Ma'ale Adumim
Ma'ale Adumim
| |
---|---|
City (from 1991) | |
Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• ISO 259 | Maˁle ʔadummim |
• Also spelled | Ma'ale Adummim (official) |
Israeli-occupied) | |
District | Judea and Samaria Area |
Founded | September 21, 1975 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Benny Kashriel |
Area | |
• Total | 49,177 dunams (49.177 km2 or 18.987 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 38,046 |
• Density | 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
Name meaning | Red ascent |
Ma'ale Adumim (
Etymology
The town name Ma'ale Adumim is taken from two mentions made of an area marking the boundaries between two Israelite tribes
The
History
First displacement of Bedouin tribes
The
]Initiation of Israeli settlement
As early as 1968, just after the Six-Day War, Yigal Allon had advanced a proposal to establish a settlement somewhere in the area of Ma'ale Adumim and Jericho.[8] The government of Levi Eshkol did not implement the step, because the political and diplomatic implications were significant, in that it would effectively split the West Bank. It was later opposed by Yehiel Admoni, the then head of the Jewish Agency for Israel's Settlement Department, as lying outside the scope of the Allon Plan,[9] and if the 'Red Ascent' were settled, it would further erode what land might remain over for restoring territory to the Palestinians in a future peace negotiation.[10]
The idea of making an industrial park for Jerusalem in the area of Ma'ale Adumim had been circulating for some years. In August 1974,
Development of the settlement
Problems existed from the start, since there were no budget funds allocated for the project, and ministers opposed it either on financial grounds or out of suspicions that its creation had nothing to do with the establishment of an industrial town, but masked an intention to make a civilian settlement, something opposed by Mapam. Whatever monies were used, Yossi Sarid complained,[14] would detract from funds targeted for Israel's own impoverished development towns. The evidence suggests that the decision was inspired more by political needs, including the perceived need to placate far-right groups, rather than respond to the requirements of the city of Jerusalem.[9] Gershom Gorenberg argues that the cabinet compromise was 'a ruse' that spoke of setting up factory housing when in fact the aim was to create a fully fledged settlement afterwards.[15] Galili himself argued that a settlement between Jericho and East Jerusalem was needed to keep Jordanians away from the Holy City.[5] In an interview several decades later, the mayor of one of the larger settlements claimed that the aim of establishing Ma'ale Adumim was to 'protect Jerusalem from Arabs' and secure the road to the Jordan Valley.[16]
According to the
The boundaries of the settlement were set at some 3,500 hectares in 1979[7] and by the early 90s had extended to 4,350 hectares . [26] Writing in 2003, Cheryl Rubenberg stated that
For the bedouins, as well as for the villagers, loss of their lands meant loss of their agricultural way of life and major transformations in their social life. Today, the area available to the villages together, with a population of approximately 40,000, is some 460 hectares. The area of Ma’ale Adumim with some 26,000 settlers, is 11.5 times greater.’[26]
Displacement of Jahalin Bedouins in 1990s
In the late 1990s, approximately 1,050 Jahalin Bedouins were displaced from land that was now annexed to form part of the settlement.[27] Sewage was used as a tool for displacement. The Israeli Civil Administration disconnected one of the sewage pipes of the Ma'ale Adumim settlement on the hilltop to flood large areas around the Bedouin camp on the lower slopes of the hill. Streams and ponds of polluted matter forced the tribe to relocate.[28]
Court orders required compensation by the Israeli government and they received cash, electricity and water supplies.[27] According to the residents, they had to sell most of their livestock and their Bedouin way of life was forcibly ended.[27]
Attack and planned expansion
After Palestinian gunmen killed one Israeli and injured five Israelis near Ma'ale Adumim, Israel's far-right Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich in February 2024 announced a "settlement response" after speaking to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, as "any harm to us will lead to more construction and more development and more of our hold all over the country", with 2,350 more homes in Ma'ale Adumim being arranged for approval.[29] American Secretary of State Antony Blinken criticized the announcement, stating that new Israeli settlements are "inconsistent with international law" and "counter-productive to reaching an enduring peace", risking "Israel’s security".[29] Haaretz reported that Israel's government in March 2024 progressed the approval of 2,452 more settler homes in Ma'ale Adumim.[30][31]
Urban plans
The chief urban planner was architect
Politics
The mayor of Ma'ale Adumim is Benny Kashriel, who was recently[when?] elected to a third term by a large majority. Today, according to Nathan Thrall:
Although the bloc itself is not officially annexed to Israel, Jewish immigrants from Los Angeles or London may move directly to it, or to any other settlement, and receive a basket of government aid that includes free air travel, a financial grant, subsistence allowances for one year, rent subsidies, low-interest mortgages, Hebrew instruction, tuition benefits, tax discounts, and reduced fees at state-recognized day care centers, of which the bloc contains several.[34]
Geography
The city is surrounded on four sides by the
Economy
Many residents of Ma'ale Adumim are employed in Jerusalem. Others work in Mishor Adumim, Ma'ale Adumim's industrial park, which is located on the road to the Dead Sea, about ten minutes from Jerusalem. The industrial zone houses 220 businesses, [2] among them textile plants, garages, food manufacturers, aluminum and metalworking factories, and printing companies.[36]
Demographics
In 2004, over 70 percent of the residents were secular. According to the municipal spokesman, the overwhelming majority moved to the city not for ideological reasons but for lower-cost housing and higher living standards. In 2004, 48 percent of residents were under the age of 18. Ma'aleh Adumim's unemployment rate was 2.1 percent, far below the national average.[37]
Education and culture
In 2011, Ma'ale Adumim had 21 schools and 80 kindergartens.
Healthcare
Medical services are provided in the city through all four Health maintenance organizations (kupot holim). There is also a large geriatric hospital, Hod Adumim, providing care for recuperating patients and chronic patients. It is also used for senior citizens residence. It has facilities for nursing, the elderly, the handicapped, through the most extreme needs.
Legality
According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from the following Palestinian villages in order to construct Ma'ale Adumim:
- 4,217 al-Eizariya,[40]
- 1,031 dunams from Abu Dis,[41]
- 406 dunams from az-Za'ayyem,[42]
- 2 dunams from Isawiya.[43]
The Israeli human rights organisation B'Tselem criticizes: "The expropriation procedure used in Ma'ale Adummim is unprecedented in the settlement enterprise. Expropriation of land for settlement purposes is forbidden, not only under international law but also according to the long-standing, official position of Israeli governments. Most settlements were built on area that was declared state land or on land that was requisitioned - ostensibly temporarily - for military purposes. It appears that in Ma'ale Adummim, the government decided to permanently expropriate the land because it viewed the area as an integral part of Jerusalem that would forever remain under Israeli control."[46]
In 2005, a report by
In 2008, a project to link Ma'ale Adumim and Jerusalem, known as the
Ma'ale Adumim is widely regarded by the international community as illegal under international law according to the Fourth Geneva Convention (article 49), which prohibits an occupying power transferring citizens from its own territory to occupied territory. Israel maintains that international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the West Bank because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place.[52] This view was rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.[53]
Housing shortage
One of the purposes of establishing Ma'ale Adumim was to supply affordable housing for young couples who could not afford the high cost of homes in Jerusalem. Although the municipal boundaries cover 48,000 dunams, the city has been suffering from an acute housing shortage since 2009 due to the freeze on new construction. As of 2011[update] most of the real estate market was in second-hand properties. [2]
Archaeology
- The
Other archaeological sites on the outskirts of Ma'ale Adumim include:
- Khan el-Hatruri,[37] also known as the Good Samaritan Inn (traditionally associated with an inn mentioned in a parable by Jesus, in Luke 10:30–37)[55]
- The remains of the Monastery of St. Euthymius, built in the 5th century and destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baybars.[56] It is known in Arabic as Khan al-Ahmar, since the buildings were repurposed in the 13th-century as a caravanserai for Muslim pilgrims on the route between Jerusalem and Mecca via Nabi Musa.[57]
Landmarks
The Moshe Castel Museum showcases the work of Israeli artist Moshe Castel.[58]
The Tree of Life is the world's largest artistic representation of an Olive Tree. The model for the tree was a five hundred year old Olive Tree from the Garden of Gethsemane. The Tree is the artistic creation of Jerusalem artist Sam Philipe. The site is a venue for outdoor programming and weddings. [1]
Mizpe Edna is a lookout at the Shofar and Hallil junction.[citation needed]
Notes
Citations
- ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Benzaquen 2011.
- ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ a b Gonen 2000, p. 43.
- ^ a b c d Gorenberg 2006, p. 297.
- ^ Ginbar 1999, p. 152-153.
- ^ a b c B'tselem 2013.
- ^ Ranta 2015, pp. 150–154, p.150.
- ^ a b Ranta 2015, pp. 152–153.
- ^ a b Gorenberg 2006, p. 298.
- ^ Ranta 2015, p. 151.
- ^ Ranta 2015, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Ranta 2015, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Gorenberg 2006, p. 306.
- ^ Gorenberg 2006, p. 305.
- ^ Shlay & Rosen 2015, p. 66.
- ^ Gorenberg 2006, pp. 305, 308.
- ^ Shalev 2009, p. 9.
- ^ McCarthy 2009.
- ^ Gorenberg 2006, p. 309.
- ^ Nissenbaum 2015, p. 121.
- ^ O'Malley 2015, p. 231.
- ^ Lustick 1988, p. 10.
- ^ Leon 2015, p. 49.
- ^ Allegra 2017, p. 60.
- ^ a b Rubenberg 2003, p. 220.
- ^ a b c Abdalla, Jihan. "Israel eyes landfill site for Bedouin nomads". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ Weizman, Eyal (2012). Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation. Verso Books. p. 21.
- ^ a b Frankel, Julia (24 February 2024). "Israel plans to build 3,300 new settlement homes. It says it's a response to a Palestinian attack". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ^ Gritten, David (6 March 2024). "Israel approves plans for 3,400 new homes in West Bank settlements". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Shezaf, Hagar (6 March 2024). "Israel's Approves Construction of 3,476 Housing Units in West Bank Settlements". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Municipality of Ma'ale Adumim". Toshav.co.il. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ a b "The Expansion of Ma'ale Adumim". Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem (ARIJ). Archived from the original on 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2006-02-10.
- New York Review of Books19 March 2021
- ^ Berg, Raffi (2005-11-12). "Israel's 'Linchpin' Settlement". BBC. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ a b "Maaleh Adumim real-estate". Buyit in Israel. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
- ^ a b c Rossner, Rena (2004-06-14). "Jerusalem Report Article". Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ Kehillot Tehilla: Finding the Right Community Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "HOME". Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ).
- ^ El 'Eizariya (including Al Ka’abina) Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 19
- ^ Abu Dis Town Profile Archived 2018-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, ARIJ, pp. 17-18
- ^ Az Za'ayyem Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 16
- ^ 'Isawiya Town Profile, ARIJ, 2012, p. 14
- ^ Shragai, Nadav (2007-03-14). "Peace Now: 32% of land held for settlements is private Palestinian property". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ^ http://mondediplo.com/1999/11/08israel "Maaleh Adumim was established on lands taken from Palestinians, from the villages of Abu Dis, Al Izriyyeh, Al Issawiyyeh, Al Tur and Anata. Other lands had been inhabited for dozen of years by the Jahalin and Sawahareh Bedouin tribes."
- ^ "The Hidden Agenda: The Establishment and Expansion Plans of Ma'ale Adummim and their Human Rights Ramifications | B'Tselem". Btselem.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ Dugard, John (2005-03-03). "Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, Including Palestine" (PDF). Report to the Commission on Human Rights. United Nations. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "Sharon Pledges Settlement Growth". BBC. 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- Ynetnews. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ Lis, Jonathan (January 7, 2008). "Police delay move into new E-1 headquarters, but deny link to presidential visit". Haaretz.
- ^ "Middle East Progress". Archived from the original on July 19, 2012.
- ^ Berg, Raffi (2005-11-12). "Israel's 'linchpin' settlement". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine International Court of Justice, 9 July 2004. pp. 44–45
- ^ "The Monastery of Martyrius at Ma'ale Adummim", Yitzhak Magen, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem 1993
- ^ "Tours from Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ "Historical Sites". Jericho Municipality. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4.
- ^ "Moshe Castel Museum".
Sources
- Allegra, Marco (2017). "'Outside Jerusalem and Yet So Near': Ma'ale Adumim, Jerusalem, and the Suburbanization of Israel's Settlement Policy". In Ariel, Handel; Allegra, Marco; Maggor, Erez (eds.). Normalizing Occupation: The Politics of Everyday Life in the West Bank Settlements. ISBN 978-0-253-02505-0.
- Benzaquen, John (12 May 2011). "Neighborhood Watch: Unsettled market". Jerusalem Post.
- "Ma'ale Adumim Area". B'tselem. 16 November 2013.
- Ginbar, Yuval (July 1999). "On the Way to Annexation: Human Rights Violations Resulting from the Establishment and Expansion of the Ma'ale Adummim Settlement" (PDF). B'tselem.
- Gonen, Rivka (2000). Biblical Holy Places: An Illustrated Guide. ISBN 978-0-809-13974-3.
- ISBN 9781466800540.
- ISBN 978-0-876-09036-7.
- Leon, Nissim (2015). "The Significance of the Yom Kippur War as a Turnibg Point in the Religious-Zionist Society". In Lebel, Udi; Lewin, Eyal (eds.). The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. ISBN 978-1-498-51372-2.
- Nissenbaum, Dion (2015). A Street Divided: Stories From Jerusalem's Alley of God. ISBN 978-1-466-88489-2.
- McCarthy, Rory (24 August 2009). "How settlements in the West Bank are creating a new reality, brick by brick". The Guardian.
- ISBN 978-0-698-19218-8.
- Ranta, Ronald (2015). Political Decision Making and Non-Decisions: The Case of Israel and the Occupied Territories. ISBN 978-1-137-44799-9.
- ISBN 978-1-588-26225-7.
- Shalev, Nir (December 2009). "The Hidden Agenda: Establishment and Expansion Plans of Ma'ale Adummim and their Human Rights Ramifications" (PDF). B'tselem/Bimkom. pp. 1–58.
- Shlay, Anne B.; Rosen, Gillad (2015). Jerusalem: The Spatial Politics of a Divided Metropolis. ISBN 978-0-745-69600-3.
External links
- Official municipal website
- Unofficial city website
- Americans for Peace Now report on E-1 and Ma'ale Adumim
- The Establishment and Expansion Plans of Ma'ale Adummim and their Human Rights Ramifications
- History of Ma'aleh Adummim
- UrbanIsrael Site: About Ma'ale Adumim: Historical, Social and Cultural Links
- Peace Now's Blunder: Erred on Ma'ale Adumim Land by 15,900 Percent
- There is water under the desert
- MAchat - Ma'ale Adumim English Speakers Community Website
- [2]