MGM-1 Matador
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (April 2009) |
Martin MGM-1 Matador | |
---|---|
Type | Surface-to-surface cruise missile |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1952 - 1962 |
Production history | |
Designed | 1949 (first flight) |
Manufacturer | Glenn L. Martin Company |
No. built | 1,200[1] |
Specifications | |
Mass | 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) |
Length | 39 ft 6 in (12.04 m) |
Diameter | 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m) |
Wingspan | 28 ft 7 in (8.71 m) |
Warhead | Nuclear W-5 (50 kt yield)[1][2] |
Engine | 4,600 lbf (20,000 N) thrust Allison J33-A-37 turbojet sustainer engine; 55,000 lbf (240 kN) thrust Aerojet General solid fuel rocket, 2 s burn |
Operational range | 250 mi (400 km) (TM-61A)[1] 620 mi (1,000 km) (TM-61C)[1] |
Flight altitude | 35,000–43,000 ft (11,000–13,000 m)[1][3] |
Maximum speed | 650 mph (1,050 km/h; Mach 0.85)[1] (supersonic terminal dive)[3][4] |
Guidance system | "A" Radar directed radio command guidance system; "C" same plus Shanicle |
Accuracy | 2,700–1,600 ft (820–490 m) CEP[3] |
Launch platform | Transporter erector launcher |
The Martin MGM-1 Matador was the first operational surface-to-surface
Matador was armed with the
First flown in 1949, Matador entered service in 1952 and left service in 1962. Matador carried several designations during its lifetime, originally known under the War Department's system as SSM-A-1. By the time it was introduced to service, the Air Force had been created, and they referred to them as bombers and assigned it the B-61 designation.[5] It was later re-designated TM-61, for "tactical missile", and finally MGM-1 when the U.S. Department of Defense introduced the tri-service rocket and guided missile designation system in 1963.
History
The first flight of Matador, model XSSM-A-1, occurred at the
The last Matadors were removed from active service in 1962, with a total of 1200 missiles produced. At that time, they were deployed in squadrons at
Guidance
The system was initially designed to use the SHANICLE (Short Range Navigation Vehicle) guidance system. This was essentially an adaptation of the LORAN hyperbolic navigation system to microwave frequencies to make it smaller and more accurate. A total of four stations were required per missile; two were used to produce a signal defining a line passing over the target, and a second pair defined the range. The missile's transponders rebroadcast these signals where they were picked up by receivers as the "master" station. The difference between the reception of the signals from any given pair indicated how far the missile was from the desired measure - a delay of zero meant it was exactly on course. The difference was calculated and the required updates were periodically sent to the missile's autopilot.[7]
In December 1950 a new system was introduced, MARC. This was an adaptation of the
MARC's
In 1954, the USAF started to develop the YTM-61C version with SHANICLE. It became operational in 1957, extending the maximum flight range of the missile to about 620 miles (1,000 km). The Shanicle system was soon discontinued on operational missiles. By the late 1950s, all were using the MSQ-1 (called "MisCue-1" by the crews) ground-based guidance system.
A unique identifying feature of the TM-61C variant was the raised rear section of the fuselage above the jet exhaust, called the "doghouse" by those who were assigned to the missile squadrons. This had originally housed the SHANICLE electronics, but was retained when those systems were removed. The "doghouse" had no access panels or doors and was an aerodynamic structural component added to TM-61C and TM-76A to prevent missile "shudder" and breakup during terminal dive. It contained no functional components. The operational Matadors were
The MSQ guidance vans required to guide the Matador were removed from Germany after September 1962 when the last Matador operational units were inactivated.[4]
Launch crew
The Matador launch crew consisted of eleven members. One launch officer, who was usually a
An individual Matador missile was shipped from the Martin plant to its unit in seven wooden crates.[8] A single Matador missile required many vehicles to move it and its associated support equipment. There was a transport vehicle, which was a short wheelbase semi-trailer truck which carried the missile with the wings removed and attached alongside the fuselage, a launcher, which was a semi-trailer more than 40 feet (12 m) long weighing more than 30,000 lb (14 t). There was a target selection van, a warhead van, a 60 kW diesel generator, a tug, a hydraulic unit, a mobile blockhouse, and a truck-mounted hydraulic crane. There were several 2½ and 5 ton trucks (tractor type) to attach to and tow the launchers, transport vehicle, and generator. In some squadrons, each launch team had a large trailer in which it stored weapons, ammunition and supplies.
A typical missile launch site had an active, or "hot" pad on which was kept the missile most ready to launch. This pad was manned by the on-duty launch crew. According to the book, this required 15 minutes to do, but some crews could accomplish it in slightly more than 6 minutes. The site usually had a backup pad, on which was a missile which would require somewhat more effort to get it launched. This pad was manned by the standby crew, and if they were on site, could usually be ready to launch in 20–30 minutes. If there was a third pad, it may not have a missile on it at all. If one of the off-duty crews could make it to the launch site in time, they would try to get a missile onto the launcher there, and get it ready to go. Since all launch sites were within just a few minutes flying time from the potential enemy, it was unlikely that the third missile would launch, but all crews had multiple practice drills during their periods as duty and standby crews, trying to reduce the time needed to get the missiles away.[citation needed]
Often, these drills were accompanied by a flyover of a
The Matador flight profile was very simple and predictable, which no doubt contributed to its demise. When the launch officer pressed the two launch switches, the JATO bottle fired, accelerating the missile to 250 mph (400 km/h; 220 kn) in the space of two and a half seconds. At this point the JATO bottle fell away and the missile continued on a preset heading and rate of climb until it was acquired by the guidance crews and their equipment. The missile had no altitude or speed control, continuing to fly as fast as possible, climbing as the fuel load was burned off, until it reached its maximum altitude. At a point about 6 miles (10 km) from the intended target, the guidance crews sent the "dump" signal, which caused the missile to nose over into what was called the "terminal dive". This dive was near vertical, continuing until the missile reached the preset detonation altitude as determined by the radio altimeter, at which point the weapon exploded. Should the radio altimeter fail, a backup barometric detonator was used; should that fail, there was an impact detonator.
As with all missiles and bombers of the day, accuracy was not good in today's terms. Anything within a mile was considered a hit. Even though the missile was classified as a "tactical" weapon, in fact it was not technically capable of hitting individual targets, so it was likely targeted at cities near which a military installation such as an airfield existed. Actual targets were classified, and kept from everyone except the guidance officer.
Variants and design stages
- MX-771: Original U.S. Air Force project number.
- SSM-A-1: Early proposed designation for operational missile. This designation was dropped before the first operational missiles were completed.
- XSSM-A-1: First designation applied to first prototypes for development of the missile airframe.
- YSSM-A-1: First designation applied to prototypes for development of the guidance system.
- B-61: Operational designation proposed to supersede SSM-A-1 designation. This designation was designed to classify the missile as a pilotless bomber.
- XB-61: Redesignation of the XSSM-A-1
- YB-61: Redesignation of the YSSM-A-1
- B-61A: First production version of the Matador. Principal difference from the XB-61 and YB-61 was redesign of the airframe with high wings in place of the previous mid-mounted wings.
- TM-61A: Redesignation of the B-61A as the USAF decided to classify the Matador as a tactical missile instead of a pilotless bomber.
- TM-61B: Significant redesign of the TM-61A, ultimately being redesignated as its own system, the TM-76 Mace.
- TM-61C: Improved TM-61A developed as a stop-gap as the TM-61B was under development.
- MGM-1C: Redesignation of the TM-61C in 1963 to meet new aircraft and missile designation standards adopted by the USAF. Only the TM-61C required redesignation as the TM-61A had been fully withdrawn from service and the TM-61B had been redesignated the TM-76 Mace, and ultimately received the MGM-13 designation.
Operators
United States: The United States Air Force
- 38th Tactical Missile Wing
- Bitburg AB, Germany
- Hahn AB, Germany
- 69th Tactical Missile Squadron
- 58th Tactical Missile Group
- 11th Tactical Missile Squadron
- 71st Tactical Missile Squadron
- 310th Tactical Missile Squadron- Osan, Korea
- 868th Tactical Missile Squadron - Tainan, Taiwan
Germany: Bundeswehr
- Flugkörpergruppe 11 - Kaufbeuren Air Base
Surviving units
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
Below is a list of museums with a Matador missile in their collection:
Germany
- A "Bitburg"-Matador survives as a missile monument at the former 38th Combat Support Wing GLCM station "Pydna" at Wüschheim
- Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, Berlin,
- Auto und Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany
United States
- Air Force Space and Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. This pristine artifact is in sequestered storage in Hangar R on Cape Canaveral AFS and cannot be viewed by the general public.
- Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina. This Matador was formerly on display at the Florence Air and Missile Museum in Florence, South Carolina.
- Museum of Aviation, Robins Air Force Base, Georgia TM-61A Serial #52-1891[9]
- National Air and Space Museum, Dulles International Airport
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio
- National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, adjacent to Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico[1]
- Planes of Fame Air Museum, Valle, Arizona
- A TM-61C Matador, Serial # 56-1955 is on display near Pikeville, North Carolina, in the parking lot of a church.
- "XTM-61" Serial #52-1872 is on static display at Hawkinsville-Pulaski County Airport, Hawkinsville, Georgia.
- A Matador of unknown variation is on display in front of Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 160 at Baltimore/Washington Thurgood Marshall International Airport, Glen Burnie, Maryland.
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of missiles
References
- ^ a b c d e f g "MGM-1". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles.
- ^ Matador. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
- ^ a b c Matador. Federation of American Scientists.
- ^ a b The Martin Matador and Mace Missiles Mace-B.com
- ^ a b Fay, Elton C. (14 September 1951). "Air Force finds new problems in guided missiles". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. p. 10A.
- ^ Connors, S.Sgt. J. J., "Guided Missiles: Eglin Tests Matadors In Hangar", Playground News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, 12 November 1953, Volume 8, Number 42, page 1.
- ^ a b Cleary, Mark. "2". The 6555th: Missile and Space Launches Through 1970. 45 Space Wing Office of History.
- ^ "Pilotless Bomber Shipped in Crates." Popular Mechanics, August 1954, p. 90.
- ^ "Museum of Aviation Web site". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007.
External links
- Sembach Missileers
- TAC Missileers - Tactical Missile Warriors of the Cold War
- "Pilotless Bomber Can Carry A-Bomb At 700 m.p.h." detailed 1951 article on the Matador which had recently been declassified