Macronaria
Macronarians | |
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Several macronarian sauropods | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | †Sauropodomorpha |
Clade: | †Sauropoda |
Clade: | †Neosauropoda |
Clade: | †Macronaria Wilson & Sereno, 1998 |
Clades and subclades | |
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Macronaria is a
Macronaria was described by Wilson and
Anatomy
The following list includes some of the distinguishing characteristics that are diagnostic for Macronaria:[6][7][8]
- The long axis of the distal ischial shaft lie on the same plane
- Middle and posterior neural spineshave distal ends that extend out transversely
- Posterior neural spines extend at the tip forming a triangular process upwards.
- The anterior chevrons of the tail have open proximal articulation
- Robust, spatulate (spoon-like), and broad-crowned teeth
- Crests formed by large protruding nasal
- Elongate metacarpals
- Forelimbs are relatively long in comparison to the hind limbs (most clearly demonstrated by brachiosaurs)
Paleobiology
Posture, body size, and locomotion
The posture of macronarians is characterized by a novel ‘wide-gauged’ locomotor style, particularly in
Biogeography
Sauropods, widely speaking, have been associated with both coastal and inland environments. It is believed that macronarians such as titanosaurs were strictly terrestrial and associated with inland environments such as
Diet
It is well established that all sauropods, including macronarians, were obligate herbivores. Unlike their sister group, the diplodocids, which were thought to feed on low-lying plants, camarasaurids and other macronarians likely had strongly upward-oriented necks for browsing trees and taller plants.[12] Each tooth family in Camarasaurus is thought to have had a maximum of three replacement teeth and tooth formation took about 315 days. The replacement rate is thought to be one tooth every 62 days – this is about the same level or higher than non-sauropod herbivores, though it is lower than the replacement rates of the sister taxa, Diplodocus.[12] It is thought that this may be related to the fact that the low-browsing taxa ingested more grit and thus needed to replace teeth more, while Camarasaurus and other macronarians fed on mid to upper canopy plants where exogenous grit is almost non-existent. Given the large body size of these neosauropod herbivores, it is thought that this type of niche partitioning, characterized by different species taking advantage of different resources, was necessary for coexistence.
It was at one point believed that polished pebbles occasionally found with sauropod skeletons were
Phylogeny
Macronaria is nested within Neosauropoda and is sister to Diplodocoidea. These groups split around the mid- to late-Jurassic and end at the
The cladogram below follows José Luis Barco Rodríguez (2010).[15]
Macronaria |
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The cladogram below follows José L. Carballido, Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Diego Pol and Leonardo Salgado (2011).[16]
Camarasauromorpha | |
Simplified cladogram of Macronaria after D'Emic (2012).[12]
Macronaria |
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For alternative cladograms see also Mateus et al. (2011),[17] Mannion et al. (2013).[18]
References
- ^ P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In D. B. Weishampel, H. Osmolska, and P. Dodson (eds.), The Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley 259-322
- ^ "Camarasauromorpha". Variety of Life. Christopher Taylor. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
- ^ Paul M. Barrett, Roger B.J. Benson and Paul Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 131: 113–126.
- ^ P. D. Mannion. 2010. A revision of the sauropod dinosaur genus 'Bothriospondylus' with a redescription of the type material of the Middle Jurassic form 'B. madagascariensis. Palaeontology 53(2):277-296
- S2CID 203376597.
- ISSN 0272-4634.
- ISSN 0962-8436.
- ^ a b Carrano, Matthew T. (2005). The sauropods: evolution and paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 229–249.
- S2CID 32810109.
- S2CID 86329220.
- ISBN 9780813722382.
- ^ ISSN 0024-4082.
- PMID 17254987.
- ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ José Luis Barco Rodríguez (2010). "Implicaciones filogenéticas y paleobiogeográficas del saurópodo Galvesaurus herreroi Barco, Canudo, Cuenca-Bescós y Ruiz-Omeñaca 2005".
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(help) - hdl:11336/71888.
- ^ Mateus, O., Jacobs, L. L., Schulp, A. S., Polcyn, M. J., Tavares, T. S., Buta Neto, A., ... & Antunes, M. T. (2011). Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83(1), 221-233.
- ^ Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Barnes, R. N., & Mateus, O. (2013). Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168(1), 98-206.