retrieved 2 December 2019 – via PressReader.
- ^ "National Library of New Zealand Catalogue". National Library of New Zealand Catalogue. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ^ "The Militant – 5/15/95 – New Zealand Maoris Occupy Land in Coal-Mining District". themilitant.com. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ Hayden, Leonie (September 2017). "When worlds collide". New Zealand Geographic. No. 147. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ a b Haunui-Thompson, Shannon (24 July 2019). "Explainer: Why Ihumātao is being occupied by 'protectors'". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Lawton, Nicole. "A Time and a Place: Ōtuataua Stonefields Historic Reserve peaceful occupation". Stuff. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- Māori Television. Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ Mackintosh 2021, pp. 106.
- ^ Theunissen, Matthew (8 November 2018). "Decision allows development near sacred Māori site". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Fernandes, Kymberlee (12 March 2019). "South Auckland group takes land protest to Parliament". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Huffadine, Leith (10 April 2019). "Hikoi confronts Phil Goff over Ihumātao development". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ "Ihumātao eviction live: Dogs pepper sprayed, protesters arrested". Stuff. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ Bond, Jordan (5 August 2019). "Ihumātao protesters move past frontline: 'We're in for the long haul'". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ "Police 'rammed' Ihumatao protesters: Organiser". Otago Daily Times. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Ihumātao police presence 'very intimidating' – protest leader Pania Newton". Radio New Zealand. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ Daly, Michael; Rosenberg, Matthew (6 August 2019). "Ihumātao: Police deny pushing protester to ground". Stuff. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Police release statement regarding Ihumatao protest". Fuseworks Media. Voxy.co.nz. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Ihumātao: Today's Nationwide Day of Action". The Standard. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Ihumātao protests: No building while a solution is sought – PM". Radio New Zealand. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Patterson, Jane (17 December 2020). "Ihumātao: Deal struck between government and Fletcher Building to buy disputed land". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "Government to buy disputed land at Ihumātao for close to $30 million". 1 News. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "Ihumātao land deal 'unlawful' until validated by Parliament – Auditor-General". Radio New Zealand. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ Neilson, Michael (1 July 2022). "Ihumātao group appointed soon, but decision on land's future could take five years". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Domain Default page". tumeke.org.
- ^ Hazelhurst, Sophie (4 April 2007). "Wrangle over firearm charges 'ridiculous' – Tame Iti". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
- ^ "Tame Iti feels vindicated". Newstalk ZB. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
- TV3. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007.(cached 21 October 2007)
- ^ "Terror raids – charges linked to just 4 guns". The New Zealand Herald. 17 November 2007.
- ^ "Solicitor-General to decide whether to lay terrorism charges". Radio New Zealand. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ "Terror raid evidence with Solicitor-General". The New Zealand Herald. 29 October 2007.
- ^ a b "Terror legislation too complex – Collins". Stuff.co.nz. 9 November 2007.
- ^ Claire Trevett and Elizabeth Binning (13 November 2007). "Wider phone tapping considered". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Indigenous Portal". indigenousportal.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ "Alleged terrorist's name revealed". The New Zealand Herald. 25 October 2007.
- ^ "Terror accused has name suppression lifted". The New Zealand Herald. 29 October 2007.
- ^ "Bush, Clark and Key were possible 'targets'". The Sunday Star Times. 21 October 2007. (cached 21 October 2007)
- ^ "Four avoid Terrorism Act charges". The Dominion Post. 31 October 2007.
- NZPA. 17 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ Jackson, Bryan (5 February 2008). "Request for Support (Transit NZ and the Maori flag)" (PDF). converge.org.nz. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
- ^ "Letter To Dr Sharples About Flying The Maori Flag | Scoop News". scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ "Images: The Maori Flag Flies on Waitangi Day | Scoop News". scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- The Dominion Post.
Works cited
- ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
- ISBN 978-1-988587-33-2.
- ISBN 9781877242489.
- ISBN 0-14-301945-7.