Māori renaissance
The Māori renaissance, as a turning point in New Zealand's history, describes a loosely defined period between 1970 and the early 2000s, in which Māori took the lead in turning around the decline of their culture and language that had been ongoing since the early days of European settlement. In doing so, social attitudes towards Māori among other New Zealanders also changed.[1][2][3]
1800–1969, background
At the start of the twentieth century the Māori population had been in sharp decline, primarily due to exposure to European diseases: it had then reached a low point of fewer than 50,000 people, from a total population of over 800,000.
1970–75
By the start of the 1970s, a new generation of young, educated Māori looked for ways to redress the decline and to breathe new life into what survived of Māori culture.
1976–2002
Māori identified an urgent need to address the declining use of
By 1979, both main parties had recognised that New Zealand was ethnically diverse and in principle they had accepted the argument that Māori should be able to follow their own path and not be drowned within Pakeha mores.
By the 1990s, the fundamentals of a Māori recovery were well entrenched, and Māori advancement continued despite ongoing obstacles, such as the slow pace of Treaty settlements and a downturn in the economy. By 2000, the percentage of Māori in higher education, skilled and managerial roles had increased. However, activism returned in the 1990s, carried out by some who wanted further advances. Moutoa Gardens in
2003–present, post-renaissance developments and reflection
The year 2004 saw the founding of the
Concerns have been raised[by whom?] about the scope of the Waitangi Tribunal extending back to 1840, because "the past is interpreted by legal reasoning to suit presentist purposes." Historians will interpret the past differently from lawyers, using diachronic rather than a lawyer's synchronic analysis. By allowing claims back to 1840, it has been argued[by whom?] that the reality of what happened in the past, based on the values of that past time, is being altered because it is being judged in the context of contemporary norms, which is unfair.[19]
Proportional to the total New Zealand population, people claiming to be of Māori descent represented 8 percent in 1966 and about 14 percent in 1996.[23]
See also
References
- ^ "Māori urbanisation and renaissance". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 17 December 2010.
- ^ Patrons of Maori Culture: Power, Theory and Ideology in the Maori Renaissance, Steven Webster, University of Otago Press, 1998., Review by Giselle Byrnes, Kōtare 1999, Volume Two, Number Two. Accessed 17 December 2010.
- ^ Moon 2013, pp. 191 and 200.
- Wikidata Q106909676.
- ^ Te Ahukaramū Charles, Royal (2005). "Māori – Decline and revival". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (1989). "Te Reo Maori: Maori language and the struggle to survive". Access. 8 (1). Google Scholar: Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia: 3–9.
- ^ "4. Smoothing the Pillow of a Dying Race: A. A. Grace". nzetc.org. 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ King 2004, pp. 284–285.
- ^ King 2004, pp. 292–293.
- ^ a b Moon 2013, p. 195.
- ^ a b Moon 2013, p. 191-192.
- ^ Moon 2013, p. 193-194.
- ^ "Our story". Māori Language Commission. Crown. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ King 2004, p. 399.
- ^ Derby, Mark. "Māori–Pākehā relations – Māori renaissance". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Moon 2013, p. 196-197.
- ^ "Te Maori exhibition opens in New York". nzhistory.net.nz. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ Moon 2013, p. 198-199.
- ^ Williams, David V. (2014). "Historians' context and lawyers' presentism DEBATING HISTORIOGRAPHY OR AGREEING TO DIFFER". New Zealand Journal of History. 48 (2): 136–`160.
- ^ Dewes, Te Kuru o te Marama (31 August 2019). "An original voice for the Māori renaissance". Te Ao Maori News. Maori TV. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "Joe Williams first Māori judge appointed to Supreme Court". Radio NZ. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ISBN 9781316050873.
- ISBN 9780190600044. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
By 1966, there were around 255,000 people of Maori descent, 8 percent of the total population (by 1996, the number of people claiming Maori descent had increased to over 500,000 or about 14 percent of the total population).
Bibliography
- King, Michael (2004). The Penguin History of New Zealand Illustrated. Penguin Group (NZ). ISBN 978-014300669-5.
- Moon, Paul (2013). Turning Points – Events that changed the course of New Zealand history. New Holland. pp. 191–203. ISBN 978-1-86966-379-7.