Macedonian language
Macedonian | |
---|---|
македонски makedonski | |
Pronunciation | [maˈkɛdɔnski] |
Native to | North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia |
Region | Balkans |
Ethnicity | Macedonians |
Native speakers | (1.4–3.5 million cited 1999–2011)[1][2] |
Indo-European
| |
Dialects | |
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | North Macedonia |
Recognised minority language in | |
Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | mk |
ISO 639-2 | mac (B) mkd (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mkd |
Glottolog | mace1250 |
Linguasphere | 53-AAA-ha (part of 53-AAA-h) |
The Macedonian-speaking world:[image reference needed] regions where Macedonian is the language of the majority regions where Macedonian is the language of a minority | |
Macedonian (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniən/ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ən; македонски јазик, translit. makedonski jazik, pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] ⓘ) is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the Indo-European language family, and is one of the Slavic languages, which are part of a larger Balto-Slavic branch. Spoken as a first language by around two million people, it serves as the official language of North Macedonia. Most speakers can be found in the country and its diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia. Macedonian is also a recognized minority language in parts of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, and Serbia and it is spoken by emigrant communities predominantly in Australia, Canada and the United States.
Macedonian developed out of the western
Linguists distinguish 29
Macedonian vocabulary has been historically influenced by
The fifth of May, the day when the government of
Macedonian belongs to the
Macedonian, like the other Eastern South Slavic idioms has characteristics that make it part of the Balkan sprachbund, a group of languages that share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on areal convergence, rather than genetic proximity.[16] In that sense, Macedonian has experienced convergent evolution with other languages that belong to this group such as Greek, Aromanian, Albanian and Romani due to cultural and linguistic exchanges that occurred primarily through oral communication.[16]
Macedonian and Bulgarian are divergent from the remaining South Slavic languages in that they do not use
According to Chambers and Trudgill, the question whether Bulgarian and Macedonian are distinct languages or dialects of a single language cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, but should rather take into account sociolinguistic criteria, i.e., ethnic and linguistic identity.[20] This view is supported by Jouko Lindstedt, who has suggested the reflex of the back yer as a potential boundary if the application of purely linguistic criteria were possible.[21][22]
As for the
History
The
The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian through the written use of
The period between 1840 and 1870, saw a struggle to define the dialectal base of the common language called simply "Bulgarian", with two opposing views emerging.[34][36] One ideology was to create a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects, but such proposals were rejected by the Bulgarian codifiers.[32][36] That period saw poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian.[38] Textbooks also used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Macedo-Bulgarian language.[39] Subsequently, proponents of the idea of using a separate Macedonian language emerged.[40]
Geographical distribution
Although the precise number of
Outside North Macedonia, there are small ethnic Macedonian minorities that speak Macedonian in neighboring countries including 4.697 in Albania (1989 census),[46] 1,609 in Bulgaria (2011 census)[47] and 12,706 in Serbia (2011 census).[48] The exact number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece is difficult to ascertain due to the country's policies. Estimates of Slavophones ranging anywhere between 50,000 and 300,000 in the last decade of the 20th century have been reported.[49][50] Approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside North Macedonia per 1964 estimates with Australia, Canada, and the United States being home to the largest emigrant communities. Consequently, the number of speakers of Macedonian in these countries include 66,020 (2016 census),[51] 15,605 (2016 census)[52] and 22,885 (2010 census), respectively.[53] Macedonian also has more than 50,000 native speakers in countries of Western Europe, predominantly in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.[54]
The Macedonian language has the status of an official language only in North Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of Albania (Pustec),[55][56] Romania, Serbia (Jabuka and Plandište)[5] and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] There are provisions to learn Macedonian in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group.[4] Macedonian is studied and taught at various universities across the world and research centers focusing on the language are found at universities across Europe (France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia) as well as Australia, Canada and the United States (Chicago and North Carolina).[57]
Dialects
During the standardization process of the Macedonian language, the dialectal base selected was primarily based on the West-Central dialects, which spans the triangle of the communities Makedonski Brod, Kičevo, Demir Hisar, Bitola, Prilep, and Veles. These were considered the most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers from other regions.[58] The initial idea to select this region as a base was first proposed in Krste Petkov Misirkov's works as he believed the Macedonian language should abstract on those dialects that are distinct from neighboring Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Serbian.[59]
Dialect divisions of Macedonian per Macedonian dialectology.[22][60] | |
Lower Polog / Tetovo Crna Gora Kumanovo / Kratovo (Torlakian dialects)
Central Drimkol / Golo Brdo Reka Debar Small Reka / Galičnik Upper Polog / Gostivar Vevčani / Radοžda Upper Prespa / Ohrid
|
Mariovo / Tikveš Štip / Strumica Maleševo / Pirin
Solun / Voden Ser / Drama
Lower Prespa Korča Kostur Nestram
|
Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern, Western and Northern groups. The boundary between them geographically runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna.[26] There are numerous isoglosses between these dialectal variations, with structural differences in phonetics, prosody (accentuation), morphology and syntax.[26] The Western group of dialects can be subdivided into smaller dialectal territories, the largest group of which includes the central dialects.[61] The linguistic territory where Macedonian dialects were spoken also span outside the country and within the region of Macedonia, including Pirin Macedonia into Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia into Greece.[16]
Variations in consonant pronunciation occur between the two groups, with most Western regions losing the /x/ and the /v/ in intervocalic position (глава (head): /ɡlava/ = /ɡla/: глави (heads): /ɡlavi/ = /ɡlaj/) while Eastern dialects preserve it. Stress in the Western dialects is generally fixed and falls on the antepenultimate syllable while Eastern dialects have non-fixed stress systems that can fall on any syllable of the word,[62] that is also reminiscent of Bulgarian dialects. Additionally, Eastern dialects are distinguishable by their fast tonality, elision of sounds and the suffixes for definiteness. The Northern dialectal group is close to South Serbian and Torlakian dialects and is characterized by 46–47 phonetic and grammatical isoglosses.[63]
In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the
- Macedonian
- Western dialects
- Ohrid-Prespa Group: Ohrid dialect, Struga dialect, Vevčani-Radožda dialect, Upper Prespa dialect and Lower Prespa dialect.
- Debar Group: Gora dialect
- Polog Group: Upper Polog dialect (Gostivar dialect), Lower Polog dialect (Tetovo dialect), Prilep-Bitola dialect, Kičevo-Poreče dialect and Skopje-Veles dialect
- Kostur-Korča Group: Korča dialect, Kostur dialect and Nestram-Kostenar dialect
- Eastern dialects
- Northern Group: Kumanovo dialect, Kratovo dialect, Kriva Palanka dialect and Ovče Pole dialect
- Eastern Group: Štip - Kočani dialect, Strumica dialect, Tikveš-Mariovo dialect, Maleševo-Pirin dialect, Solun-Voden dialect and Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect.
- Western dialects
Phonology
The
Vowels
The Macedonian language contains 5 vowels which are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/. For the pronunciation of the middle vowels /е/ and /о/ by native Macedonian speakers, various vowel sounds can be produced ranging from [ɛ] to [ẹ] and from [o] to [ọ]. Unstressed vowels are not reduced, although they are pronounced more weakly and shortly than stressed ones, especially if they are found in a stressed syllable.[66][67] The five vowels and the letter р (/r/) which acts as a vowel when found between two consonants (e.g. црква, "church"), can be syllable-forming.[62]
The
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɛ | (ə) | ɔ |
Open | a |
Consonants
The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants (согласки):
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪1
|
ɲ | |||
Plosive
|
voiceless | p | t̪
|
c3 | k | |
voiced | b | d̪
|
ɟ3 | ɡ | ||
Affricate
|
voiceless | t̪͡s̪
|
t͡ʃ | |||
voiced | d̪͡z̪
|
d͡ʒ | ||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s̪
|
ʃ | x2 | |
voiced | v | z̪
|
ʒ | |||
Approximant
|
ɫ̪1
|
l
|
j | |||
Trill | r1
|
^3 They exhibit different pronunciations depending on dialect. They are dorso-palatal stops in the standard language and are pronounced as such by some native speakers.[71]
Stress
The
Linking occurs when two or more words are pronounced with the same stress. Linking is a common feature of the Macedonian language. This linguistic phenomenon is called акцентска целост and is denoted with a
Grammar
Macedonian grammar is markedly
Nouns
Macedonian nouns (именки) belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and are inflected for number (singular and plural), and marginally for case. The gender opposition is not distinctively marked in the plural.[77] Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant or a vowel (-a, -o or -e) and neuter nouns end in a vowel (-o or -e). Virtually all feminine nouns end in the same vowel, -a.[75]
The vocative of nouns is the only remaining case in the Macedonian language and is used to address a person directly. The vocative case always ends with a vowel, which can be either an -у (јунаку: hero vocative) or an -e (човече: man vocative) to the root of masculine nouns. For feminine nouns, the most common final vowel ending in the vocative is -o (душо, sweetheart vocative; жено, wife vocative). The final suffix -e can be used in the following cases: three or polysyllabic words with the ending -ица (мајчице, mother vocative), female given names that end with -ка: Ратка becomes Ратке and -ја: Марија becomes Марије or Маријо. There is no vocative case in neuter nouns. The role of the vocative is only facultative and there is a general tendency of vocative loss in the language since its use is considered impolite and dialectal.[78] The vocative can also be expressed by changing the tone.[75][79]
There are three different types of plural: regular, counted and
Definiteness
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Unspecified | мажот | жената | детето | мажите/жените | децата | |
Proximate | мажов | женава | детевo | маживе/жениве | децава | |
Distal | мажон | женана | детенo | мажине/женине | децана |
A characteristic feature of the nominal system is the indication of
- Definite articles -ов, -ва, -во, -ве are used for objects located close to the speaker (човеков: - this person here)
- Definite articles -он, -на, -но, -не are used for objects located further away from the speaker that can still be perceived (женана: - that woman there)
- Definite articles -от, -та, -то, -те are most commonly used as general indicators of definiteness regardless of the referred object's position (детето: the child). Additionally, these suffixes can be used to indicate objects referred to by the speaker that are in the proximity of the listener, e.g. дај ми ја книгата што е до тебе - give me the book next to you.[70]
Adjectives
Adjectives accompany nouns and serve to provide additional information about their referents. Macedonian adjectives agree in form with the noun they modify and are thus inflected for gender, number and definiteness and убав changes to убава (убава жена, a beautiful woman) when used to describe a feminine noun, убаво when used to describe a neuter noun (убаво дете, a beautiful child) and убави when used to form the plural (убави мажи, убави жени, убави деца).[75]
Adjectives can be analytically inflected for degree of
Pronouns
Three types of pronouns can be distinguished in Macedonian:
- Personal pronoun: Јас читам книга. ("I am reading a book")
- Direct object pronoun: Таа мене ме виде во киното. ("She saw me at the cinema")
- Indirect object pronoun: Тој мене ми рече да дојдам. ("He told me to come")
Relative pronouns can refer to a person (кој, која, кое - who), objects (што - which) or serve as indicators of possession (чиј, чија, чие - whose) in the function of a question or a relative word. These pronouns are inflected for gender and number and other word forms can be derived from them (никој - nobody, нешто - something, сечиј - everybody's). There are three groups of demonstrative pronouns that can indicate proximate (овој - this one (mas.)), distal (онаа - the one there (fem.)) and unspecific (тоа - that one (neut.)) objects. These pronouns have served as a basis for the definite article.[70][75]
Person | Singular | Direct object | Indirect object | Plural | Direct object | Indirect object |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | јас | мене ме | мене ми | ние | нас нѐ | нам ни |
2. | ти вие (formal) |
тебе те вас ве (formal) |
тебе ти вас ви (formal) |
вие | вас ве | вас ви |
3. | тој (masculine) таа (feminine) тоа (neuter) |
него го (masc./neut.) неа ја (fem.) |
нему му (masc./neut.) нејзе ѝ (fem.) |
тие | нив ги | ним им |
Verbs
Macedonian verbs agree with the subject in person (first, second or third) and number (singular or plural). Some dependent verb constructions (нелични глаголски форми) such as verbal adjectives (глаголска придавка: плетен/плетена), verbal l-form (глаголска л-форма: играл/играла) and verbal noun (глаголска именка: плетење) also demonstrate gender. There are several other grammatical categories typical of Macedonian verbs, namely type, transitiveness, mood, superordinate aspect (imperfective/perfective aspect).[82] Verb forms can also be classified as simple, with eight possible verb constructions or complex with ten possible constructions.[75]
Macedonian has developed a grammatical category which specifies the opposition of witnessed and reported actions (also known as renarration). Per this grammatical category, one can distinguish between минато определено i.e. definite past, denoting events that the speaker witnessed at a given definite time point, and минато неопределено i.e. indefinite past denoting events that did not occur at a definite time point or events reported to the speaker, excluding the time component in the latter case. Examples: Но, потоа се случија работи за кои не знаев ("But then things happened that I did not know about") vs. Ми кажаа дека потоа се случиле работи за кои не знаев ("They told me that after, things happened that I did not know about").[83]
Tense
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1. | сум, бев, сум бил, ќе бидам | сме, бевме, сме биле, ќе бидеме |
2. | си, беше, си бил, ќе бидеш | сте, бевте, сте биле, ќе бидете |
3. | е, беше, бил, ќе биде | се, беа, биле, ќе бидат |
The present tense in Macedonian is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem which is inflected per person, form and number of the subject. Macedonian verbs are conventionally divided into three main conjugations according to the
These groups are: a-group, e-group and и-group. Furthermore, the и-subgroup is divided into three more subgroups: а-, е- and и-subgroups. The verb сум (to be) is the only exception to the rule as it ends with a consonant and is conjugated as an irregular verb.The perfect tense can be formed using both to be (сум) and to have (има) as
Future forms of verbs are conjugated using the particle ќе followed by the verb conjugated in present tense, ќе одам (I will go). The construction used to express negation in the future can be formed by either adding the negation particle at the beginning не ќе одам (I will not go) or using the construction нема да (нема да одам). There is no difference in meaning, although the latter form is more commonly used in spoken language. Another future tense is future in the past which is formed using the clitic ќе and the past tense of the verb inflected for person, таа ќе заминеше ("she would have left").[75]
Aspect, voice and mood
Similar to other Slavic languages, Macedonian verbs have a grammatical aspect (глаголски вид) that is a typical feature of Slavic languages. Verbs can be divided into imperfective (несвршени) and perfective (свршени) indicating actions whose time duration is unknown or occur repetitively or those that show an action that is finished in one moment. The former group of verbs can be subdivided into verbs which take place without interruption (e.g. Тој спие цел ден, "He sleeps all day long) or those that signify repeated actions (e.g. Ја бараше книгата но не можеше да ја најде, "He was looking for the book but he could not find it"). Perfective verbs are usually formed by adding prefixes to the stem of the verb, depending on which, they can express actions that took place in one moment (чукна, "knocked"), actions that have just begun (запеа, "start to sing"), actions that have ended (прочита, "read") or partial actions that last for short periods of time (поработи, "worked").[75]
The contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs can be expressed analytically or syntactically and virtually all verbs denoting actions performed by living beings can become transitive if a short personal pronoun is added: Тоj легна ("He laid down") vs. Тоj го легна детето ("He laid the child down"). Additionally, verbs which are expressed with the reflexive pronoun се can become transitive by using any of the contracted pronoun forms for the direct object: Тој се смее - He is laughing, vs. Тој ме смее - "He is making me laugh"). Some verbs such as sleep or die do not traditionally have the property of being transitive.[84]
Macedonian verbs have three
Syntax
Macedonian syntax has a
- Мачката ја каса кучето. – The dog bites the cat (the focus is on the object)
- Кучето мачката ја каса. – The dog bites the cat (the focus is on the object)
- Мачката кучето ја каса. – The dog bites the cat (the focus is on the subject)
- Ја каса кучето мачката. – The dog bites the cat (the focus is on both the subject and the verb)
- Ја каса мачката кучето. – The dog bites the cat (the focus is on the verb and the object)[86]
Macedonian is a null-subject language which means that the subject pronoun can be omitted, for instance Што сакаш (ти)? (what do you want?), (јас) читам книга (I am reading a book), (ние) го видовме (we saw him).[85] Macedonian passive construction is formed using the short reflexive pronoun се (девојчето се уплаши, the girl got scared) or a combination of the verb "to be" with verbal adjectives (Тој е миен, he is washed). In the former case, the active-passive distinction is not very clear.[84] Subordinate clauses in Macedonian are introduced using relativizers, which can be wh-question words or relative pronouns.[87] A glossed example of this is:
човек-от
person-DEF
со
with
кого(што)
whom(that)
се
ITR
шета-ше
stroll-3SG.IM
вчера
yesterday
the person with whom he walked yesterday[87]
Due to the absence of a case system, Macedonian makes wide use of
Vocabulary
Macedonian exhibits lexical similarities with all other Slavic languages, and numerous nouns are cognates, including those related to familial relations and numbers.
During the standardization process, there was deliberate care taken to try to purify the lexicon of the language. Words that were associated with the Serbian or Bulgarian standard languages, which had become common due to the influence of these languages in the region, were rejected in favor of words from native dialects and archaisms. This is not to say that there are no words associated with the Serbian, Bulgarian, or even Russian standard languages in the language, but rather that they were discouraged on a principle of "seeking native material first".[91]
The language of the writers at the turn of the 19th century abounded with Russian and, more specifically, Old Church Slavonic lexical and morphological elements that in the contemporary norm have been replaced by native words or calqued using productive morphemes.[92] New words were coined according to internal logic and others calqued from related languages (especially Serbo-Croatian) to replace those taken from Russian, which include известие (Russ. известие) → извештај 'report', количество (Russ. количество) → количина 'amount, quantity', согласие (Russ. согласие) → слога 'concord, agreement', etc.[92] This change was aimed at bringing written Macedonian closer to the spoken language, effectively distancing it from the more Russified Bulgarian language, representing a successful puristic attempt to abolish a lexicogenic tradition once common in written literature.[92] The use of Ottoman Turkish loanwords is discouraged in the formal register when a native equivalent exists (e.g. комшија (← Turk. komşu) vs. сосед (← PSl. *sǫsědъ) 'neighbor'), and these words are typically restricted to the archaic, colloquial, and ironic registers.[93]
English | Macedonian | Bulgarian | Serbian | Croatian | Slovenian | Russian | Belarusian | Ukrainian | Polish | Czech | Slovak |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dream | сон | сън | сан | san | sen | сон | сон | сон | sen | sen | sen |
day | ден | ден | дан | dan | dan | день | дзень | день | dzień | den | den |
arm | рака | ръка | рука | ruka | roka | рука | рука | рука | ręka | ruka | ruka |
flower | цвет | цвят | цвет | cvijet | cvet | цветок | кветка | квітка | kwiat | květ/květina | kvet/kvetina |
night | ноќ | нощ | ноћ | noć | noč | ночь | ноч | нiч | noc | noc | noc |
Writing system
Alphabet
The official Macedonian alphabet was codified on 5 May 1945 by the Presidium of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (abbreviated as ASNOM in Macedonian) headed by
Cyrillic IPA |
А а /a/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /ɡ/ |
Д д /d/ |
Ѓ ѓ /ɟ/ |
Е е /ɛ/ |
Ж ж /ʒ/ |
З з /z/ |
Ѕ ѕ /d͡z/ |
И и /i/ |
Cyrillic IPA |
Ј ј /j/ |
К к /k/ |
Л л /ɫ, l/[97] |
Љ љ /l/[97] |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
Њ њ /ɲ/ |
О о /ɔ/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Cyrillic IPA |
Т т /t/ |
Ќ ќ /c/ |
У у /u/ |
Ф ф /f/ |
Х х /x/ |
Ц ц /t͡s/ |
Ч ч /t͡ʃ/ |
Џ џ /d͡ʒ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
Orthography
Similar to the Macedonian alphabet, Macedonian orthography was officially codified on 7 June 1945 at an ASNOM meeting.
Political views on the language
Politicians and scholars from North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language. Through history Macedonian has been referred mainly to as a variant of Bulgarian,
The government of Bulgaria, Bulgarian academics, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the general public have and continue to widely consider Macedonian part of the Bulgarian dialect area.[1][111][112] During the Communist era, Macedonian was recognized as a minority language in Bulgaria and utilized in education from 1946 to 1948. Subsequently, it was described as a dialect of Bulgarian.[113] In 1956 the Bulgarian government signed an agreement on mutual legal defense with Yugoslavia, where the Macedonian language is named as one of the languages to be used for legal purposes, together with Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian.[114] The same year Bulgaria revoked its recognition of Macedonian nationhood and language and implicitly resumed its prewar position of their non-existence.[115] In 1999 the government in Sofia signed a Joint Declaration in the official languages of the two countries, marking the first time it agreed to sign a bilateral agreement written in Macedonian.[116] Dialect experts of the Bulgarian language refer to the Macedonian language as македонска езикова норма (Macedonian linguistic norm) of the Bulgarian language.[8] As of 2019, disputes regarding the language and its origins are ongoing in academic and political circles in the two countries.
The Greek scientific and local community opposed using the denomination Macedonian to refer to the language in light of the
Sample text
The following is the Lord's Prayer in standard Macedonian.
|
|
See also
- Romanisation of Macedonian
- Abstand and ausbau languages
Notes
- ^ a b "Ethnologue report for Macedonian". Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d Friedman, Garry & Rubino 2001, p. 435.
- ^ a b "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ a b "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ^ a b Nikolovski, Valentin (30 October 2016). "Македонците во Србија ги уживаат сите малцински права, како и србите во Македонија" [Macedonians in Serbia have all the minority rights just as Serbians in Macedonia] (in Macedonian). Sitel. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ISBN 0312121164.
The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the communist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian
- ^ Thornburg & Fuller 2006, p. 213.
- ^ a b Reimann 2014, p. 41.
- ^ Trudgill 1992.
- ISBN 3631625839, pp.227-244; Peter Lang, with Carla Amoros Negre et al. as eds.
- ^ "5 мај – Ден на македонскиот јазик". Филолошки факултет "Блаже Конески" – Скопје (in Macedonian). Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ "Од 130-тата седница на Владата на РСМ: 5 Мај прогласен за Ден на македонскиот јазик". Влада на Република Северна Македонија (in Macedonian). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Levinson & O'Leary 1992, p. 239.
- ^ Dedaić & Mišković-Luković 2010, p. [page needed].
- ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011, p. 420.
- ^ a b c Topolinjska 1998, p. 6.
- ^ Fortson 2009, p. 431.
- ^ Comrie & Corbett 2002, p. 245.
- ^ Campbell 2000, pp. 274, 1031.
- ISBN 9780521593786
- ISBN 1137348399, p. 436.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3.
Macedonian dialectology... considers the dialects of south-western Bulgaria to be Macedonian, despite the lack of any widespread Macedonian national consciousness in that area. The standard map is provided by Vidoeski.(1998: 32) It would be futile to tell an ordinary citizen of the Macedonian capital, Skopje, that they do not realise that they are actually speaking Bulgarian. It would be equally pointless to tell citizens of the southwestern Bulgarian town of Blagoevgrad that they (or at least their compatriots in the surrounding countryside) do not 'really' speak Bulgarian, but Macedonian. In other words, regardless of the structural and linguistic arguments put forth by a majority of Bulgarian dialectologists, as well as by their Macedonian counterparts, they are ignoring one, essential fact – that the present linguistic identities of the speakers themselves in various regions do not always correspond to the prevailing nationalist discourses.
- ^ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ^ Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels) "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"
- ISBN 9783631350652.)
In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help - ^ a b c Usikova 2005, p. 103.
- ISSN 1857-6060.
- ^ Koneski, Blazhe (1967). Историја на македонскиот јазик [History of the Macedonian Language] (in Macedonian). Skopje: Kultura.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Lunt 2001, p. 4.
- ^ Vidoeski 1999, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Garry & Rubino 2001, p. 436.
- ^ Usikova 2005, pp. 103, 106.
- ^ a b Friedman, Garry & Rubino 2001, p. 438.
- ^ Kramer 1999, p. 234.
- ^ a b c Kramer 1999, p. 235.
- ^ Bechev 2009, p. 134.
- ^ a b c Usikova 2005, p. 106.
- ^ Nihtinen 1999, p. 51.
- ^ Nihtinen 1999, p. 47.
- ^ Kramer 1999, p. 236.
- ^ Pejoska-Bouchereau 2008, p. 146.
- ^ "Повелба за македонскиот јазик" [Charter for the Macedonian language] (PDF) (in Macedonian). Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Македонија, 2002" [Census of the population, households and dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002] (PDF). Book X (in Macedonian and English). Skopje: Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. May 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Crvenkovska, Emilija; Petroska, Elena. "Македонскиот јазик како втор и странски: терминолошки прашања" [Macedonian as a foreign and second language: terminological questions] (PDF) (in Macedonian). Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Artan Hoxha; Alma Gurraj (2001). "Local Self-Government and Decentralization: Case of Albania. History, Reforms and Challenges". Local Self Government and Decentralization in South - East Europe (PDF). Proceedings of the workshop held in Zagreb, Croatia. 6 April 2001. Zagreb: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. p. 219. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ "Население по етническа група и майчин език" [Population per ethnic group and mother tongue] (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "2011 Census – Mother tongue". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Hill 1999, p. 19.
- ^ Poulton 2000, p. 167.
- ^ "Language spoken at home - Ranked by size". Profile ID. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Data tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013". United States Census. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Броj на македонски иселеници во светот" [Number of Macedonian immigrants in the world] (in Macedonian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Macedonia). Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Naumovski, Jaklina (25 January 2014). "Minorités en Albanie : les Macédoniens craignent la réorganisation territoriale du pays" (in French). Balkan Courriers. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- Helsinki Committee. 2000. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Usikova 2005, p. 105–106.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. 33.
- ^ Dedaić & Mišković-Luković 2010, p. 13.
- ^ After Z. Topolińska and B. Vidoeski (1984), Polski-macedonski gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN.
- ^ Topolinjska 1998, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Usikova 2005, p. 111.
- ^ Usikova 2005, p. 104.
- ^ Comrie & Corbett 2002, p. 247.
- ^ Kolomiec, V.T.; Linik, T.G.; Lukinova, T.V.; Meljnichuk, А.S.; Pivtorak, G.P.; Sklyarenko, V.G.; Tkachenko, V.A.; Tkachenko, O.B (1986). Историческая типология славянских языков. Фонетика, слообразование, лексика и фразеология [Historical typology of Slavic languages] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. 252.
- ^ a b c d e f g Friedman 2001.
- ^ a b Friedman 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Lunt 1952, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c d e f Bojkovska et al. 2008, p. [page needed].
- ^ a b c d Friedman 2001, p. 11.
- ^ Lunt 1952, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b Usikova 2005, p. 109–110.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bogdanoska 2008.
- ^ a b c Bojkovska et al. 2008, p. 43.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 40.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 23.
- ^ Minova Gjurkova, Liljana (1994). Синтакса на македонскиот стандарден јазик [Syntax of the standard Macedonian language] (in Macedonian).
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 27.
- ^ Friedman, Garry & Rubino 2001, p. 437.
- ^ a b Friedman 2001, p. 33.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 43.
- ^ a b Usikova 2005, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Usikova 2005, p. 116.
- ^ Friedman 2001, p. 50.
- ^ a b Friedman 2001, p. 58.
- ^ a b Friedman 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. 36.
- ^ Usikova 2005, p. 136.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. [page needed].
- ^ a b c Т. Димитровски. Литературната лексика на македонскиот писмен јазик во XIX в. и нашиот однос кон неа: Реферати на македонските слависти за VI Меѓународен славистички конгрес во Прага, Скопје, 1968 (T. Dimitrovski. The literary vocabulary of the Macedonian written language in the 19th century and our attitude to it. Abstracts of Macedonian Slavists for the 6th International Slavic Studies Congress in Prague. Skopje, 1968)
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. 8.
- ^ Bojkovska et al. 2008, p. 44.
- ^ a b c "Со решение на АСНОМ: 72 години од усвојувањето на македонската азбука" [With the declaration of ASNOM: 72 years of the adoption of the Macedonian alphabet]. Javno (in Macedonian). 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Friedman 1993, p. 251.
- ^ a b ⟨л⟩ is pronounced /l/ before /e, i, j/, and /ɫ/ otherwise. ⟨љ⟩ is always pronounced /l/ but is not used before /e, i, j/. Cf. how the final љ in биљбиљ /ˈbilbil/ "nightingale" is changed to a л in the plural form биљбили /ˈbilbili/.
- ^ "Правописот на македонски јазик од денес бесплатно на интернет" [The orthography of the Macedonian language for free on the Internet from today]. sdk.mk. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- OCLC 6430481.
- ^ Comrie & Corbett 2002, p. 251.
- ^ Adler 1980, p. 215.
- ^ Seriot 1997, pp. 270–271.
- ^ Kramer 1999, pp. 237–245.
- ^ Fishman 1993, p. 161–162.
- ^ Friedman 1998, p. 38.
- S2CID 174770777. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ISBN 0230523889, p. 126.
- ISBN 3110215470.
- ISBN 3110393689, chapter 109.
- ^ Voß 2018, p. 9.
- ^ "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is firm that "Macedonian language" is Bulgarian dialect". Bulgarian National Radio. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Jakov Marusic, Sinisa (10 October 2019). "Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ISBN 0893572985, p. 201.
- ^ "Agreement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia for mutual legal defense". Държавен вестник No 16. 22 February 1957. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ISBN 0810872021.
- ^ Kramer 1999.
- ^ a b Whitman 1994, p. 37.
- ^ "Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". Greek Helsinki Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 May 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Danforth 1995, p. 62.
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoy; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003). Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония [Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 28–36.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Republic of North Macedonia with Macedonian language and identity, says Greek media". Meta.mk. Meta. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ^ "Judicial victory for the Macedonian language in Greece: The court in Lerin rejected the lawsuits to ban the Macedonian Language Center in Greece". Sloboden Pečat. 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Грција го регистрираше центарот за македонски јазик" [Greece Registered the Macedonian-language Center] (in Macedonian). Deutsche Welle. 29 November 2022.
- ^ ""Центарот на македонскиот јазик во Грција" официјално регистриран од судските власти" ["The Center of Macedonian language in Greece" officially registered by court laws] (in Macedonian). Sloboden Pecat. 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Εγκρίθηκε «Κέντρο Μακεδονικής Γλώσσας» στην Φλώρινα: Ευχαριστίες Ζάεφ σε Τσίπρα - Μητσοτάκη" ["Centre for Macedonian Language" was approved in Florina: Zaev thanks Tsipras - Mitsotakis] (in Greek). Ethnos. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ISBN 9780520043589, p. 227, 247
References
- Books
- Adler, Max K. (1980), Marxist Linguistic Theory and Communist Practice: A Sociolinguistic Study, Buske Verlag, ISBN 3871184195
- Bechev, Dimitar (13 April 2009), Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-6295-1
- Bogdanoska, Biljana (2008), За матуранти македонски јазик и литература [Macedonian language and literature for matura students] (in Macedonian), Skopje: Bomat Grafiks
- Bojkovska, Stojka; Minova-Gjurkova, Liljana; Pandev, Dimitar; Cvetanovski, Živko (2008), Општа граматика на македонскиот јазик [Grammar of the Macedonian language] (in Macedonian), Skopje: ISBN 9789989006623
- Campbell, George L. (2000), Compendium of the World's Languages, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415202965
- Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville (2002), "The Macedonian language", The Slavonic Languages, New York: Routledge Publications
- Dedaić, Mirjana N.; Mišković-Luković, Mirjana (2010), South Slavic Discourse Particles, Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, vol. 197, Amsterdam: Benjamins, ISBN 978-90-272-5601-0
- Danforth, Loring M. (1995), The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04356-6
- Fishman, Joshua A. (1993), The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: The "First Congress" Phenomenon, Mouton De Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013530-2
- Fortson, Benjamin W. (31 August 2009), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction Blackwell textbooks in linguistics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-8896-8
- ISBN 0-415-04755-2
- Friedman, Victor (2001), Macedonian, Slavic and Eurasian Language Resource Center (SEELRC), Duke University, archived from the original on 28 July 2014, retrieved 3 February 2006
- Friedman, Victor (2001), Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Macedonian: Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present (PDF), New York: Holt, pp. 435–439, archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2019, retrieved 18 March 2020
- Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (27 July 2011), Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4
- Levinson, David; O'Leary, Timothy (1992), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, G.K. Hall, ISBN 0-8161-1808-6
- Lunt, Horace G. (1952), A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje: Državno knigoizdatelstvo
- Lunt, Horace Gray (2001), Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110162849
- Poulton, Hugh (2000), Who Are the Macedonians?, United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co., ISBN 0-253-34598-7
- Reimann, Daniel (2014), Kontrastive Linguistik und Fremdsprachendidaktik Iberoromanisch (in German), Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 978-3823368250
- Thornburg, Linda L.; Fuller, Janet M. (2006), Studies in contact linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert, New York: Peter Lung Publishing Inc., ISBN 978-0-8204-7934-7
- Topolińska, Zuzanna (1984), Polski-macedoński, gramatyka konfrontatywna: Zarys problematyki [Polish-Macedonian, confrontational grammar] (in Polish), ISBN 978-8304016682
- Usikova, Rina Pavlovna (1994), О языковой ситуации в Республике Македонии [About the language situation in the Republic of Macedonia] (in Russian), Moscow: ISBN 5-02-011187-2
- Usikova, Rina Pavlovna (2005), Языки мира. Славянские языки: Македонский язык [Languages of the world. Slavic languages: Macedonian language] (in Russian), Moscow: ISBN 5-87444-216-2
- Vidoeski, Bozhidar (1999), Дијалектите на македонскиот јазик: том 1 [The dialects of the Macedonian language: Book 1] (in Macedonian), MANU, ISBN 9989649634
- Whitman, Lois (1994), Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece, New York: Helsinki Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1564321320
- Journal articles
- Hill, P. (1999), "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A comparative study of recent developments", Nationalities Papers, 27 (1): 17, S2CID 154201780
- Friedman, Victor (1998), "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results", S2CID 143891784
- Nihtinen, Atina (1999), "Language, Cultural Identity and Politics in the Cases of Macedonian and Scots", Slavonica, 5 (1): 46–58,
- Pejoska-Bouchereau, Frosa (2008), "Histoire de la langue macédonienne" [History of the Macedonian language], Revue des études slaves (in French), pp. 145–161
- Seriot, Patrick (1997), "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien" [Do languages have to have a name? The case of Macedonian], in Tabouret-Keller, Andrée (ed.), Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues (in French), vol. 1, Louvain: Peeters, pp. 167–190, archived from the original on 5 September 2001
- Topolinjska, Z. (1998), "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language", International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 131: 1–11, S2CID 143257269
- Trudgill, Peter (1992), "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe",
- Voß, C (2018), "Linguistic emancipation within the Serbian mental map: The implementation of the Montenegrin and Macedonian standard languages", Aegean Working Papers in Ethnographic Linguistics, 2 (1): 1–16,
External links
- Институт за македонски јазик, "Крсте Петков Мисирков" – Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov", the main regulatory body of the Macedonian language (in Macedonian)
- Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик – Online dictionary of the Macedonian language
- Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov" (2017), Правопис на македонскиот јазик [Orthography of the Macedonian language] (PDF) (2 ed.), Skopje: Kultura AD
- ISBN 978-0-299-18804-7
- Macedonian travel guide from Wikivoyage
- The dictionary definition of Macedonian language at Wiktionary
- Macedonian at Wikibooks