MBTA boat

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MBTA ferry
The Glory on the F2H route in September 2018
WaterwayBoston Harbor
OperatorHornblower Cruises (under contract to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority)
No. of lines6
No. of terminals12
Daily ridership3,900 (weekdays, Q4 2023)[1]
Yearly ridership1,260,000 (2023)[2]
Route map
Map
Legend
Route
F3/F4
 Navy Yard
F3/F5
 Lovejoy Wharf
(
closed
2005
)
F2H/F4
 Long Wharf
Blue Line (MBTA)
F2H
 Logan Airport
Logan International Airport
F1
 Rowes Wharf
F5
 Fan Pier
(
closed
2005
)
F5
 World Trade Center
(
closed
2005
)
F2H
 Georges Island
(seasonal)
F2H
 Pemberton Point, Hull
F2H
 Grape Island
(seasonal)
F2/F2H
 Quincy Shipyard
(
closed
2013
)
F1/F2H
 Hewitt's Cove, Hingham
F0
Route not in service
F0
Terminus

The MBTA ferry system is a public boat service providing water transportation in Boston Harbor. It is operated by Hornblower Cruises (branded as City Cruises) under contract to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). In 2023, the system had a ridership of 1,260,000, or about 3,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2023. The system has six routes that terminate in downtown Boston. Year-round routes run to Hingham directly (F1) and via Hull (F2H), and to the Charlestown Navy Yard (F4). Seasonal routes run to Lynn (F3), Winthrop (F5), and East Boston (F6).

In the 19th century, numerous steamship routes ran from Boston to various destinations in the inner harbor, North Shore, and South Shore, plus routes to elsewhere in New England and to Europe. Ferry service declined in the late 19th century and 20th century due to competition from railways, streetcars, and finally automobiles; by the 1930s, only summer routes plus the East Boston ferry remained. Year round service to Hull was reintroduced in 1963, and was then the only commuter ferry service in the country. This was followed by Hingham service in 1975, tourist-oriented Charlestown service in 1979, and Quincy service in 1996 – as well as several other short-lived routes. Most routes were either unsubsidized or state-funded; from 1986 to 2002, they gradually became subsidized by the MBTA. Service to Quincy and Hull was combined in 1998; in 2013, the Quincy terminal was replaced by Hingham. Winthrop service began in 2016 and was taken over by the MBTA in 2023. East Boston service began in 2022; Lynn service began in 2023 after several previous iterations failed.

The MBTA owns some ferries, while Hornblower owns others. The ferry system has the highest on-time performance and farebox recovery ratio of MBTA service types. However, it is only a small component of MBTA service: in 2016, the three routes the funded by the MBTA carried 5,070 passengers per weekday – about 0.4% of total MBTA ridership.

Routes

The MBTA has six ferry routes: three year-round, and three that operate seasonally. Four routes also have seasonal weekend service.

Route Boston terminal Outer terminal Service span Weekday
round
trips[3] 		Weekend
round
trips[3] 		Fare[4] Fare zone[4]
F1 Rowes Wharf Hingham Year round 18 – $9.75 6
F2H Long Wharf Hingham via
Logan Airport and Hull[a]
 Year round (weekend service seasonal) 19 14–16 $9.75 6
F3 Long Wharf Lynn Ferry Terminal Seasonal 5 5+1⁄2 $7.00[5] 2
F4 Long Wharf Charlestown Navy Yard Year round (weekend service seasonal) 39 17 $3.70 1A
F5 Central Wharf Winthrop via Fan Pier, Logan Airport, and Marina Bay, Quincy[b] Seasonal 6+1⁄2 – $6.50[5] 1
F6 Long Wharf East Boston Seasonal 22 18 $2.40 1A
  1. ^ Some trips only serve one of Hingham and Hull. Logan Airport is only served on some trips.[3] A small number of trips also serve Georges Island; separate fares apply for Georges Island.[5]
  2. ^ Fan Pier, Logan Airport, and Marina Bay are only served on some trips.[3]

History

Charlestown

A ferry on the F4 route in 2006

Boat service between Boston and Charlestown ended in 1786 after the completion of the

Massachusetts Department of Public Works (DPW) began a four-year reconfiguration of the interchange between the Tobin Bridge and the Charlestown High Bridge. Charlestown ferry service was then increased, with funding from the DPW via the MBTA, and increased again in 1989.[6] In 2004, the MBTA began directly funding the service.[6]

Two additional routes – the F3 Lovejoy Wharf–Boston Navy Yard and F5 Lovejoy Wharf–World Trade Center via Moakley Courthouse – began operation in 1997 during Big Dig construction.[10] They were discontinued on January 21, 2005 due to low ridership.[10][11] The F5X Lovejoy Wharf–World Trade Center express route was not funded by the MBTA and was run until February 24, 2006.[11] A pilot (originally scheduled for one year) of a privately funded Lovejoy Wharf–Fan Pier route, intended mostly as a private employee shuttle, began in January 2019. It is overseen by the Massachusetts Convention Center Authority on behalf of private companies in the Seaport, rather than by the MBTA.[12] The fare for public riders was substantially reduced in April 2019.[13]

Hornblower Cruises acquired BHC in late 2019 and rebranded it as City Cruises in 2021, with no change to MBTA ferry operations.[14][15] F4 service was indefinitely suspended on March 17, 2020 due to reduced ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic.[16] On June 22, 75% of weekday service was restored, though weekend service remained suspended.[17] F4 service was again temporarily suspended from January 23 to May 21, 2021; weekday and weekend service resumed on May 22.[18][19]

East Boston

A small ferry in an urban harbor
Long Wharf–East Boston ferry in 2022

Ferry service to East Boston began in 1832. The North Ferry (Battery Street to Border Street) ended in 1938 after the 1934 opening of the Sumner Tunnel; the BRB&L ferry (Rowes Wharf to Jeffries Point) ended in 1940, while the South Ferry (Sargent's Wharf to Lewis Wharf) lasted until 1952.[20][9] City-run service ran from a new wharf at Lewis Street to Long Wharf from 1995 to 1997; it was discontinued due to extremely low ridership (an average of 1.3 passengers per trip) as the Blue Line provided a faster and more frequent service along the same corridor.[21][22]

In 2011, then-mayor

Boston Redevelopment Authority accepted the grant and agreed to rehabilitate the East Boston Marine Terminal for the ferries, which were then expected to begin operation in 2013.[24] In August 2014, the MBTA opened bidding for providing the two boats for East Boston service.[25] However, the grant was less than the actual cost of two boats, and plans for the service stalled.[26]

A privately-funded Lewis Wharf–Fan Pier route began operation in September 2021.[27] Temporary Long Wharf–Lewis Wharf ferry service was run from April 25 to May 17, 2022, during a closure of the Blue Line tunnel for maintenance.[28][29][30] A pilot program of seasonal Long Wharf–Lewis Wharf service began on September 12, 2022, with 22 round trips on weekdays and 19 on weekends.[31] It continued in 2023 and 2024.[32]

South Shore

The MBTA-owned Flying Cloud at Long Wharf on F2H service in 2022

Ferry service between Boston and Hingham began in 1832; after the South Shore Railroad began operation in 1849, ferries served largely recreational traffic rather than commuters. Service to Hull was added in 1848 (first Allerton Harbor, later Pemberton Point), and to Nantasket Beach in 1869.[6] Service to the Hingham shipyard ended in 1898, though some service to Crow's Point lasted until 1923. Most of the Nantasket Boat Lines ferries were destroyed in a 1929 fire. The service was increasingly unprofitable to run; only summer service lasted past 1933. Hingham service ended in 1952; the last remains of Nantasket service ended in 1963.[6] Massachusetts Bay Lines (MBL) restored year-round Pemberton Point–Boston service in March 1963 – then the only commuter ferry service in the country – followed by seasonal Nantasket service in 1964.[6] Bay State Cruises took over the route in 1980. Paragon Park closed in 1985, and Nantasket service ended again in 1992. In 1996, Bay State Cruises sold the Hull route to Boston Harbor Cruises (BHC), who obtained an MBTA subsidy.[6]

Renewed Rowes Wharf–Hingham service began with a single round trip on October 6, 1975.

Southeast Expressway reconstruction. The MBTA began subsidizing service in 1986; after 1991, only Boston Harbor Commuter Services received a subsidy.[6] In the 1990s, expanded ferry service was proposed as an alternative to the controversial return of commuter rail service on the Greenbush Line.[33] Boston Harbor Cruises (which had briefly operated Hingham service in 1978) took over the Hingham–Boston service in 1997.[6]

The MBTA-owned Lightning at Quincy on F2/F2H service in 2008

In 1996, Water Transportation Associates (WTA),

Logan Airport. Two ferries and five years of operations were funded by then-shipyard owner General Dynamics. Quincy–Logan service began on November 18, 1996, with Long Wharf service added several weeks later.[6] In 1998, the MBTA and BHC failed to reach a subsidy agreement. MBTA-subsidized Hull stops were added to several existing WTA Boston-Hingham trips.[6] After the original funding ran out in 2001, the state funded service for the first half of 2002. In April 2002, the MBTA bought the WTA assets (two ferries, the Quincy terminal, and the Long Wharf lease); the WTA later won the contract to run the service.[6] The MBTA designated the Hingham–Boston service as F1 and Quincy–Boston as F2, with trips serving Hull called F2H.[11] Attempts in 2010 and 2011 to restore summer weekend service to Nantasket failed due to high fuel costs.[35] On July 1, 2013, BHC took over Hingham services from WTA.[36]

Quincy service was temporarily discontinued on October 14, 2013, with boats redirected to Hingham, when a water main break added to existing structural problems with the sea wall at the Quincy wharf. In January 2014, the MBTA made the closure (and increased Hingham service) permanent after it was determined that repairs would cost $15 million for five years of additional service, or $50 million for 50 years. The damage also forced the closure of the USS Salem museum.[37][38] Quincy proposed Squantum Point as an alternative terminal to maintain ferry service to the city.[39] In July 2014, a neighboring shipyard purchased the Quincy site from the MBTA.[40]

Weekend summer service on the F2H route, last operated in 1998 and 1999, was introduced on May 24, 2014.

severe cold the previous week.[43] Service resumed on January 15 after repairs to the dock.[44] Squantum service was added to the Winthrop route in August 2016.[6]

Hornblower Cruises acquired BHC in late 2019 and rebranded it as City Cruises in 2021, with no change to MBTA ferry operations.[14][15] F1 and F2H service was suspended on March 17, 2020 due to reduced ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic.[16] On June 22, 75% of weekday service was restored, though weekend service remained suspended.[17] F1 service was again temporarily suspended on January 23, 2021, with limited F2H service continuing to operate.[18] F1 service, stops at Logan Airport, and weekend service resumed on May 22.[19]

North Shore

The Salem Fast Ferry in June 2009

Steamboat service between Salem and Boston was run at various points between 1818 and 1931; because of competition from the Eastern Railroad, it was largely intended for recreation. Service to Winthrop was operated during several periods between 1840 and 1898; it too was largely out-competed by the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad for the commuter market. Lynn service was operated in the 1870s, and between 1892 and 1908.[6] Ferry service between Boston and Salem was operated during the summer of 1998 by WTA, funded by a state grant. BHC ran unsubsidized service in the summers of 1999 and 2000.[6]

Salem service resumed on June 22, 2006, with a ferry funded largely by a $2.3 million state grant.[45] It was operated by WTA during the summers of 2006 to 2011; BHC took over the service without subsidy in 2012.[6] In 2009, Salem began allowing MBTA Commuter Rail passes to be used on certain peak-hour trips.[46] The MBTA stopped subsidizing the service around 2020, and MBTA passes stopped being accepted in 2023.[47]

Winthrop service, run by BHC under a three-year state grant, began on August 2, 2010 and lasted until 2012. A local charter operator ran some unsubsidized service in 2013.[6] Service resumed on April 16, 2016 with a town-owned vessel operated by town employees. The Marina Bay stop (previously served by several short-lived services between 1977 and 1997) was added on August 16, 2016.[6] The Boston terminal was at Fan Pier from April to June 2017, then Rowes Wharf (with an intermediate Fan Pier stop) for the remainder of the summer. Central Wharf became the Boston terminal in 2018.[6] The service's high cost and low reliability has attracted criticism; it was not run for six weeks in 2019 due to mechanical issues and lack of staff.[48][49] The MBTA took over operations of the Winthrop Ferry in July 2023. The lease agreement was for two years with up to three years of extensions.[50][51]

The Lynn Ferry formerly operated from Lynn Ferry Terminal to Central Wharf. Service began on May 19, 2014 with three weekday round trips, as a two-year pilot program funded by the state.

MassDOT, with one daily round trip timed for commuting. Fares were doubled to $7, and MBTA passes were not accepted.[54] Due to low ridership in 2017 – just 30 daily passengers – the service was not resumed in 2018.[55]

In May 2023, the MBTA indicated plans to resume service midyear.[56] The Lynn Ferry resumed on June 26, 2023 as an MBTA service, intended as mitigation for a temporary closure of the Sumner Tunnel. Ten round trips were operated on weekdays, with fares temporarily equal to subway fares during the tunnel closure.[57][58] Service will resume on April 29, 2024, with weekend service added.[5]

Operation

Massachusetts Bay Lines ferry Massachusetts operating route F1 in 2022

All MBTA-funded services are operated by Hornblower Cruises (branded as City Cruises) under contract to the MBTA.[6] It is the most reliable mode of MBTA service, with on-time performance typically above 95%.[59] In 2016, the MBTA-funded portion of the system carried 5,070 passengers per weekday – about 0.4% of total MBTA ridership.[59][60]

Until 2017, the MBTA owned two ferries, the Lightning and the Flying Cloud, both built in 1996. They were largely replaced by the new catamarans Champion (named for Champion of the Seas) in October 2017, and Glory (after Glory of the Seas) in May 2018.[61][62] The MBTA-owned ferries are used for the F2H route, while Hornblower-owned ferries are used for the F1 and F4 routes.[63][59] Some F1 trips are run by Massachusetts Bay Lines, using their own boats, under subcontract to Hornblower.[6] As of December 2019, the MBTA planned to overhaul the older catamarans in 2020–22; new double-ended ferries for route F4 were also being considered.[64] The MBTA leases the Winthrop ferry boat from the town.[50]

Finances and averted cuts

MBTA boat services have the highest

Massport take over the ferries from the MBTA.[68]

By 2014, farebox recovery increased to 62%.[59] In 2018, the MBTA bid operation of all three routes in a single contract; BHC was the only bidder despite the MBTA's attempts to find a competitor. The cost was originally $17.2 million for the first year with annual increases (with the MBTA keeping all fare revenue); the MBTA negotiated the cost down to $13.6 million.[63]

References

  1. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d "Ferry". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  4. ^ a b "MBTA Tariff and Statement of Fare and Transfer Rules" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. January 1, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "MBTA Announces Enhanced Spring 2024 Ferry Schedules: New Weekend Lynn Service, Enhancements to Winthrop/Quincy and Weekend Hingham/Hull Service" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. April 18, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Humphrey, Thomas J. (June 20, 2019). Inventory of Ferry Boat and Other Passenger Water Transportation Services in Massachusetts in 2018 and 2019 (Report). Central Transportation Planning Staff.
  7. ^ Hudson, George S. (May 1917). "Boston Bay News". Marine Review. Vol. 47, no. 5. p. 186 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Rosenberg, Ronald (May 14, 1990). "Chelsea-Boston ferry to begin tomorrow". Boston Globe. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  9. ^
    ISBN 0738500879
    .
  10. ^ a b "Lovejoy Ferry Service Ends" (PDF). TRANSreport. Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization: 3. January 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Ridership and Service Statistics (PDF) (13 ed.). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2011.
  12. ^ Vaccaro, Adam (January 4, 2019). "Boston will get a new ferry soon, but only for some people". Boston Globe.
  13. ^ Chesto, Jon (March 26, 2019). "Seaport ferries get a boost". Boston Globe.
  14. ^ a b Chesto, Jon (October 16, 2019). "Boston Harbor Cruises is sold to a Chicago ferry operator". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019.
  15. ^ a b Chesto, Jon (April 7, 2021). "Boston Harbor Cruises has a new name". The Boston Globe. p. C9 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ a b "MBTA Announces Schedule Revisions to Take Effect Tuesday, March 17" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. March 16, 2020.
  17. ^ a b "Report from the General Manager" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 22, 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Ferry Schedule Changes Take Effect January 23" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. January 11, 2021.
  19. ^ a b "New MBTA Ferry Schedules Take Effect May 22" (Press release). April 26, 2021.
  20. ^ The Cecil Group (May 15, 2008). "Amendment to the East Boston Waterfront District Municipal Harbor Plan: 6-26 New Street, Boston East and 125 Sumner Street". Boston Redevelopment Authority. p. 11.
  21. ^ a b Harmon, Lawrence (December 10, 2011). "Full throttle: Plan for a new ferry service in Boston has legs". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  22. ^ Anand, Geeta (November 18, 1996). "Despite push, few take E. Boston ferry: Ridership falls at subsidized service as councilor reaffirms her support". Boston Globe – via Newspapers.com. (second page) Open access icon
  23. ^ Fox, Jeremy C. (August 7, 2012). "Federal grant for two boats will help bring new ferry service to East Boston, Charlestown, South Boston". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014.
  24. ^ "BRA approves ferry plan to connect East Boston, Charlestown, South Boston". Boston Globe. September 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014.
  25. ^ "Invitation for Bids / Request for Proposal Process Flow". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.
  26. ^ Bodley, Michael (July 6, 2016). "Would people use a Boston Harbor ferry service". Boston Globe.
  27. ^ Mohl, Bruce (22 September 2021). "East Boston-South Boston ferry launching Monday". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  28. ^ "Upcoming Suspensions of Blue Line Service Will Allow Crews to Accelerate Infrastructure Improvements" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. April 11, 2022.
  29. ^ "Weekday and Weekend Ferry Service: Lewis Wharf, East Boston – Long Wharf, Boston" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. April 11, 2022.
  30. ^ "Blue Line Suspension between Airport and Bowdoin Will Continue through Tuesday, May 17" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 12, 2022.
  31. ^ "New East Boston Ferry Service Project Begins September 12" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. September 8, 2022.
  32. ^ "Reminder: East Boston Ferry Service Resumes on March 27" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. March 27, 2023.
  33. ^ a b Lambert, Lane (March 3, 2017). "From one round trip, Hingham commuter ferry has become 'a linchpin'". Patriot Ledger.
  34. ^ Berwick, Martha A.R. (November 17, 2005). "Hingham ferry has key role as transit hub". Boston Globe.
  35. ^ Seltz, Johanna (June 16, 2011). "Fuel prices sink plans for ferry". Boston Globe.
  36. ^ Rocheleau, Matt; Bencks, Jarret (May 24, 2013). "T names operator for ferry to Boston, Quincy, Hull". Boston Globe.
  37. ^ Seltz, Johanna (March 13, 2014). "T says Quincy ferry service done". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  38. ^ Ronan, Patrick (January 25, 2014). "Quincy's ferry service, USS Salem museum closed indefinitely". Patriot Ledger. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  39. ^ Ronan, Patrick (May 21, 2014). "Quincy councilors push to keep ferry service in city". Patriot Ledger.
  40. ^ Ronan, Patrick (July 28, 2014). "Quincy ferry terminal sale final; USS Salem to leave in 2015". Patriot Ledger. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  41. ^ Seltz, Johanna (May 18, 2014). "T restarts summer weekend ferry runs". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  42. ^ Lambert, Lane (December 27, 2016). "Hingham's new $7 million ferry terminal to open next month". Patriot Ledger. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  43. ^ "Service Alerts and Notices: Ferry". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018.
  44. ^ Takahama, Elise (January 12, 2018). "Hingham Ferry Dock to reopen Monday". Boston Globe.
  45. ^ "Salem Ferry's Maiden Voyage to Take Place on Thursday, June 22nd" (Press release). City of Salem. June 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.
  46. ^ "Transportation Officials, Salem Mayor Driscoll Promote Ferry Service" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 31, 2009.
  47. ^ Luca, Dustin (April 13, 2023). "Salem Ferry to stop taking MBTA passes". Salem News. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  48. ^ Fiandaca, Cheryl (August 1, 2019). "I-Team: Winthrop Ferry Commuters Left High And Dry". CBS Boston.
  49. ^ "Winthrop Ferry Back In Service After Staffing, Engine Issues". CBS Boston. August 12, 2019.
  50. ^ a b Swift, Adam (June 22, 2023). "MBTA Signs Lease To Operate Winthrop Ferry". Winthrop Transcript. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  51. ^ "Town Council Meeting Minutes of June 27, 2023". Town of Winthrop. June 27, 2023.
  52. ^ Rosenberg, Steven A. (June 5, 2014). "Lynn hopes ferry boosts waterfront". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  53. ^ Grillo, Thomas (June 13, 2016). "State Throws Cold Water on Ferry Commuters". Item Live. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  54. ^ "Lynn-Boston Summer Ferry Service to be Offered" (Press release). Massachusetts Department of Transportation. June 9, 2017.
  55. ^ "Baker Says No to Ferry". Lynn Daily Item. May 10, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  56. ^ Pauls, Emily (May 31, 2023). "It's clear sailing for the Lynn-to-Boston ferry". Item Live. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  57. ^ "Massachusetts Department of Transportation Announces Alternative Travel Options Ahead of Sumner Tunnel Closure" (Press release). Massachusetts Department of Transportation. June 9, 2023.
  58. ^ "MBTA Commemorates Beginning of Lynn Ferry Service" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 30, 2023.
  59. ^ a b c d MBTA STATE OF THE SERVICE: Water Transportation (PDF) (Report). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. July 18, 2016.
  60. ^ "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA): 2016 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF). National Transit Database. Federal Transit Administration. 2014.
  61. ^ Jessen, Klark (October 18, 2017). "Champion Officially Joins MBTA Ferry Fleet" (Press release). Massachusetts Department of Transportation.
  62. ^ Dumcius, Gintautas (May 30, 2018). "See inside the MBTA's newest boat, the Glory". MassLive.
  63. ^ a b Mohl, Bruce (October 29, 2018). "T ferry operating costs going way up". Commonwealth Magazine.
  64. ^ "Ferry Service Update" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. December 16, 2019.
  65. ^ "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)" (PDF). National Transit Database. United States Federal Transit Administration. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2014.
  66. ^ "MBTA Fare and Service Changes: Join the discussion" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  67. ^ Moskowitz, Erik (March 28, 2012). "Cash-strapped T proposes 23 percent fare increase". Boston Globe.
  68. ^ Moskowitz, Erik (May 11, 2012). "Massport takeover of ferry service urged: Lawmakers also propose plan for cash-strapped T". Boston Globe.

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