MG 3 machine gun
MG 3 | |
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iron sights or optical sights |
The MG 3 is a German general-purpose machine gun chambered for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The weapon's design is derived from the World War II era MG 42 that fired the 7.92×57mm Mauser round.[8]
The MG 3 was standardized in the late 1950s and adopted into service with the newly formed Bundeswehr, where it continues to serve to this day as a squad support weapon and a vehicle-mounted machine gun. The weapon and its derivatives have also been acquired by the armed forces of over 40 countries. Production rights to the machine gun were purchased by Italy (MG 42/59), Spain, Pakistan (MG 1A3), Greece, Iran, Sudan and Turkey.[9]
History
At the end of World War II the original technical drawings and data for the 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered MG 42 were captured by the Soviets. These would later be taken to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Rheinmetall had to reverse engineer the first postwar machine guns from an original MG 42 machine gun.[10]
Production of the first postwar variant of the MG 42 chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition (designated the MG 1) was launched in 1958 at the Rheinmetall arms factory as requested by the Bundeswehr. Shortly thereafter, the machine gun was modified, receiving a chrome-lined barrel and sights properly calibrated for the new round; this model would be named the MG 1A1 (known also as the MG 42/58).
A further development of the MG 1A1 was the MG 1A2 (known also as the MG 42/59), which had a heavier bolt (950 g (33.51 oz) for a slower 700–900 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire, compared to 550 g (19.40 oz)), and a new friction ring buffer made suitable for using the heavier bolt. The MG 1A2 added new bolt-bounce preventing bolt catches to the action to resolve the ammunition ignition timing sensitivity of the preceding variants and was adapted to use both the standard German non-disintegrating Patronengurt DM1 ammunition belt and the American M13 disintegrating belt. Further improvements to the weapon's muzzle device, bipod and bolt resulted in the MG 1A3.
Simultaneously, wartime 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered MG 42 machine guns that remained in service were converted to the standard 7.62×51mm NATO chambering and designated MG 2.
In 1968, the MG 3 was introduced and entered production. Compared to the MG 1A3, the MG 3 features an improved feeding mechanism with a belt retaining pawl to hold the belt up to the gun when the top cover plate is lifted, an added anti-aircraft sight and a new ammunition box. MG 3s were produced for Germany and for export customers by Rheinmetall until 1979. The preceding non-MG 3 variant machine guns in the Bundeswehr inventory were gradually converted to the MG 3 standard. Some additional production of the MG 3 in Germany was carried out by Heckler & Koch.[11] The MG 3 and its variants all share a high level of parts interchangeability with the original MG 42.
MG 3s continue to be produced in Turkey and Pakistan.[12] In 2019 there were plans in Germany to produce several thousand new MG 3 receivers to keep using vehicle mounted MG 3s in the low level anti-aircraft (designated MG 3A0A1) and turret mounted (designated MG 3A1A1) roles in the near future.[13]
Operation
The German military instructs that sustained fire must be avoided at all costs. In the bipod mounted light machine gun role MG 3 users are trained to fire short bursts of 3 to 5 rounds and strive to optimize their aim between bursts fired in succession. In the tripod mounted medium machine gun role, MG 3 users are trained to fire both short bursts and longer bursts of 20 to 30 rounds and strive to optimize their aim between successive bursts.[14][15] The Bundeswehr trains soldiers to replace the barrel of the MG3 after 150 live rounds (or 100 blank rounds) after sustained heavy fire, with a new, cooler one; only once the barrel is hand-warm (able to be held with the bare hand for 30 seconds) can a barrel be reused. Beneficially however, replacing the barrel is an exceptionally simple procedure on the MG3. Non-observance of this technical limitation renders the barrel prematurely unusable. Care must be taken when replacing the barrel as after extended cyclical fire, the barrel can be dangerously hot, potentially approaching white hot. The machine gun crew member responsible for a hot barrel change is issued protective asbestos gloves or a cloth to prevent burns to the hands.[15] The effective rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.[16]
Design details
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2015) |
Operating mechanism
The MG 3 is an automatic, air-cooled,
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MG 3 roller-locked boosted short recoil action diagram
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MG 3 of the German Army
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Parts of a German MG 3
Features
The machine gun has an automatic-only trigger mechanism and a cross-bolt safety in the form of a button that is operated by the shooting hand (in its "safe" position the bolt release is disabled). The weapon fires from an open bolt. The cyclic rate can be altered by installing different bolts and recoil springs. A heavier bolt uses more recoil energy to overcome inertia, thus slowing the action. On MG 3 machine guns, two types of bolts are available, with standard weight (about 650 g (22.93 oz)) for the standard 1,000–1,200 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire[17] and with extra weight (about 900 g (31.75 oz)) for a slower 800–950 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire. Those bolts also are used along with different return springs.[10]
The MG 3 feeds from the left side through a feed block using metal, 50-round continuous-link Patronengurt DM1 ammunition belts (which can be combined by cartridge) or disintegrating-link M13 or DM6 belts. In the light machine gun role, the MG 3 is deployed with a 100-round (or 120-round in case of disintegrating belts) belt fitted inside a synthetic ammunition drum developed by Heckler & Koch that is latched on to the left side of the receiver. The rear wall of the drum is transparent and serves as a visual indicator for the amount of ammunition available. The feed system operates through a feed arm that is housed in the feed cover. Two feed pawls are linked to the front end of the arm by an intermediate link and move in opposite directions, moving the belt in two stages as the bolt moves back and forward during firing.
For the light machine gun role the MG3 is equipped with a synthetic polymer stock and a folding bipod.
Barrel
The MG 3 has a quick-change, chrome-lined barrel with four right-hand grooves and a rifling twist rate of 1 in 305 mm (1:12 in) and weighs 1.7 kg (3.7 lb). Alternatively, MG 3 barrels can also have polygonal rifling. The barrel is integrated with the barrel breech. During sustained firing, there is a need for the barrel to be changed and this is how they are swapped: The gun is cocked and the barrel catch on the right of the barrel shroud is swung forward. Then, the breech end of the hot barrel swings out and can be removed by elevating or twisting the gun. A fresh barrel would be inserted through the barrel catch and the muzzle bearing. When the catch is rotated back, the barrel is locked and the machine gun can resume firing. Both the receiver housing and ventilated barrel casing are made from pressed sheet steel. The machine gun crew member responsible for a hot barrel change is issued protective asbestos gloves to prevent getting burned. A muzzle device is mounted at the end of the barrel and it acts as a flash suppressor, muzzle brake and recoil booster.
Feeding
MG 3 machine guns are belt-fed from the left to the right side, using non-disintegrating metallic-link DM1 belts, which have links that wrap around the cartridge case and are linked by a coiling wire on each side. DM1 belts are intended for multiple reuse and in terms of design are based on and derived from the last version of the Gurt 34/41-belt family used in World War II in MG 34 and MG 42 machine guns.[18] DM1 belts are preloaded at ammunition factories in 50-round connectable belt lengths and can be linked to any length necessary. Spent cartridge cases are ejected downwards, and the emptied links are transported to the right.
Alternatively the MG3 can also be fed by disintegrating metal
Both belt types are of push-through type and use a metal lip that is arrested in the rim of the cartridges to correctly position and fix the cartridges in place. The feeding system is based on the direct push-through of the cartridge out of the belt link into the gun's chamber. Feed is performed in two steps by a pawl-type feeding mechanism that continues to move the belt during both the rearward and forward cycles of the reciprocating bolt, producing a smooth belt flow.
For field use there are several ammunition containers available. The Gurttrommel (belt drum) contains a 50-round DM1 or DM60 belt. The Gurttrommel is not a true magazine but holds a curled 50-round belt preventing it from snagging, twisting and getting stuck during mobile assaults. The steel DM2 ammunition box contains a 250-round DM1 belt and the smaller plastic DM40004 ammunition box contains a 100-round DM1 belt or a 120-round DM60/M13 belt. The German military tends to use non-disintegrating DM1 belts for general use and disintegrating DM60/M13 belts in vehicle or aircraft fixed MG3 mountings that allow for collecting the ejected link pieces for reuse.
Sights
The open-type
Danish C79 LMG Optic
As an iron sighting line alternative, the Danish military uses a 3.4×28 optical sight mounted on top of the receiver which can be set from 300 to 800 meters (328 to 875 yd) in 100 meters (109 yd) increments on their MG 3 (designated as M/62) and later M/60E6. What sets the Danish C79 LMG Optic designated as M/98 apart from the standard C79 optical sight is its unique reticle of a chevron with a height of 12,5 TS and two TS line left and right with a length of 7,5 TS beginning 2,5 TS away from the tip of the chevron. The sight designated as M/99 is also available in a night vision configuration.[19]
Tripod
In a stationary, heavy machine gun role the MG 3 is mounted on a buffered Feldlafette ("field tripod") that also features storage containers for accessories like the Zielfernrohr 4 × 24 periscope-style telescopic sight. The direct fire only Zielfernrohr 4 × 24 sight like the MG 3 is mounted on the Feldlafette and is graduated from 0 to 1,600 meters (0 to 1,750 yd) in 100 meters (109 yd) increments. The Zielfernrohr 4 × 24 reticle can be illuminated by an external unit. It can also be used with the FERO-Z 51 night sight.[14][15]
A feature of the German World War II Lafette 42 tripod that was not carried over to the MG3 Feldlafette was the Tiefenfeuerautomat ("in-depth automatic fire"). If selected, this feature walked the fire in wave like motions up and down the range between predefined ranges. This sweeping of a given range (Tiefenfeuer – "in-depth fire") continued as long as the gun was fired.
Reliability
In 1974 the US Army tested German made MG3s alongside eight other contemporary GPMG designs to replace the then-in-service M219 Tank Machine Gun, which was considered unacceptably unreliable by the US Army. The MG3 had a lower Mean Rounds Between Failure than five of the candidates including the M219 and a lower Mean Rounds Between Stoppages than five of the potential replacements, notably including the M60 machine gun.[20]
Variants
- MG 1: Rheinmetall variant of the MG 42, most notably rechambered to fire 7.62×51mm NATO.
- MG 1A1 (MG 42/58): As MG 1, but with sights properly calibrated for the new round. Sights refitted to existing MG 1s.
- MG 1A2 (MG 42/59): MG 1A1 variant; product improved with longer ejection port, heavy bolt and friction ring buffer.
- MG 1A3: MG 1A2 variant; product improvement of all major components.
- MG 1A4: MG 1 variant; for fixed mount armor use.
- MG 1A5: MG 1A3 variant; MG1A3s converted to MG1A4 standard.
- MG 2: Designation for all wartime MG 42s rechambered to 7.62×51mm NATO.
- MG 3: MG 1A3 variant; product improved with AA rear sight.
- MG 3E: MG 3 variant; reduced weight model (roughly 1.3 kg lighter), entered into late 1970s NATO small arms trials.
- MG 3A1: MG 3 variant; for fixed mount armor use.
- MG 3KWS: MG 3 variant; developed by Rheinmetall and Tactics Group as a stand in until the HK121 replaces it.[21]
- MG 42/59: Italian variant produced by Beretta, Whitehead Motofides and Franchi, since 1959, Chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. The bolt weight was increased to 1,200 g (42.33 oz)) for a reduced 800 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire. Used mainly mounted on vehicles and has largely been phased out by the FN Minimi.
- Ksp m/94: Swedish variant chambered with the 7.62×51mm NATO round. Mainly used as secondary armament in Stridsvagn 122.
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Vehicle-mounted MG 3 (2019)
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MG 3 in the heavy machine gun setup on a Feldlafette tripod with mounted optical sight
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Italian soldier with MG-42/59 produced by Beretta
Multiple barrel variants
A mounted variant with three rotating barrels (to reduce barrel erosion and overheating) is under development as the Rheinmetall RMG 7.62 as a vehicle weapon. Only one barrel is active at a time: after one barrel overheats, it is rotated out for a cool one.
The MG14z is a double barrel variant of the MG 3 machine gun with two MG 3 receivers paired together. The MG14z enhances the firepower of military units that still issue the MG 3 or other MG 42 derivatives. It has been developed by the Tactics Group GmbH company as "a low-cost alternative to Miniguns".[22]
Deployment
The MG 3 is still used as the standard secondary weapon of most modern German
Users
- Afghanistan: Used by the Mujahideen and Taliban[23]
- Albanian Army.[24]
- Argentina: Used by the Argentine Army.[25]
- Azerbaijan: The Military of Azerbaijan acquired a small quantity of MKEK MG 3s from Turkey.[citation needed]
- Bangladesh [28]
- Brazil: MG3 and MG3A1 are used by the Brazilian Army at the Leopard 1A5 BR.[29]
- Canada: Only used on 20 Leopard 2A6M CAN tanks acquired from Germany.[30] Leopard 2s acquired from other sources will continue to use the FN MAG.
- Cape Verde[31]
- Chile[32]
- Cyprus [33]
- Dingo 2.[34]
- Denmark: MG-42/59 designated M/62 in Danish service.[35]
- Estonia[36] Designated as MG 3. MG 1A3 version with the anti-aircraft sight.
- NH90 helicopters.[37]
- Germany: Used by the Bundeswehr.[31]
- Ghana[citation needed]
- Greece: License production by Hellenic Defence Systems a.k.a. EAS[10][25]
- Iceland: Used by the Icelandic Coast Guard.[38]
- Indonesia: License production[39]
- Kurdistan: Peshmerga of Iraqi Kurdistan autonomous region, 40 MG3s supplied by Germany and 100 MG-42/59 by Italy[41]
- ISIL[4]
- Luigi Franchi; while largely replaced in squad support weapon role by the Belgian FN Minimi, it still sees widespread mounted use on ground-based vehicles and helicopters.[32][42] Prior to the procurement of the Minimi, the Stabilimento Militare Armi Leggere (SMAL) at Terni has developed a kit to adapt the Italian Army's existing MG-42/59 machine guns to accommodate 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The kit comprises a new barrel, bolt head, feed opening and cover, recoil-enhancing element and a lighter bolt. The weight of the modified 5.56 mm MG-42/59machine gun remains unchanged from the original version.
- Latvia: Latvian Land Forces[citation needed]
- Libya[39]
- Lithuania: Lithuanian Armed Forces.[43]
- SEDENA in Mexico.[44]
- Myanmar[31] Clones made in Myanmar as the MA 15.[45]
- Niger[3]
- Nigeria[46]
- Norway[31] In use by the Home Guard and Navy. Replaced in Army service by the FN Minimi and FN MAG in 2019.
- Wah Cantt.[47]
- Philippines: Used by the Philippine National Police.[48]
- Poland: On Leopard 2 tanks and support vehicles. Intended to be replaced by UKM-2000 and WKM-B.[49]
- Portugal[32]
- Provisional IRA[50]
- Sao Tome and Principe[31]
- Saudi Arabia[31]
- Slovakia: Mounted on Leopard 2A4[51]
- Spain: Made under license.[32]
- Sri Lankan Armed Forces in limited numbers.[citation needed]
- Sudan: Made by Military Industry Corporation as the Karar.[52]
- Sweden: As the KSP m/94. Used with the Leopard 2 tanks.[53]
- Thailand: Used on Commando V-150 APC.[citation needed]
- Togo[31]
- Tunisia[39]
- Turkish Gendarmerie.[54]
- Ukraine: Ukrainian armed forces have been given MG3 to aid them in the Russian invasion of 2022.[6] At least 130 MG3 have been provided by Germany.[55]
- Uruguay[56]
- Ukrainian Naval Infantry with a MG 3 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
See also
- MG51—7.5×55mm Swiss general-purpose machine gun
- SIG 710-3—Swiss derivative of MG 42
References
Citations
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- ^ a b VICE News (27 April 2016). "What It's Really Like to Fight for the Islamic State". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
- ^ Dnevnik (in Slovenian). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Radiotelevizija Slovenija. 2015. Event occurs at 17:13. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
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- Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (26 June 1979). "Dv 3-14 Das Maschinengewehr"(PDF) (in German) – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ Woźniak, Ryszard (2001). Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej—tom 3 M-P (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. p. 106.
- ^ a b "7.62 mm MG3 Machine Gun". MKEK. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ^ a b c Moss, Matthew. "Rheinmetall Machinengewehr 3 West Germany". Historical Firearms.
- ^ Shepherd, Christian (17 January 2009). "Machine Gun 42". Tactical Life. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ Gao, Charlie (24 August 2019). "Bang: Meet the 5 Best Machine Guns on the Planet". The National Interest.
- ^ "Harmonisierung bei den Handwaffen der Bundeswehr". Europäische Sicherheit & Technik (in German). 6 March 2019.
- ^ a b A2-222/0-0-4750 Schießen mit Handwaffen (Shooting with handguns) (PDF) (in German). Bundeswehr - Ministry of Defence Germany. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2022. Alt URL
- ^ a b c ZDv 3/14 Das Maschinengewehr (PDF) (in German). Germany: Bundeswehr (Ministry of Defence). 2003. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Rheinmetall MG-3". Military Today.com. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ Jane's Infantry Weapons. Jane's Information Group. 2002. p. 2169.
- ^ Legendre, Jean-François (March 2005). "Feeding the Tiger: Ammunition Belts for German MG 34 and MG 42 Machine Guns". Small Arms Review. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016.
- ^ Hjemmeværnet. "HRN-111-007". Hæren: H-11.
- ^ Attribute analysis of the armor machine gun candidates (PDF) (Report). US Army Armaments Command. July 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ Johnson, Steve (6 January 2014). "Bundeswehr MG3KWS Upgrade Program". The Firearm Blog. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Tactics Group MG-14z". All4shooters.com. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
- ^ McNab, Chris (2012). MG 34 and MG 42 Machine Guns. Osprey Publishing. p. 72.
- ^ "The 45 Albanian Army Special forces face-to-face with the Taliban's in Kandahar, Afghanistan". Armyrecognition.com. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ a b McNab, Chris (2012). MG 34 and MG 42 Machine Guns. Osprey Publishing. p. 70.
- ^ Handel, Paul D. (2001). "Leopard AS1 Main Battle Tank Part One". Anzac Steel. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ "Waffen und Gerät – Maschinengewehr MG 74". Österreichs Bundesheer (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ "SALW Guide Global distribution and visual identification Bangladesh Country report" (PDF). Bonn International Center for Conversion. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ^ "Recebimento das metralhadoras para as viaturas Leopard 1A5 BR" (PDF). Noticiário do Exército (in Brazilian Portuguese). No. 10, 664. Brasília: Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2010.
- ^ Duchesne, Simon (14 February 2008). "Soldiers from C Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (LdSH), wait for start time on their Leopard 2 tank". Canadian Forces Combat Camera. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
- ^ a b c d e "G3 Defence Magazine". Calameo.com. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ "Ιερείς σε στρατιωτική άσκηση: Έριξαν βολές και προκάλεσαν αντιδράσεις (ΒΙΝΤΕΟ)". Alphanews.live (in Greek). 9 February 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "Obrněné vozidlo Dingo 2 CZ". Armády České republiky. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014.
- ^ "Maskingeværer". Forsvaret. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
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- ^ "Hátt í 400 hríðskotabyssur í landinu". RÚV. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian (April 2017). Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya (PDF). Working Paper No. 26. Small Arms Survey. p. 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
- ^ "AIG: 7.62 mm Machin Gun". Diomil.ir. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008.
- ^ Small Arms Survey (2015). "Trade Update: After the 'Arab Spring'" (PDF). Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Armi Leggere". Esercito Italiano: Il Portale delle Armi dei Materiali e dei Mezzi. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.
- ^ "Kulkosvaidis MG-3". Lietuvos kariuomenė (in Lithuanian). 17 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ "Mexican Army military equipment". Army Recognition. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ "活跃在缅甸内战中的德国MG3机枪" [German MG3 machine guns active in the Burmese Civil War]. Twoeggz.com (in Chinese). 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-472816092.
- ^ "Machine Gun MG3 (MG1A3)". Pakistan Ordnance Factories. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ "PNP boosts capability after acquiring P1.871-B new equipment". Manila Bulletin. 6 May 2019.
- ^ Gaszak, Agnieszka (21 February 2011). "Pierwsze strzelanie żołnierzy NSR z karabinu maszynowego MG-3". Wojsko Polskie. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ "Arms trial hears of 'dreaded weapon'". Irish Independent. 5 February 1994.
- ^ Ostré streľby z tankov Leopard 2A4 | Pozemné sily | Ozbrojené sily SR, retrieved 31 August 2023
- ^ "KARAR 7.62x51mm". Military Industry Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008.
- ^ Svensk, Henrik. "Strv122 Stridsvagn 122 / Leopard 2". SoldF.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ "Si̇lahlar". Gendarmerie General Command. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009.
- ^ "Militärische Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine". Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (in German). Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ Porfilio, Gabriel (25 September 2020). "El Ejército de Uruguay recibe un millar de ametralladoras MG-3 adquiridas a España". InfoDefensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Austin, Rod (28 November 2018). "Yemen: inquiry finds Saudis diverting arms to factions loyal to their cause". The Guardian.
General and cited references
- Ezell, Edward C. (1988). Small Arms Today 2nd Edition. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
- Woźniak, Ryszard (2001). Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej—tom 3 M-P (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09311-3.