List of MOSFET applications

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
MOSFET applications
)

MOSFET, showing gate (G), body (B), source (S), and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink).

The

signals
.

The MOSFET is the basic building block of most modern

microprocessors
.

MOSFETs in integrated circuits are the primary elements of

automobile
sound systems.

Integrated circuits

See also: Integrated circuit, Invention of the integrated circuit, and Three-dimensional integrated circuit

The MOSFET is the most widely used type of transistor and the most critical device component in

clean rooms to reduce contamination to levels never before thought necessary, and coincided with the development of photolithography[9]
which, along with surface passivation and the planar process, allowed circuits to be made in few steps.

Atalla realised that the main advantage of a MOS transistor was its ease of

bipolar transistors which required a number of steps for the p–n junction isolation of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other.[11] Its advantage for integrated circuits was re-iterated by Dawon Kahng in 1961.[12] The Si–SiO2 system possessed the technical attractions of low cost of production (on a per circuit basis) and ease of integration. These two factors, along with its rapidly scaling miniaturization and low energy consumption
, led to the MOSFET becoming the most widely used type of transistor in IC chips.

The earliest experimental MOS IC to be demonstrated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

silicon-gate MOS IC.[16]

Chips

large-scale integration (LSI) chip with a 10 µm process
.

There are various different types of MOS IC chips, which include the following.[17]

Large-scale integration

See also:
Very large-scale integration

With its high scalability,

very large-scale integration (VLSI).[23][18]

Microprocessors

See also: Microcontroller and Microprocessor chronology

The MOSFET is the basis of every

computer processor could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip.[22]

The

bit-slice processors".[39]

CMOS circuits

Main article: CMOS
220 nm CMOS integrated circuit (IC) chip.[40]

transistor-transistor logic (TTL).[44]

Digital

The growth of digital technologies like the

TTL
) does not have such a high fanout capacity. This isolation also makes it easier for the designers to ignore to some extent loading effects between logic stages independently. That extent is defined by the operating frequency: as frequencies increase, the input impedance of the MOSFETs decreases.

Analog

Further information: CMOS amplifier and Mixed-signal integrated circuit

The MOSFET's advantages in digital circuits do not translate into supremacy in all

analog circuits. The two types of circuit draw upon different features of transistor behavior. Digital circuits switch, spending most of their time either fully on or fully off. The transition from one to the other is only of concern with regards to speed and charge required. Analog circuits depend on operation in the transition region where small changes to Vgs can modulate the output (drain) current. The JFET and bipolar junction transistor (BJT) are preferred for accurate matching (of adjacent devices in integrated circuits), higher transconductance
and certain temperature characteristics which simplify keeping performance predictable as circuit temperature varies.

Nevertheless, MOSFETs are widely used in many types of analog circuits because of their own advantages (zero gate current, high and adjustable output impedance and improved robustness vs. BJTs which can be permanently degraded by even lightly breaking down the emitter-base).[vague] The characteristics and performance of many analog circuits can be scaled up or down by changing the sizes (length and width) of the MOSFETs used. By comparison, in bipolar transistors the size of the device does not significantly affect its performance.[citation needed] MOSFETs' ideal characteristics regarding gate current (zero) and drain-source offset voltage (zero) also make them nearly ideal switch elements, and also make switched capacitor analog circuits practical. In their linear region, MOSFETs can be used as precision resistors, which can have a much higher controlled resistance than BJTs. In high power circuits, MOSFETs sometimes have the advantage of not suffering from thermal runaway as BJTs do.[dubious – discuss] Also, MOSFETs can be configured to perform as capacitors and gyrator circuits which allow op-amps made from them to appear as inductors, thereby allowing all of the normal analog devices on a chip (except for diodes, which can be made smaller than a MOSFET anyway) to be built entirely out of MOSFETs. This means that complete analog circuits can be made on a silicon chip in a much smaller space and with simpler fabrication techniques. MOSFETS are ideally suited to switch inductive loads because of tolerance to inductive kickback.

Some ICs combine analog and digital MOSFET circuitry on a single mixed-signal integrated circuit, making the needed board space even smaller. This creates a need to isolate the analog circuits from the digital circuits on a chip level, leading to the use of isolation rings and silicon on insulator (SOI). Since MOSFETs require more space to handle a given amount of power than a BJT, fabrication processes can incorporate BJTs and MOSFETs into a single device. Mixed-transistor devices are called bi-FETs (bipolar FETs) if they contain just one BJT-FET and BiCMOS (bipolar-CMOS) if they contain complementary BJT-FETs. Such devices have the advantages of both insulated gates and higher current density.

RF CMOS

Main article: RF CMOS
Bluetooth dongle. RF CMOS mixed-signal integrated circuits are widely used in nearly all modern Bluetooth devices.[31]

In the late 1980s,

mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices. RF CMOS is also used in nearly all modern Bluetooth and wireless LAN (WLAN) devices.[31]

Analog switches

MOSFET analog switches use the MOSFET to pass analog signals when on, and as a high impedance when off. Signals flow in both directions across a MOSFET switch. In this application, the drain and source of a MOSFET exchange places depending on the relative voltages of the source/drain electrodes. The source is the more negative side for an N-MOS or the more positive side for a P-MOS. All of these switches are limited on what signals they can pass or stop by their gate–source, gate–drain, and source–drain voltages; exceeding the voltage, current, or power limits will potentially damage the switch.

Single-type

This analog switch uses a four-terminal simple MOSFET of either P or N type.

In the case of an n-type switch, the body is connected to the most negative supply (usually GND) and the gate is used as the switch control. Whenever the gate voltage exceeds the source voltage by at least a threshold voltage, the MOSFET conducts. The higher the voltage, the more the MOSFET can conduct. An N-MOS switch passes all voltages less than Vgate − Vtn. When the switch is conducting, it typically operates in the linear (or ohmic) mode of operation, since the source and drain voltages will typically be nearly equal.

In the case of a P-MOS, the body is connected to the most positive voltage, and the gate is brought to a lower potential to turn the switch on. The P-MOS switch passes all voltages higher than Vgate − Vtp (threshold voltage Vtp is negative in the case of enhancement-mode P-MOS).

Dual-type (CMOS)

This "complementary" or CMOS type of switch uses one P-MOS and one N-MOS FET to counteract the limitations of the single-type switch. The FETs have their drains and sources connected in parallel, the body of the P-MOS is connected to the high potential (VDD) and the body of the N-MOS is connected to the low potential (gnd). To turn the switch on, the gate of the P-MOS is driven to the low potential and the gate of the N-MOS is driven to the high potential. For voltages between VDD − Vtn and gnd − Vtp, both FETs conduct the signal; for voltages less than gnd − Vtp, the N-MOS conducts alone; and for voltages greater than VDD − Vtn, the P-MOS conducts alone.

The voltage limits for this switch are the gate–source, gate–drain and source–drain voltage limits for both FETs. Also, the P-MOS is typically two to three times wider than the N-MOS, so the switch will be balanced for speed in the two directions.

Tri-state circuitry sometimes incorporates a CMOS MOSFET switch on its output to provide for a low-ohmic, full-range output when on, and a high-ohmic, mid-level signal when off.

MOS memory

Main article:
MOS memory
Further information: Computer memory and Memory cell (computing)
MOS memory
cells consisting of MOSFETs and MOS capacitors.

The advent of the MOSFET enabled the practical use of MOS transistors as

64-bit MOS SRAM (static random-access memory).[46] SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but required six MOS transistors for each bit of data.[47]

MOS technology is the basis for

capacitors, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell.[47] In 1967, Dennard filed a patent under IBM for a single-transistor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) memory cell, based on MOS technology.[48] MOS memory enabled higher performance, was cheaper, and consumed less power, than magnetic-core memory, leading to MOS memory overtaking magnetic core memory as the dominant computer memory technology by the early 1970s.[49]

floating-gate memory cells, consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (FGMOS), could be used to produce reprogrammable ROM (read-only memory).[51] Floating-gate memory cells later became the basis for non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies including EPROM, EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) and flash memory.[52]

Types of MOS memory

Further information:
MOS memory § Applications
USB flash drive. It uses flash memory, a type of MOS memory consisting of floating-gate MOSFET memory cells.

There are various different types of MOS memory. The following list includes various different MOS memory types.[53]

MOS sensors

A number of MOSFET

patented by P.F. Cox in 1974, and a hydrogen-sensitive MOSFET demonstrated by I. Lundstrom, M.S. Shivaraman, C.S. Svenson and L. Lundkvist in 1975.[63] The ISFET is a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance,[63] and where the metal gate is replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode.[65]

By the mid-1980s, numerous other MOSFET sensors had been developed, including the

gene-modified FET (GenFET) and cell-potential BioFET (CPFET) had been developed.[65]

The two main types of

MOS capacitors and the CMOS sensor based on MOS transistors.[66]

Image sensors

Main articles: Image sensor, Charge-coupled device, and Active-pixel sensor
camera phones, action cameras,[68] and optical mouse devices.[69]

MOS technology is the basis for modern

television broadcasting.[70]

The MOS active-pixel sensor (APS) was developed by Tsutomu Nakamura at Olympus in 1985.[71] The CMOS active-pixel sensor was later developed by Eric Fossum and his team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the early 1990s.[72]

MOS image sensors are widely used in

5 µm NMOS sensor chip.[73][74] Since the first commercial optical mouse, the IntelliMouse introduced in 1999, most optical mouse devices use CMOS sensors.[69]

Other sensors

MOS

biomedical applications.[65]

MOSFETs are also widely used in

motions and light.[75] An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFET, developed by Harvey C. Nathanson in 1965.[76]

Common applications of other MOS sensors include the following.

Power MOSFET

See also: Power MOSFET, LDMOS § Applications, VMOS, FET amplifier, MOS-controlled thyristor, Power electronics, and Power semiconductor device
matchstick
is pictured for scale.

The power MOSFET, which is commonly used in power electronics, was developed in the early 1970s.[82] The power MOSFET enables low gate drive power, fast switching speed, and advanced paralleling capability.[83]

The

power supplies, enabling higher operating frequencies, size and weight reduction, and increased volume production.[85]

electric vehicles.[92] The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a hybrid MOS-bipolar transistor, is also used for a wide variety of applications.[93]

bipolar transistor) than the vertical MOSFETs. Vertical MOSFETs are designed for switching applications.[94]

DMOS and VMOS

Further information: LDMOS § Applications

Power MOSFETs, including

DMOS, LDMOS and VMOS
devices, are commonly used for a wide range of other applications, which include the following.

RF DMOS

Further information: RF CMOS § Applications

RF DMOS, also known as RF power MOSFET, is a type of

radio-frequency (RF) applications. It is used in various radio and RF applications, which include the following.[121][122]

Consumer electronics

MOSFETs are fundamental to the

video games, for example.[127]

MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of consumer electronics, which include the following devices listed.

phones) are not included here, but are listed separately in the Information and communications technology (ICT)
section below.

pocket calculator with liquid-crystal display
(LCD). MOSFETs are the basis for pocket calculators and LCDs.

Pocket calculators

One of the earliest influential consumer electronic products enabled by MOS LSI circuits was the electronic

handheld calculator, with three MOS LSI chips, and it was later released as the Canon Pocketronic in 1970.[153] The Sharp QT-8D desktop calculator was the first mass-produced LSI MOS calculator in 1969,[152] and the Sharp EL-8 which used four MOS LSI chips was the first commercial electronic handheld calculator in 1970.[153] The first true electronic pocket calculator was the Busicom LE-120A HANDY LE, which used a single MOS LSI calculator-on-a-chip from Mostek, and was released in 1971.[153] By 1972, MOS LSI circuits were commercialized for numerous other applications.[128]

Audio-visual (AV) media

consumer electronic
devices.

MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of

audio-visual (AV) media technologies, which include the following list of applications.[140]

Power MOSFET applications

Power MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of consumer electronics.[102][107] Power MOSFETs are widely used in the following consumer applications.

power supplies[86] and mobile device AC adapters.[181]

Information and communications technology (ICT)

MOSFETs are fundamental to

terabits per second (Edholm's law).[193]

Computers

MOSFETs are commonly used in a wide range of

computers and computing
applications, which include the following.

Telecommunications

Further information: RF CMOS § Applications
Apple iPhone smartphone (2007). MOSFETs are the basis for smartphones, each typically containing billions of MOSFETs.[189]

MOSFETs are commonly used in a wide range of telecommunications, which include the following applications.

Power MOSFET applications

Further information: LDMOS § Applications

Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)

See also: Insulated-gate bipolar transistor

The

energy sector, aerospace
electronic devices, and transportation.

The IGBT is widely used in the following applications.

Quantum physics

2D electron gas and quantum Hall effect

Main articles: Two-dimensional electron gas and Quantum Hall effect
A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is present when a MOSFET is in inversion mode, and is found directly beneath the gate oxide.

In

quantum effects by operating high-purity MOSFETs at liquid helium temperatures.[237]

In 1978, the Gakushuin University researchers Jun-ichi Wakabayashi and Shinji Kawaji observed the Hall effect in experiments carried out on the inversion layer of MOSFETs.[239] In 1980, Klaus von Klitzing, working at the high magnetic field laboratory in Grenoble with silicon-based MOSFET samples developed by Michael Pepper and Gerhard Dorda, made the unexpected discovery of the quantum Hall effect.[237][238]

Quantum technology

Further information: QFET

The MOSFET is used in

quantum tunneling to greatly increase the speed of transistor operation.[244]

Transportation

MOSFETs are widely used in transportation.

vehicles
and transportation, which include the following applications.

Automotive industry

Further information: Automotive electronics
electric road vehicles.[92]

MOSFETs are widely used in the

motor vehicles
. Automotive applications include the following.

Power MOSFET applications

vehicles
.

In the automotive industry,[68][55][116] power MOSFETs are widely used in automotive electronics,[91][101][102] which include the following.

IGBT applications

See also: Insulated-gate bipolar transistor § Applications

The

power transistor with characteristics of both a MOSFET and bipolar junction transistor (BJT).[232] IGBTs are widely used in the following transportation applications.[235]

Space industry

power distribution
.

In the

satellites were used to support the Apollo program, enabling the first crewed Moon landing with the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.[245]

The

ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). This combination resulted in advanced power switches that had better performance characteristics than traditional mechanical switches.[112]

Other applications

MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of other applications, which include the following.

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_MOSFET_applications&oldid=1214837700"