Ma clique
Ma clique | |
---|---|
馬家軍 | |
Active | 1862–1949 |
Country | |
Commanders | |
Governor of Gansu (1911–1918) | Ma Anliang |
Governor of Qinghai (1915–1928) and Chairman of Qinghai (1929–1931) | Ma Qi |
Governor of Ningxia (1921–1928; 1948–1949) and Governor of Gansu (1930–1931) | Ma Hongbin |
Governor of Qinghai (1931–1938) | Ma Lin |
Governor of Qinghai (1938–1949) | Ma Bufang |
Governor of Ningxia (1931–1948) | Ma Hongkui |
Tao-yins of Kashgar | Ma Fuxing and Ma Shaowu |
Commander of the New 36th Division | Ma Zhongying |
Commander of the New 36th Division | Ma Hushan |
Ma clique | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Mǎ Jiā Jūn(fá) |
other Mandarin | |
Xiao'erjing | ﻣَﺎ ﮐﯿَا کٌ ﻓَﺎ |
The Ma clique or Ma family warlords
Ma Clique
The Ma Clique warlords were all generals in the military of the Republic of China, who controlled most of Mainland China until it was overtaken by the communist People's Liberation Army. The clique was begun by Muslim generals who served in the military of the Qing dynasty, most notably in the Kansu Braves army, who fought in the Boxer Rebellion against invading foreign forces. It was continued by two generations of their descendants.
After the
When the Kuomintang seized power in the Northern Expedition, the Ma Clique warlords became members of the Kuomintang party, and their armies were renamed as divisions of the National Revolutionary Army. The Ma Clique Ninghai Army under General Ma Qi was renamed the National Revolutionary Army 26th Division.
In the
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ma Clique forces fought against the Japanese, Ma Hongbin led his 81st corps to defeat the Japanese at the Battle of Wuyuan. Ma Bufang sent Ma Biao to attack the Japanese army. 40 years before, Ma Biao had fought in the Boxer Rebellion against the Eight Nation Alliance.
Ma Bufang was ordered by the Kuomintang to invade Xinjiang in the 1940s to intimidate and help oust the forces of the pro Soviet Governor Sheng Shicai. The Ma Clique forces also clashed with the forces of the Second East Turkestan Republic during the Ili Rebellion.
The three families of the Ma clique
The first family was headed by
The second family was headed by Ma Qianling.
Ma Haiyan started the third family. He had two sons, Ma Qi, and Ma Lin. Ma Qi had 2 sons, Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang, originally from Monigou Township (漠泥沟乡) in Linxia County.[8] Their father, Ma Qi (1869–1931), was based in Xining, controlling what is today Qinghai Province. Ma Zhongying was Ma Qi's nephew, and thus a cousin of Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang. Ma Hushan was also a member of this family. This family controlled Qinghai province. One Generation of this family had the same Generation name, 步 (Bù), Ma Bufang, Ma Buqing, Ma Bukang, Ma Buluan, and Ma Zhongying (whose original name was Ma Buying) all had the Bu character in their names and were of the same generation, all being grandsons of Ma Haiyan.
-
Ma Bufang
-
Ma Hongkui
-
Ma Zhongying
-
Ma Lin
History
The Ma clique traces its origins to the officers of Qing dynasty General Dong Fuxiang. General Ma Anliang was the de facto leader of the Muslims of northwest China.[9]
The Three (or Five) Ma took control of the region during the Warlord Era, siding first with the Guominjun and then the Kuomintang; they fought against the Red Army during the Long March and the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Ma Clique controlled vast amounts of land in the northwest, including Xining and Hezhou.[10]
The Qing dynasty had granted Ma Bufang's family a yellow standard which had his family name "Ma" on it. Ma Bufang continued to use this standard in battle.[11]
During one campaign against the Communists in the Civil War, in Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, Muslim soldiers numbered 31,000.[12]
During the final stages of the Chinese Civil War, the Ma fought for the Kuomintang side in defiance until the communists wiped out his cavalry and took Gansu in August 1949, just months before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Upon the arrival of communist forces, Ma Hongbin had little possibility of winning and joined to communists' side. He was appointed vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) of Gansu province. He later died in Lanzhou in 1960. Ma Hongkui fled with the Kuomintang to Taiwan. He was indicted by Republic of China Control Yuan as a scapegoat. He later migrated to the United States, where he died on January 14, 1970.
Ma Bufang with his son Ma Jiyuan fled by an airplane from Qinghai to Chongqing, then Hong Kong. In October 1949, Chiang Kai-shek urged him to return to the Northwest to resist the PLA, but he chose to migrate to Saudi Arabia with more than 200 relatives and subordinates, in the name of hajj. He later worked as the first ambassador to Saudi Arabia for the Republic of China.
Ma Lin's eldest son Ma Burong defected to the Communists after 1949 and donated 10,000 Yuan to support Chinese troops in the Korean War. One of Ma Chengxiang's Hui officers, Ma Fuchen 馬輔臣, defected to the Communists.[13][14]
Ma Guoliang's son Ma Tingbin became a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference after defecting to the Communists.
List of Ma clique generals and officers
First family
- Ma Zhanao
- Ma Anliang
- Ma Guoliang
- Ma Suiliang
- Ma Tingxiang
- Ma Tingxian
- Ma Tingbin aka Ma Quanqin
- Ma Jieqin
Second family
- Ma Qianling
- Ma Fuxiang
- Ma Fulu
- Ma Fushou
- Ma Fucai
- Ma Hongbin
- Ma Hongkui
- Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)
- Ma Dunjing (1910–2003)
- Ma Dunhou (Ma Tung-hou)
- Ma Dunren
Officers
Third family
- Ma Haiyan
- Ma Haiyuan
- Ma Qi
- Ma Lin
- Ma Bao
- Ma Guzhong
- Ma Liang (general)
- Ma Yuanxiang
- Ma Bufang
- Ma Buqing
- Ma Bukang
- Ma Buluan
- Ma Burong
- Ma Buyuan
- Ma Zhongying (Ma Buying)
- Ma Zhenwu
- Ma Hushan
- Ma Xuyuan
- Ma Weiguo
- Ma Jiyuan
- Ma Chengxiang
- Ma Biao (general)
- Ma Burong
Officers
- Han Youwen
- Han Yimu
- Ma Zhancang
- Ma Fuyuan
- Ma Shiming
- Ma Ju-lung
- Pai Tzu-li
- Ma Sheng-kuei
- Su Chin-shou
- Ma Xizhen
Family trees
Below are the family trees of the Ma Clique.[15][16] These trees are not exhaustive.
First family
Ma Zhanao (Ma Zhan'ao or Ma Chan-ao) 馬占鰲 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Anliang (Ma An-liang) 馬安良 | Ma Guoliang (Ma Kuo-liang) 馬國良 | Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Tingxiang (Ma T'ing-hsiang) 馬廷勷 | Ma Tingxian (Ma T'ing-hsien) 馬廷賢 | Ma Tingbin (Ma T'ing-pin) 馬廷斌 aka Ma Quanqin 馬全欽 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second family
Ma Qianling (Ma Ch'ien-ling) 馬千齡 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Fushou (Ma Fu-shou) 馬福壽 | Ma Fucai (Ma Fu-ts'ai) 馬福財 | Ma Fulu (Ma Fu-lu) 馬福綠 | Ma Fuxiang (Ma Fu-hsiang) 馬福祥 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Hongbin (Ma Hung-pin, misspelled as Ma Hung-ping) 馬鴻賓 | Ma Hongkui (Ma Hung-kuei or Ma Hung-kwei) 馬鴻逵 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Dunjing (Ma Tun-ching) 馬惇靖 | Ma Dunhou (Ma Tun-hou, misspelled as Ma Tung-hou) 馬敦厚 | Ma Dunjing (Ma Tun-ching) 馬敦靜 | Ma Dunren (Ma Tun-jen) 馬敦仁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third family
Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Haiyuan (Ma Hai-yüan) 馬海淵 | Ma Haiyan (Ma Hai-yan) 馬海晏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Bao (Ma Pao) 馬寶 | Ma Guzhong (Ma Ku-chung) 馬?? | Ma Qi (Ma Ch'i) 馬麒 | Ma Lin 馬麟 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Zhongying (Ma Chung-ying) 馬仲英 (Ma Buying, Ma Pu-ying 馬步英) | Ma Buqing (Ma Pu-ch'ing) 馬步青 | Ma Bufang (Ma Pu-fang) 馬步芳 | Ma Burong (Ma Pu-jung) 馬步榮 | Ma Buyuan (Ma Pu-yüan) 馬步援 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma Xuyuan (Ma Hsü-yüan) 馬緒援 | Ma Weiguo (Ma Wei-kuo) 馬衛國 | Ma Jiyuan (Ma Chi-yüan) 馬繼援 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other notable family members
Outer notable family members include:
List of wars fought by the Ma clique
- Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
- Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
- First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)
- Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)
- Xinhai Revolution(1911)
- National Protection War (1915–1916)
- Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)
- Golok conflicts (1917–1949)
- Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
- Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934)
- Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932
- Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (1934)
- Xinjiang War (1937)
- Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
- Ili Rebellion (1944–1949)
- Kuomintang Islamic insurgency (1950–1958)
See also
- Warlord Era
- History of the Republic of China
- List of Warlords
References
- ISBN 962-209-468-6.
- ^ Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China. Chapter 4, "Moslem and Marxist". Numerous editions.
- ISBN 0-7425-1144-8. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ Lipman (1998), pp. 167–172
- ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ "临夏旅游" (Linxia Tourism), published by Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture Tourist Board, 2003. 146 pages. No ISBN. pp. 68–69.
- ^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979). Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5–7. p. 35. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ISBN 0-674-11968-1. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-316-16708-6. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ The China monthly review, Volumes 80–81. J.W. Powell. 1937. p. 56. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "怀念马辅臣先生". Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ "马辅臣--民族工商业家". Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul., 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc.. p. 291. JSTOR 189017.
- ^ 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表
Bibliography
- Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 285–316. S2CID 143843569.