Macedonian nationalism
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Macedonian nationalism (
.The designation "Macedonian"
During the first half of the
In Ottoman times, names such as "Lower Bulgaria" and "Lower Moesia" were used by the local Slavs to designate most of the territory of today's geographical region of Macedonia and the names Bulgaria and Moesia were identified with each other. Self-identifying as "Bulgarian" on account of
As a result, massive Greek
As a consequence, since the 1850s some Slavic intellectuals from the area adopted the designation Macedonian as a regional label, and it began to gain popularity.
According to Kuzman Shapkarev, as a result of Macedonists' activity, the Slavs in Macedonia had started to use the ancient designation Macedonians alongside the traditional one Bulgarians by the 1870s.[26] However, Shapkarev notes that the name "Macedonians" had been "imposed on them by outsiders" (i.e., the Greeks), and that the Slavs in Macedonia were using the designation "Bulgarians" as peculiarly theirs, while referring to other Bulgarians as Shopi.[26] Similarly, they referred to their own Macedono-Bulgarian dialect as Bulgarian ("bugarski") in opposition to the other Bulgarian dialects, which they called "shopski".
During the 1880s, after recommendation by Stojan Novaković, the Serbian government also began to support those ideas to counteract the Bulgarian influence in Macedonia, claiming the Macedonian Slavs were in fact pure Slavs (i.e. Serbian Macedonians), while the Bulgarians, unlike them, were partially a mixture of Slavs and Bulgars (i.e. Tatars).[27] In accordance with Novaković's agenda this Serbian "Macedonism" was transformed in the 1890s, in a process of the gradual Serbianisation of the Macedonian Slavs.[28]
By the end of the 19th century, according to
Origins
In the 19th century, the region of
The origins of the definition of an ethnic Slav Macedonian identity arose from the writings of Georgi Pulevski in the 1870s and 1880s, who identified the existence of a distinct modern "Slavic Macedonian" language that he defined as different from the other languages in that it had linguistic elements from Serbian, Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, and Albanian.[38] Pulevski analyzed the folk histories of the Slavic Macedonian people, in which he concluded that Slavic Macedonians were ethnically linked to the people of the ancient Kingdom of Macedonia of Philip and Alexander the Great based on the claim that the ancient Macedonian language had Slavic components in it and thus the ancient Macedonians were Slavic, and modern-day Slavic Macedonians were their descendants.[39] However, Slavic Macedonians' self-identification and nationalist loyalties remained ambiguous in the late 19th century. Pulevski for instance viewed Macedonians' identity as being a regional phenomenon (similar to Herzegovinians and Thracians). Once calling himself a "Serbian patriot", another time a "Bulgarian from the village of Galicnik",[40] he also identified the Slavic Macedonian language as being related to the "Old Bulgarian language" as well as being a "Serbo-Albanian language".[39] Pulevski's numerous identifications reveal the absence of a clear ethnic sense in a part of the local Slavic population.
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) grew up as the major Macedonian separatist organization in the 1890s, seeking the autonomy of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire.[41] The IMRO initially opposed being dependent on any of the neighbouring states, especially Greece and Serbia, however its relationship with Bulgaria grew very strong, and it soon became dominated by figures who supported the annexation of Macedonia into Bulgaria, though a small fraction opposed this.[41] As a rule, the IMRO members had Bulgarian national self-identification, but the autonomist faction stimulated the development of Macedonian nationalism.[42] It devised the slogan "Macedonia for the Macedonians" and called for a supranational Macedonia, consisting of different nationalities and eventually included in a future Balkan Federation.[38] However, the promoters of this slogan declared their conviction that the majority of the Macedonian Christian Slav population was Bulgarian.
In the late 19th and early 20th century the international community viewed the Macedonians predominantly as a regional variety of the Bulgarians. At the end of the First World War there were very few ethnographers who agreed that a separate Macedonian nation existed. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Allies sanctioned Serbian control of
History
Early and middle 19th century
With the conquest of the Balkans by the
Late 19th and early 20th century
The first attempts for creation of the
While according to some modern authors as well as pro-Macedonian sources (e.g. Nick Anastasovski[67]), the designation 'Bulgarian' referred to all the Slavs living in Rumelia and meant nothing more than peasant,[68][69][unreliable fringe source?] contemporary travellers, ethnographers and linguists, including Slovak philologist Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1842), French geologist Ami Boué (1847, 1854), French ethnographer Guillaume Lejean (1861), English travel writers Georgina Muir Mackenzie and Paulina Irby (1867), Russian ethnographer Mikhail Mirkovich (1867), Czech folklorist Karel Jaromír Erben (1868), German cartographer August Heinrich Petermann (1869), German geographer Heinrich Kiepert (1876), Austrian diplomat Karl Sax (1877), etc. clearly identified the Slavs living in the part of Rumelia currently known as Kosovo as Serbs and only referred to the Slavs living in the Macedonia as Bulgarians.[70][71] All of them also established the ethnographic boundary between Serbs and Bulgarians along the Šar Mountains.
According to
On the eve of the 20th century the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) tried to unite all unsatisfied elements in the Ottoman Europe and struggled for political autonomy in the regions of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace.[80] But this manifestation of political separatism by the IMARO was a phenomenon without ethnic affiliation and the Bulgarian ethnic provenance of the revolutionaries can not be put under question.[81]
The first major manifestation of ethnic Macedonian nationalism was the book
Another significant activist for the ethnic Macedonian national revival was
Balkan Wars and First World War
During the
Interwar period and WWII
After the WWI, in
During the interwar period in Vardar Macedonia, part of the young locals repressed by the Serbs attempted at a separate way of ethnic development. This confusion is illustrated by Robert Newman in 1935, who recounts discovering in a village in
Post-World War II
After 1944 the
Post-Informbiro period and Bulgarophobia
At the end of the 1950s the
After the Second World War, Macedonian and Serbian scholars usually defined the ancient local tribes in the area of the Central Balkans as
Post-independence period and Antiquisation
On 8 September 1991, the
Similar parahistorical myths connecting the Slavs and Paleo-Balkan peoples were characteristic for Ottoman Bulgaria during the late 18th and the 19th century and later arrose in Ottoman Macedonia.[128][129] Practically, until the 1940s Bulgarian academic circles and Bulgarian volk history spread the same views when fighting Greek claims about the Greek origins of the ancient Macedonians.[130]
As part of this policy, statues of
Such antiquization is facing criticism by academics as it demonstrates feebleness of archaeology and of other historical disciplines in public discourse, as well as a danger of
The background of this antiquization can be found in the 19th century and the myth of ancient descent among Orthodox Slavic-speakers in Macedonia. It was adopted partially due to Greek cultural inputs. This idea was also included in the national mythology during the post-WWII
Macedonian nationalism also has support among high-ranking diplomats of North Macedonia who are serving abroad, and this continues to affect the relations with neighbors, especially Greece. In August 2017, the Consul of the Republic of Macedonia to Canada attended a nationalist Macedonian event in Toronto and delivered a speech against the backdrop of an
Macedonism
Macedonism, sometimes referred to as Macedonianism
The term is occasionally used in an apologetic sense by some Macedonian authors,[160][161][162][163] but has also faced strong criticism from moderate political views in North Macedonia and international scholars.[164][165] Additionally the official website of the Macedonian Encyclopedia that is published by the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts uses the word 'Macedonism' as its domain name.[166]
The term is used in Bulgaria in an insulting and derogatory manner, to discredit the development of Macedonian nationalism during the 19th and 20th centuries. The term is widely seen as a Greater Serbian aspiration, aiming to split the Bulgarian people on anti-Bulgarian grounds.[167] The term is first believed to have been used in a derogatory manner by Petko Slaveykov in 1871, when he dismissed Macedonian nationalists as "Macedonists",[168] who he regarded a misguided (sic): Grecomans.[169]
Macedonism as an ethno-political conception
The roots of the concept were first developed in the second half of the 19th century, in the context of
In 1892,
Other proponents of the Macedonist ideas in the early 20th century were two Serbian scholars, the geographer
Some panslavic ideologists in
On the other hand, Serbian and Bulgarian
Early adherents
The first Macedonian nationalists appeared in the late 19th and early 20th century outside Macedonia. At different points in their lives, most of them expressed conflicting statements about the ethnicity of the Slavs living in Macedonia, including their own nationality. They formed their pro-Macedonian conceptions after contacts with some
See also
- Macedonia (terminology)
- United Macedonia
- World Macedonian Congress
- Macedonian Question
- History of the Macedonians (ethnic group)
- Demographic history of Macedonia
- Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
- Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia
References and notes
- ^ “Историа на велики Александра македонца”, во 1844 година во Белград!“ во Весник “Вечер” от 23 ноември 2011 година.
- .
- ISBN 1793634459.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5, p. 293.
- ISBN 0226424995.
- ^ Dedikousi, Stamatia. (2013) Η διένεξη για την ονομασία της Δημοκρατίας της Μακεδονίας μέσα από τις στήλες των αναγνωστών του αθηναϊκού τύπου (1991–1995 & 2004–2005) [The dispute over the name of the Republic of Macedonia through the columns of the readers of the Athenian press (1991–1995 & 2004–2005)]. p. 15. Mytilene: University of the Aegean. (in Greek) "Στις αρχές του εικοστού αιώνα, µεσούντος του µακεδονικού αγώνα, ο ελληνικός εθνικισµός ενθάρρυνε την ταύτιση των ντόπιων σλαβόφωνων µε τους αρχαίους Μακεδόνες, για να τους αποσπάσει από το βουλγαρικό εθνικό κίνηµα. Οι ιθύνοντες της ελληνικής προπαγάνδας λοιπόν αποφασίζουν την εισαγωγή του όρου ‘Μακεδόνας’ για το σύνολο των ‘σλαβόφωνων ελλήνων’. Ακραίο παράδειγµα αυτής της προσπάθειας, συνιστά η συγγραφή ‘πλαστών προφητειών του Μεγαλεξάνδρου’ στα σλαβοµακεδονικά (µε ελληνικούς χαρακτήρες) – Πρεσκαζάνιε να Γκόλεµ Αλεξάντρ – και η διασπορά τους από τον ελληνικό µηχανισµό στη µακεδονική ενδοχώρα".
- ISBN 1444314831, p. 48.
- ^ Bonner, Raymond (14 May 1995). "The World; The Land That Can't Be Named". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
Macedonian nationalism did not arise until the end of the last century.
- ISBN 0472081497, pp. 36–37.
- ISBN 1444314831, p. 48.
- ISBN 0-521-01185-X, pp. 171–172.
- ISBN 1850657068, p. 160.
- ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, pp. VII–VIII.
- ^ ISBN 0521274591, p. 91.
- ^ ISBN 0230535798, pp. 49–51.
- ^ Anastas Vangeli, Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia. Nationalities Papers, the Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, Volume 39, 2011 pp. 13–32.
- ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, p. VII.
- ^ Kyril Drezov, “Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims,” in The New Macedonian Question, ed. James Pettifer (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 47–59.
- ISBN 900425076X, pp. 283–285.
- ^ The Macedonian Question an article from 1871 by Petko Slaveykov published in the newspaper Macedonia in Carigrad (now Istanbul). In this article, Petko Slaveykov writes: "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians, but they are rather Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians, and we have always waited to hear some proofs of this, but we have never heard them. The Macedonists have never shown us the bases of their attitude."
- ^ A letter from Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch written in Solun in February 1874
- ISBN 0817948813, p. 84.
- ISBN 900425076X, pp. 273–330.
- ISBN 3034301960, p. 72.
- Georgi Rakovski, dated 31 January 1861:On my order form I have called Macedonia “Western Bulgaria”, as it should be called, because the Greeks in Vienna are ordering us around like sheep. They want Macedonia to be Greek territory and still do not realize that it cannot be Greek. But what are we to do with the more than two million Bulgarians there? Shall the Bulgarians still be sheep and a few Greeks the shepherds? Those days are gone and the Greeks shall be left with no more than their sweet dream. I believe the songs will be distributed among the Bulgarians, and have therefore set a low price for them. For more see: Spyridon Sfetas, The image of the Greeks in the work of the Bulgarian revolutionary and intellectual Georgi Rakovski. Balkan Studies, [S.l.], v. 42, n. 1, p. 89-107, Jan. 2001. ISSN 2241-1674. Available at: <https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/3313/3338>.
- ^ a b c In a letter to Prof. Marin Drinov of 25 May 1888 Kuzman Shapkarev writes: "But even stranger is the name Macedonians, which was imposed on us only 10–15 years ago by outsiders, and not as some think by our own intellectuals.... Yet the people in Macedonia know nothing of that ancient name, reintroduced today with a cunning aim on the one hand and a stupid one on the other. They know the older word: "Bugari", although mispronounced: they have even adopted it as peculiarly theirs, inapplicable to other Bulgarians. You can find more about this in the introduction to the booklets I am sending you. They call their own Macedono-Bulgarian dialect the "Bugarski language", while the rest of the Bulgarian dialects they refer to as the "Shopski language". (Makedonski pregled, IX, 2, 1934, p. 55; the original letter is kept in the Marin Drinov Museum in Sofia, and it is available for examination and study)
- ISBN 9633861365, p. 139.
- ISBN 3034301960, p. 65.
- ISBN 1137011904, p. 185.
- ISBN 900425076X, p. 303.
- ISBN 0199550336, p. 65.
- ISBN 978-1784533380.
- ISBN 9052012970, p. 173.
- ISBN 3034301960, p. 71.
- ISBN 0691099952, p. 110.
- ^ Friedman Victor A (1975). "Macedonian language and nationalism during the 19th and early 20th centuries" (PDF). Balkanistica. 2: 83–98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2006.
- ^ a b c Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. 2013. p. 318.
- ^ a b Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL, 2013. p. 300.
- ^ a b Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL, 2013. p. 316.
- ISBN 978-3034301961.
- ^ a b Viktor Meier. Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise. p. 179.
- ISBN 900425076X, pp. 300–303.
- Republic of Macedonia.
- ISBN 0847698092, p. 236.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6, pp. 65–66.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6, pp. 65–66.
- ISBN 0-8014-8736-6.
- ISBN 0199209197, p. 192.
- ISBN 9004206507, p. 35.
- ISBN 0275976483, p. 89.
- ^ "The lack of capability by Macedonists in condition of democracy, also contributes to the vision of their opponents. The creation of the Macedonian nation, for almost half of a century, was done in a condition of single-party dictatorship. In those times, there was no difference between science and ideology, so the Macedonian historiography, unopposed by anybody, comfortably performed a selection of the historic material from which the Macedonian identity was created. There is nothing atypical here for the process of the creation of any modern nation, except when falsification from the type of substitution of the word "Bulgarian" with the word "Macedonian" were made." Denko Maleski, politician of the Republic of Macedonia (foreign minister from 1991 to 1993 and ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997), and professor at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, North Macedonia (International Politics and International Law). Utrinski Vesnik newspaper, 16 October 2006
- ^ Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Princeton University Press, December 1995, p. 63: "Finally, Krste Misirkov, who had clearly developed a strong sense of his own personal national identity as a Macedonian and who outspokenly and unambiguously called for Macedonian linguistic and national separatism, acknowledged that a 'Macedonian' national identity was a relatively recent historical development."
- ^ Eugene N. Borza, "Macedonia Redux", in "The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity", ed. Frances B. Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, University of California Press, 1999: "The twentieth-century development of a Macedonian ethnicity, and its recent evolution into independent statehood following the collapse of the Yugoslav state in 1991, has followed a rocky road. In order to survive the vicissitudes of Balkan history and politics, the Macedonians, who have had no history, need one."
- ^ Throughout this article, the term "Macedonian" will refer to ethnic Macedonians. There are many other uses of the term, and comprehensive coverage of this topic may be found in the article Macedonia (terminology).
- ^ ISBN 0-691-04357-4
- ^ Social cleavages and national "awakening" in Ottoman Macedonia by Basil C. Gounaris, East European Quarterly 29 (1995), 409–426
- ^ Cousinéry, Esprit Marie (1831). Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris. Vol. II. pp. 15–17.
- ^ "French consul in 1831: Macedonia consists of Greeks and Bulgarians". History-of-macedonia.com. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Engin Deniz Tanir (2005). "The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University" (PDF). pp. 99, 142.
- ^ "I. The Middle Ages 1". Promacedonia.org. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "II. The National Revival Period 1". Promacedonia.org. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE)- Macedonians of Bulgaria" (PDF). Greekhelsinki.gr. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ISBN 963732660X, p. 187.
- ISBN 9004290362, p. 451.
- Constantinople Patriarchate– and be united in its own Orthodox Church, acquiring all the characteristic features of a people who have a right to independent spiritual and cultural life and education.
- ISBN 978-3-8258-1387-1.
Duncan Perry (1988: 19) summarized that "studies using linguistic, cultural, historical and religious criteria usually yield different results and various combinations of these modes of measurement and only new permutations each... inspired by the nationalist prejudices and preferences of the individuals making the assessments ". For a detailed pro-Macedonian summary, see Anastasovski 2005...
- ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4.
- ISBN 0980476305. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Boué, Ami (1854). Recueil d'Itinéraires Dans La Turquie d'Europe, Vol. 1: Détails Géographiques, Topographiques Et Statistiques Sur Cet Empire [Collection of Itineraries in European Turkey, Vol. 1: Geographic, Topographical and Statistical Details of the Empire]. Vienna. pp. 242–260.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 9780853230724.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
Until the late nineteenth century both outside observers and those Bulgaro-Macedonians who had an ethnic consciousness believed that their group, which is now two separate nationalities, comprised a single people, the Bulgarians. Thus the reader should ignore references to ethnic Macedonians in the Middle Ages which appear in some modern works. In the Middle Ages and into the nineteenth century, the term Macedonian was used entirely in reference to a geographical region. Anyone who lived within its confines, regardless of nationality, could be called a Macedonian. Nevertheless, the absence of a national consciousness in the past is no grounds to reject the Macedonians as a nationality today.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-4180-0.
- ISBN 9789027234537, 2006, John Benjamins, pp. 390–413.
- ISBN 0-275-97143-0, pp. 159–160.
- ISBN 0-521-01185-X, pp. 171–172.
- ISBN 0-521-61637-9, p. 74.]
- ISBN 963-9241-83-0, p. 1.
- ISBN 0-8223-1313-8, p. 7.
- ISBN 978-9989-32-022-4.
- ^ "Иван Катарџиев. "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот", весник Форум". Bugarash.blog.bg. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Iz istorii makedonskogo literaturnogo iazyka, R.P. Usikova, 2004
- ISBN 9786155211942.
- ISBN 0847698092, p. 236.
- ^ "Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War : International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars: Free Download & Streaming: Internet Archive". Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Carnegie Report, p. 177
- ISBN 978-0-542-96184-7. Retrieved 14 November 2011 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 0191528722, p. 64.
- ISBN 978-0-521-59733-3.
- ^ "Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" – Февраль 1934 г, Москва
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6
- ^ Stephen Palmer, Robert King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian question, Hamden, CT Archon Books, 1971, pp. 199–200
- ISBN 978-0-19-923768-5.
The Macedonian Question, Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939–1949.
- ^ Newman, R. (1952) Tito's Yugoslavia (London)
- ISBN 978-1-85065-492-6.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-238-0.
- ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, p. 101.
- ISBN 9781850655343.
- ISBN 9780817948832.
- ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2.
- ISBN 9780815340584. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.
- ^ "Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943–1949", Andrew Rossos – The Journal of Modern History 69 (March 1997): 42
- ^ [1] Archived 24 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Palmer, Ir., E. Stephen and Robert King, R. Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question. 1971.
- ISSN 1522-211X.
- ISBN 1-85065-663-0, p. 123.
- ISBN 0810862956, p. 12.
- ISBN 0191515558, p. 12.
- ^ Jenny Engström, London School of Economics and Political Science (March 2002). "The Power of Perception: The Impact of the Macedonian Question on Inter-ethnic Relations in the Republic of Macedonia" (PDF). The Global Review of Ethnopolitics. 1: 6.
- ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited" (PDF). in: Kourvetaris et al. (eds.), The New Balkans, East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
- ISBN 1782976752, Vranic. I., Hellenisation and Ethnicity in the Continental Balkan Iron Age, pp. 169–170.
- ISBN 978-3798321298.
- ^ ISBN 978-1441982247.
- ISBN 978-1405179362.
- ISBN 978-0691043562. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Alan John Day, Political parties of the world, 2002
- ^ Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, Hurst & Company, 2000
- ^ Loring M. Danforth, The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Princeton University Press, 1997
- ^ Christopher K. Lamont, International Criminal Justice and the Politics of Compliance, Ashgate, 2010
- ^ Human Rights Watch World Report, 1999
- ^ Imogen Bell, Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004, Routledge
- ^ Keith Brown, The past in question: modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation, Princeton University Press, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Georgievski, Boris (3 May 2013). "Ghosts of the Past Endanger Macedonia's Future". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Stephanie Herold, Benjamin Langer, Julia Lechler, Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje, Technischen Universität Berlin, Taschenbuch, 2011, p. 43
- ^ Eugene N. Borza, "Macedonia Redux", in "The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity", ed. Frances B. Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, University of California Press, 1999, pp.264–265: "Some of the Macedonian émigré community in North America have adopted Ernst Badian, Peter Green, and me as “their” scholarly authorities, believing (without basis) that we possess a pro-Macedonian bias in this conflict. While it is true we share certain similarities in our views about the ancient Macedonians, none of us has, to the best of my knowledge, publicly expressed any political opinions on the modern Macedonian Question. Thus, in a recent telephone conversation initiated by a fervent Macedonian nationalist from Toronto who saw in me a potential ally, the caller expressed astonishment when I said that I thought his views on the languages of ancient and modern Macedonia were without scholarly merit and bordered on the absurd. He never called back."
- ISBN 978-954-07-5282-2.
- ^ Per Tchavdar Marinov a phenomenon of a specific “local Macedonian” patriotism, was described at the turn of the twentieth century by foreign observers. They likewise noted the legend that Alexander the Great and Aristotle were "Bulgarians." Obviously, by the late Ottoman period, the ancient glory of the region of Macedonia was exploited for self-legitimation by groups with different loyalties—Greek as well as Bulgarian. It was also generating a new identity that, during that period, was still not necessarily exclusive vis-à-vis Greek or Bulgarian national belonging. Marinov claims that such people, although Bulgarians by national identification and Macedonian by political conviction, began to promote rarely the prognostics of some different ethnicity, which after the First World War were transformed into definitive Macedonian nationalism. For more see: Tchavdar Marinov, "Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian Identity at the Crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian Nationalism", In: Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume One, pp: 293–294; 304.
- ^ Drezov, K. (1999). Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer, J. (eds) The New Macedonian Question. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230535794_4
- ^ Helena Smith (14 August 2011). "Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse? | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Davies, Catriona (10 October 2011). "Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park? - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Athens complains about Skopje arch | News". ekathimerini.com. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic (3 May 2013). "Greece Slates Skopje's 'Provocative' Alexander Statue". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ [2] Archived 12 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Academic G. Stardelov and first President of the Republic of Macedonia Kiro Gligorov against antiquisation, on YouTube
- ^ S2CID 154923343.
- ^ Makedonska molitva – Македонска молитва – Macedonian prayer, on CastTV Translation from Macedonian: 0:25–0:45 O, Lord! Dearest God, which You are in Heaven! Do you see our Macedonian agonies? Do you hear the crying of our fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters and of our children? For the offspring which died for Macedonia? 0:47–2:27 We are bleeding for thousands of years, the living wounds of our offspring are left to them. O, Lord, You are the Only One in the Heaven. Only You are looking at our mother, crucified at four sides as the Son of God. Wherever You go, You are stepping over a grave and fall over bones. O, Lord, appear now, say us the truth, to us and to the world, because St. Nicholas came in my dream and told me: "and I am from the land of love and goodness, and I am a Macedonian. And I shed a bloody tear in the pot of our pain. But the truth is at the Almighty. Ask Him and He will tell it, because our Macedonian era has arrived. O, Lord, only You know that two truths exist, but the justice is only one. Thousands of books were spread all over the world by our neighbors with fake history and twisted truth about Macedonia. O, Lord, only You know our true justice: who we are, from where we are and why we are Macedonians? And to the Apostle Paul during a dream a Macedonian appeared, saying: "come to Macedonia and help us". 2:28–3:24 And St. Apostle Paul listened to the prayer and firstly came among us, Macedonians. And now here, for 2.000 years we are believing only in You, and in 2.000 Churches and Monasteries we are praying, and from the eternity we are waiting on You. I already can't remember, but I know, I, Macedon of Govrlevo, I am alone with God for 8.000 years and I pray in front of the largest cross in the world. You, the only Lord, dearest God which is in Heaven, listen to our prayer, come to Armageddon, lend us a hand and tell us the truth about the evil and the good, to us and to the whole world, because no more blood left in us, for the great mother – Macedonia. "God" is supposed to say the following: 3:48–5:16 Divine blessing for you, my Macedonians. I have waited for thousands of years to be called by you. From always with you, from eternity I am coming, I am already among you because here neither time nor space exists. Here, at my place, the time is still. But at your place, the time is now, for me to explain. Your mother Earth I have inhabited with three races: the White-Macedonoids, the Yellow-Mongoloids and the Black-Negroids. The rest-all are mulattoes. From you, Macedonians, the descendants of Macedon, I have impregnated the White race and everything began from you, to the Sea of Japan. All White people are your brothers because they carry Macedonian gene. And all the migrations started from your place towards the north. Kokino, Porodin, Radobor, Angelci, Barutnica, Govrlevo, wherever you dig you shall find the truth who you are, why you are and from where are you. Evil diabolic souls obscured the truth for thousands of years and lied to the world. 5:19–6:37 How much did you suffered and to what kind of plights did you passed, because I was sending you temptations, but you have stayed faithful, my children. Children of the sun and of the flowers, blessed with the joy, love and goodness. I send you Tsars for thousands of years and now I am giving you again. You are giving them to everybody, you didn't left them for you. How many Tsars are here with Me and how many Macedonians are, so many stars are on the heaven and sand in the sea is. Let all the Angels sing, for everybody who are with Me, who from love for Macedonia, exchanged their life for eternity and shared the Tsardom here with Me. Already the Angels are singing for all of you which understood God's glory, for all of you to which I gave a part of Paradise, for all of you I gifted with love and peace, for all of you which waited for Me and have seen My arrival. 6:40–8:23 Here, I am now coming to Macedonia, I am now among you, to tell you the truthful truth, which is among you under the soil. The grave of Alexander, the Macedonian Tsar, I shall open it, and the entire world at bowing in front of you I shall bring. How many Macedonian graves I have yet to open, because souls near me desire the truth. Love your greatest enemies, because I send them to be of greatest help to you. The truth about Macedonia and you, Macedonians should be known to the world. Because you were first among the firsts, most dignified among the most dignified. Now the Macedonian era arrived, the whole world to obtain the truth, to see that honor and blessing is to be a Macedonian, a descendant of Macedon and son of the God of Universe. Children of mine, blessed and eternal be, here where the sun and flowers rule, let there be eternal joy, love and goodness. Among you, I am now noble. In eternal Macedonia, blessed One, amen!
- ^ Matthew Brunnwasser (13 October 2011). "Concerns Grow About Authoritarianism in Macedonia". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Another diplomatic incident between Greece and Macedonia". Macedonia's Top-Channel TV. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ "Σε αλυτρωτική εκδήλωση συμμετείχε Σκοπιανός πρόξενος – Σφοδρή απάντηση από το ΥΠΕΞ (English: Macedonian consul participated in an irredentist event – Foreign Ministry)". Aixmi.gr. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ "Σκοπιανός πρόξενος με φόντο χάρτη της ΠΓΔΜ με ελληνικά εδάφη – ΥΠΕΞ: Ο αλυτρωτισμός εξακολουθεί (English: Macedonian Consul against a backdrop of Greater Macedonia – Greek MoFA: "Macedonian irredentism continues")". Real.gr. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ "ΥΠΕΞ: Καταδίκη της συμμετοχής του σκοπιανού πρόξενου σε αλυτρωτική εκδήλωση στο Τορόντο (English: Greek MoFA condemns the participation of Macedonian Consul in an irredentist event at Toronto)". 16 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ "Dimitrov says MoFA won't tolerate 'excursions' like the diplomatic blunder in Toronto". Macedonian Information Agency. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Focus information Agency Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, June 01, 2010 – UNESCO has send a letter to the Bulgarian Cultural Club – Skopje about the alarming condition of Bulgarian monuments in Macedonia.
- ^ Исправена печатарска грешка, Битола за малку ќе се претставуваше како бугарска. Дневник-online, 2006. Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [3] Archived April 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-1-86064-841-0.
- ISBN 9789052012971. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ISBN 9780810863125. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-0817948832. Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ISBN 0271018119&id=QZr1vsDIvlUC&pg=RA1-PA252&lpg=RA1-PA252&ots=-2m4nrHkz1&dq=macedonism&sig=GwSevgcuvQtmz9ZAWPvrNKobTxg p. 252
- ^ Лабаури, Дмитрий Олегович. Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг: Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София 2008
- ISBN 0773520228, p. 74.
- ISBN 978-960-8326-30-9, Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
- ISBN 978-0-8386-3609-1. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ [4] Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-918618-72-X, p. 361.
- ISBN 0-8386-3609-8, p. 97.
- ^ "IIS7". Utrinskivesnik.com.mk. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "The Macedonian (Old-New) Issue". Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ISBN 0691043566&id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&ots=Eb0bBzHBQT&dq=macedonism&sig=LO82EJ_vsHIAzByUF4dUWNNRjd4 p. 45
- ^ Џамбазовски, Климент. Стоjан Новаковић и Македонизам, Историјски часопис, 1963–1965, књига XIV–XV, с. 133–156
- ^ "The lack of capability by Macedonists in condition of democracy, also contributes to the vision of their opponents. The creation of the Macedonian nation, for almost half of a century, was done in a condition of single-party dictatorship. In those times, there was no difference between science and ideology, so the Macedonian historiography, unopposed by anybody, comfortably performed a selection of the historic material from which the Macedonian identity was created. There is nothing atypical here for the process of the creation of any modern nation, except when falsification from the type of substitution of the word "Bulgarian" with the word "Macedonian" were made. In a case which that was not possible, the persons from history were proclaimed for Bulgarian agents who crossed into some imaginary pure Macedonian space. But when we had to encourage the moderate Greek political variant and move into a direction of reconciliation among peoples, our nationalism was modelled according to the Greek one. The direct descendants of Alexander the Great raised the fallen flag on which the constitutional name of the Republic of Macedonia was written and led the people in the final confrontation with the Greeks, the direct descendants of Greek gods. This warlike attitude of the "winners" which was a consequence of the fear of politicians from heavy and unpopular compromises had its price. In those years, we lost our capability for strategic dialog. With Greeks? No, with ourselves. Since then, namely, we reach towards some fictional ethnic purity which we seek in the depths of the history and we are angry at those which dare to call us Slavs and our language and culture Slavic!? We are angry when they name us what we -if we have to define ourselves in such categories- are, showing that we are people full with complexes which are ashamed for ourselves. We lost our capability for reasonable judgment, someone shall say, because the past of the Balkans teaches us that to be wise among fools is foolish. Maybe. Maybe the British historians are right when they say that in history one can find confirmation for every modern thesis, so, we could say, also for the one that we are descendants of the Ancient Macedonians...." Denko Maleski, politician of the Republic of Macedonia (foreign minister from 1991 to 1993 and ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997), Utrinski Vesnik newspaper, 16 October 2006.
- ^ "Macedonia was also an attempt at a multicultural society. Here the fragments are just about holding together, although the cement that binds them is an unreliable mixture of propaganda and myth. The Macedonian language has been created, some rather misty history involving Tsar Samuel, probably a Bulgarian, and Alexander the Great, almost certainly a Greek, has been invented, and the name Macedonia has been adopted. Do we destroy these myths or live with them? Apparently these radical Slavic factions decided to live with their myths and lies for the constant amusement of the rest of the world!..." T.J. Winnifrith, Shattered Eagles, Balkan Fragments, Duckworth, 1995
- ^ "Macedonism".
- ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8.
Here is how a Bulgarian historian nowadays interprets the existence of Macedonian national identity (usually stigmatized in Bulgaria under the derogatory term "Macedonism"—makedonizăm): "As an offspring of Greater Serbian propaganda and aspirations in Macedonia, Macedonism was meant to split the Bulgarian people, to denationalize a part of it on anti-Bulgarian grounds. Macedonism sought to destroy the sentiment of the Bulgarians from Macedonia of having historical roots identical with those of the Bulgarians from Moesia [northern Bulgaria] and Thrace, to destroy the feeling of belonging to the Bulgarian nation.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8.
The historians from Skopje refer in particular to an 1871 article published by Petko Slaveykov in his Makedoniya. He describes the ideology of some "young patriots" whom he labels "Macedonists" (makedonisti)— without a doubt, this is the first instance of the derogatory term. According to Slaveykov, the "Macedonists" claimed they were "not Bulgarians but Macedonians, descendants of ancient Macedonians. Though, the Macedonists have never shown the bases of their attitude. They believed they had "Macedonian blood," and, at the same time, they were "pure Slavs"— in any case, different from the Bulgarians. These patriots even had ethnoracist stereotypes about the latter: for them, the Bulgarians were "Tatars."
- ^ Речник на българската литература, том 2 Е-О. София, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, 1977. с. 324.
- ^ "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians but Macedonians, descendants of the ancient Macedonians, and we have always waited to hear some proofs of this, but we have never heard them. The Macedonists have never shown us the bases of their attitude. They insist on their Macedonian origin, which they cannot prove in any satisfactory way. We have read in the history that in Macedonia existed a small nation – Macedonians; but nowhere do we find in it neither what were those Macedonians, nor of what tribe is their origin, and the few Macedonian words, preserved through some Greek writers, completely deny such a possibility....", "The Macedonian question" by Petko R. Slaveikov, published 18 January 1871 in the Macedonia newspaper in Constantinople.
- ^ Ц. Билярски, Из българския възрожденски печат от 70-те години на XIX в. за македонския въпрос, сп. "Македонски преглед", г. XXIII, София, 2009, кн. 4, с. 103–120.
- ^ "Since the Bulgarian idea, as it is well-known, is deeply rooted in Macedonia, I think it is almost impossible to shake it completely by opposing it merely with the Serbian idea. This idea, we fear, would be incapable, as opposition pure and simple, of suppressing the Bulgarian idea. That is why the Serbian idea will need an ally that could stand in direct opposition to Bulgarianism and would contain in itself the elements which could attract the people and their feelings and thus sever them from Bulgarianism. This ally I see in Macedonism...." from the report of S. Novakovic to the Minister of Education in Belgrade about "Macedonism" as a transitional stage in Serbianization of the Macedonian Bulgarians; see idem. Cultural and Public Relations of the Macedonians with Serbia in the XIXth c.), Skopje, 1960, p. 178.
- ^ He was sent as the Serbian envoy to Constantinople, considered as one of the most important posts in that period. The diplomatic convention with Ottoman Turkey signed in 1886, due to Novaković's skillful negotiations, made possible the opening of Serbian consulates in Skopje and Thessaloniki. He was instrumental in organizing a huge network of Serbian consulates, secular and religious Serbian schools and Serb religious institutions throughout Turkey in Europe, in particular in Macedonia, where he aided Macedonistic intellectuals as K. Grupchevic and N. Evrovic. Furthermore, Novaković initiated the establishment of closer Serbian-Russian relations as consul in St. Petersburg, where he supported the local Macedonists as Misirkov and Chupovski. Angel G. Angelov, The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms, 1470–1316, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1997, pp. 411–417.; Memoirs of Hristo Shaldev, Macedonian revolutionary (1876–1962), Macedonian Patriotic Organization "TA" (Adelaide, Australia, 1993), The Slav Macedonian Student Society in St. Petersburg, pp. 14–21. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ One Nineteenth Century Macedonian History Book (Historical Data and Mythology) Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska Institute of National History (Macedonia) Summary Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 3593391015, p. 224.
- ISBN 3838266986, p. 121.
- ^ Јован Цвијић, Основе за географију и геологију Македоније и Старе Србије I-III, 1906–1911.
- ^ Дијалекти источне и јужне Србије, Александар Белић, Српски дијалектолошки зборник, 1, 1905.
- ^ Стефан Дечев: За българските и македонските учебници, за удобния и неудобния „оригинален език". 31.12.2018, Marginalis.
- ^ Проф. Драги Георгиев: Да признаем, че е имало и фалшифициране – вместо "българин" са писали "македонец"- това е истината. 21.03.2020 Factor.bg.
- ^ 20.11.1914 "Македонскiй Голосъ" – Кто такие Македонцы?
- Konstantinos Christou. In his memories entitled as "Macedonian Struggle", Archbishop Karavangelis, wrote: "You have been Greeks since the time of Alexander the Great, but the Slavs came and slavicized you. Your appearance is Greek and the land we step on is Greek. This is witnessed by the monuments that are hidden in it, they are Greek, too, and the coins that we found are also Greek, and the inscriptions are Greek...." Каравангелис, Германос. "Македонската борба (спомени)", Васил Чекаларов, Дневник 1901–1903 г., Съставителство Ива Бурилкова, Цочо Билярски, ИК "Синева" София, 2001, стр. 327.
- ^ "A comparison of the ethnographic and linguistic maps drawn up by Messrs, Kantchev, Cvijic and Belic, with the new frontiers of the treaty of Bucharest reveals the gravity of the task undertaken by the Servians. They have not merely resumed possession of their ancient domain, the Sandjak of Novi-Bazar and Old Servia proper (Kosovo Pole and Metchia), despite the fact that this historic domain was strongly Albanian; they have not merely added thereto the tract described by patriotic Servian ethnographers as "Enlarged Old Servia" fan ancient geographical term which we have seen twice enlarged, once by Mr. Cvijic and again by Mr. Belic; [See chapter I, p. 29.] over and above all this, their facile generosity impelled them to share with the Greeks the population described on their maps as "Slav-Macedonian", a euphemism designed to conceal the existence of Bulgarians in Macedonia."
- ^ Stavrianos, L. S. (1942) The Balkan Federation Movement. A Neglected Aspect in The American Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 1. pp. 30–51.
- ^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.