Maar

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For other uses, see Maar (disambiguation).
Look up maar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The ten-day phreatomagmatic eruption that formed the Ukinrek maars
The Devil Mountain Lakes on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska – the largest maar-based lakes in the world

A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake, which may also be called a maar.[1]

Maars range in size from 20 to 3,000 m (66 to 9,800 ft) across and from 5 to 200 m (20 to 700 ft) deep.[2][3] Most maars fill with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme.[3]

Etymology

The name maar comes from a

Daun area of Germany. The word evolved from its first use in German in the modern geological sense in 1819 and is now used in English and in the geological sciences as the term for the explosion crater, even if water from rainfall might always have drained from the crater after the formation event. This extension in meaning was due to recognising that the lake may no longer exist. Since maar lakes are formed after initially ground or subsurface water interacts with a magma intrusion to create an explosion crater, the name came to be used for the crater type as well.[Note 1] The present definition of the term[1] relates to both its common and scientific discourse use in language over two centuries. Depending upon context there may be other descriptors available to use in the geological sciences such as the term tuff ring or maar-diatreme volcanoes.[4] These last are volcanoes produced by explosive eruptions that cut deeply into the country rock with the maar being "the crater cut into the ground and surrounded by an ejecta ring".[4] A 2011 geological clarification of a maar is "Maar volcanoes are distinguished from other small volcanoes in having craters with their floor lying below the pre-eruptive surface".[4]

Maar lakes and dry maars

Maar lakes, also referred to simply as maars, occur when groundwater or precipitation fills the funnel-shaped and usually round hollow of the maar depression formed by volcanic explosions. Examples of these types of maar are the three maars at Daun in the Eifel mountains of Germany.

A dry maar results when a maar lake dries out, becomes

silted up. An example of the latter is the Eckfelder Maar. Near Steffeln is the Eichholzmaar (also called the Gussweiher) which has dried out during the last century and is being renaturalised into a maar. In some cases the underlying rock is so porous that maar lakes are unable to form. After winters of heavy snow and rainfall many dry maars fill partially and temporarily with water; others contain small bogs or often artificial ponds that, however, only occupy part of the hollow.[citation needed
]

Distribution

The largest known maars are found at Espenberg on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska. These maars range in size from 4,000 to 8,000 m (13,000 to 26,000 ft) in diameter and a depth up to 300 m (980 ft). These eruptions occurred in a period of about 100,000 years, with the youngest (the Devil Mountain Maar) occurring about 17,500 years ago. Their large size is due to the explosive reaction that occurs when magma comes into contact with permafrost. Hydromagmatic eruptions are increasingly explosive when the ratio of water to magma is low. Since permafrost melts slowly, it provides a steady source of water to the eruption while keeping the water to magma ratio low. This produces the prolonged, explosive eruptions that created these large maars. Examples of the Seward Peninsula maars include North Killeak Maar, South Killeak Maar, Devil Mountain Maar and Whitefish Maar.[5]

Maars occur in western North America,

Bayuda Volcanic Field. The Auckland volcanic field in the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand has several maars, including the readily accessible Lake Pupuke in the North Shore suburb of Takapuna
.

One of the most notable craters misidentified as a maar is Arizona's Meteor Crater; for many years this was thought to be of volcanic rather than meteoric origin.[7]

Examples

Germany

Eifel maars
The three maars at Daun (from front to rear): the Gemündener, Weinfelder and Schalkenmehrener Maar
Weinfelder Maar
Schalkenmehrener Maar

In the

eroded and their shapes and volcanic features are not as obvious as those of more recent or even active maars elsewhere in the early. Nevertheless, the maars of the Eifel are well preserved.[8]

Water-filled maars of the Eifel
Name
Geo-coordinates
 		Location
near/between 		Area
in ha 		Depth[9]
in m 		Remarks
Eichholzmaar (50°16′19″N 6°33′54″E / 50.27194°N 6.56500°E / 50.27194; 6.56500 (Eichholzmaar)) Duppach, Steffeln 1.1 3.2 Smallest permanent Eifel maar lake
Gemündener Maar (50°10′39″N 6°50′11″E / 50.17750°N 6.83639°E / 50.17750; 6.83639 (Gemündener Maar)) Gemünden 7.2 39.0
Holzmaar (50°7′9″N 6°52′43″E / 50.11917°N 6.87861°E / 50.11917; 6.87861 (Holzmaar)) Eckfeld, Gillenfeld 6.8 21.0 Crossed by a stream
Immerather Maar (50°7′19″N 6°57′31″E / 50.12194°N 6.95861°E / 50.12194; 6.95861 (Immerather Maar)) Immerath, Strotzbüsch 6.0 2.9 Shallowest of all Eifel maar lakes
Meerfelder Maar (50°6′2″N 6°45′23″E / 50.10056°N 6.75639°E / 50.10056; 6.75639 (Meerfelder Maar)) Deudesfeld, Meerfeld 24.0 17.0
Pulvermaar (50°7′52″N 6°55′34″E / 50.13111°N 6.92611°E / 50.13111; 6.92611 (Pulvermaar)) Gillenfeld, Immerath 38.48 72.0 Deepest and largest maar lake in Germany
Schalkenmehrener Maar (50°10′10″N 6°51′29″E / 50.16944°N 6.85806°E / 50.16944; 6.85806 (Schalkenmehrener Maar)) Gemünden, Schalkenmehren 21.6 21.0
Ulmener Maar (50°12′36″N 6°58′59″E / 50.21000°N 6.98306°E / 50.21000; 6.98306 (Ulmener Maar))
Ulmen
 6.0 37.0 Most recent maar in the Eifel
Weinfelder Maar (50°10′35″N 6°51′1″E / 50.17639°N 6.85028°E / 50.17639; 6.85028 (Weinfelder Maar)) Gemünden, Schalkenmehren 16.8 51.0 Also called the Totenmaar
Dry maars of the Eifel
Schalkenmehrener "dry" Maar
The Trockenmaar on the Hohe List
(1 km SW of Schalkenmehren)

In the Eifel and Volcanic Eifel there are numerous dry maars:

Broader use of the term maar

The following volcanic features are often colloquially referred to as a "maar" or "maar lake", although they are not, strictly speaking, maars:

Maars outside the Eifel

In Germany there are also several maars outside of the Eifel. A well-known example is the

Hammerunterwiesenthal
, the Hammerunterwiesenthal Maar formed about 30 million years ago during the Oligocene; the maar measures 2 kilometres from east to west and 1.4 kilometres from north to south.

Rest of Europe

Gour de Tazenat, Chaîne des Puys, France

The

Alban Mountains is a complex maar, and there is also a submarine maar (Kolumbo) near Santorini in Greece. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field in Spain contains numerous maars; a typical example being the maar of Hoya del Mortero at Poblete in the Province of Ciudad Real
.

Active maars were commonplace in Fife and Lothian, Scotland during the Carboniferous period.[11] The location of one such maar was Elie Ness.[12]

Americas

Kilbourne Hole in the Potrillo volcanic field of New Mexico

Active maar volcanoes are mainly known outside Europe.

In the US there are numerous maar areas, such as in Alaska (

Hunt's Hole), and Zuñi Salt Lake
in New Mexico.

In Central Mexico, the Tarascan volcanic field contains several maars in the states of

Guanajuato. In Nicaragua is the maar of Laguna de Xiloa, part of the Apoyeque volcano. From South America, there are known maars in Chile (e.g. Cerro Overo and Cerro Tujle in northern Chile). Jayu Khota is a maar in Bolivia
.

Middle East and Africa

The maar of

Bayuda Volcanic Field in the Sudan and Lake Nyos in the Oku Volcanic Field in Cameroon). In Saudi Arabia the Al Wahbah crater formed as a result of a maar eruption.[14]

Asia and Oceania

Blue Lake / Warwar, a maar at Mount Gambier, South Australia

In Japan there are maars in the

Kirishima-Yaku National Park on Kyushu. These include the several maars of the Ibusuki volcanic field such as Lake Unagi.[15] On Honshu in Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park there is Kagamiike Pond as well as many on the volcanic island of Miyake-jima, Izu Islands (Furumio, Mi'ike, Mizutamari, Shinmio).[citation needed
]

Koranga Maar and Numundo Maar are in

Province of Laguna on the island of Luzon in the Philippines contains maars.[citation needed
]

The

Victoria, Australia, has numerous maars, such as Mount Gambier, Mount Schank and Tower Hill, whose complex system of nested maars is enclosed by one of the largest maars in the world.[16][17]

Tower Hill Lake at Tower Hill Wildlife Preserve, one of the world's largest maars

better source needed
]

Gallery

See also

  • Tuff ring
     – Volcanic eruption involving both steam and magma
  • Tuff cone
     – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
  • Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber

Footnotes

  1. ^ Notes:
    • According to German Wikipedia's "Maar" article, in 1544 in his book Cosmographia, Sebastian Münster (1488–1552) first applied the word "maar" (as Marh) to the Ulmener Maar and the Laacher See.[unreliable source] See: Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (Basel, Switzerland: Heinrich Petri, 1544), p. 341. From p. 341: "Item zwen namhafftiger seen seind in der Eyfel / einer bey de schloß Ulmen / und ein ander bey dem Closter züm Laich / die seind sere tieff / habe kein ynflüß aber vil außflüß / die nennet man Marh unnd seind fischreich." (Also two noteworthy lakes are in the Eifel, one by the Ulmen castle, and another by the monastery at Laich ; they are very deep ; [they] have no streams flowing in but many flowing out ; one calls them "maars" and [they] are rich in fish.)
    • In 1819, Johann Steininger (1794–1874), a secondary-school teacher from Trier, coined the term "maar" in its modern sense. See: Steininger, J., Geognostische Studien am Mittelrhein [Geological studies on the middle Rhein] (Mainz, (Germany): Kupferberg, 1819).
    • In 1825, George Julius Poulett Scrope (1797–1876) introduced the term "maar" into English. See: Scrope, G.P., Considerations on Volcanoes (London, England: Philipps, 1825), p. 166.
    • Horst Noll, a geologist at the University of Köln (Cologne), Germany, said that the local term maar might even have derived from the Latin word mare (i.e. sea) and been introduced into local language during the Roman occupation of the West Eifel. See: Noll, H. (1967) "Maare und Maar-ähnliche Explosionskrater in Island. Ein Vergleich mit dem Maar-Vulkanismus der Eifel" (Maars and maar-like explosion craters in Iceland. A comparison with the maar-volcanism of the Eifel.), Special publication of the Geological Institute of the University of Köln, p. 1.
    • Wilhelm Meyer, Geologie der Eifel [Geology of the Eifel] (Stuttgart, Germany: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1986), p. 311.
    • Herbert Lutz and Volker Lorenz (2013) "Early volcanological research in the Vulkaneifel, Germany, the classic region of maar–diatreme volcanoes: the years 1774–1865." On-line publication of Springer International Publishing, Berlin, Germany.
    • The American Heritage Dictionary states that the word "maar" derives from the Latin mare (sea), as does the German language Universal Lexikon.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-631-20473-3
    .
  2. S2CID 128423499
    .
  3. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.02.015
    .
  4. ^
    ISSN 0377-0273
    .
  5. doi:10.14430/arctic1184
  6. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Pali Aike, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [1]
  7. ^ Treiman, A. (6 September 2003). "Meteor Crater I". The Great Desert: Geology and Life on Mars and in the Southwest. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  8. ISBN 978-3-510-65127-6
    .
  9. ^ Seetiefe der Maare bei mittlerem Wasserstand
  10. ^ Wilhelm Meyer. "Die Geologie". Heimatjahrbuch 2006 (in German). Kreis Ahrweiler. Archived from the original on 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2016-01-21. zu Ungeklärte Herkunft des Rodder Maars
  11. ISBN 978-1780465418
    . Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  12. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.08.001
    . Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  13. S2CID 129220670
    .
  14. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1996.00006.x
    .
  15. ISSN 0453-4360
    .
  16. ^ "History & Heritage". Tower Hill (Worn Gundidj Corporation). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  17. ^ "Tower Hill". Victorian Resources Online. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  18. ^ Hancock, Farah (2019-05-10). "Dunedin's 'Pompeii' to be mined to make pig food". Newsroom. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  19. ^ Beanland, Sarah (1981). The Rotokawau eruption (Thesis).
  20. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.010
    .

Literature

External links

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