Magdeburg rights

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Magdeburg Law
)
City charter of Kraków, Poland's medieval capital; inscribed in Latin.

Magdeburg rights (

Poland and Lithuania, a milestone in the urbanization of the region which prompted the development of thousands of villages and cities.[1]

Provisions

Being a member of the Hanseatic League, Magdeburg was one of the most important trade cities, maintaining commerce with the Low Countries, the Baltic states, and the interior (for example Braunschweig). As with most medieval city laws, the rights were primarily targeted at regulating trade to the benefit of the local merchants and artisans, who formed the most important part of the population of many such cities. External merchants coming into the city were not allowed to trade on their own, but instead forced to sell the goods they had brought into the city to local traders, if any wished to buy them.

Jews and Germans were sometimes competitors in those cities. Jews lived under privileges that they carefully negotiated with the king or

royal city
development policy, both German merchants and Jews were invited to settle in Polish cities.

Spread of the law

Monument to the Magdeburg Rights
in Kyiv

Among the most advanced systems of old Germanic law of the time, in the 13th and 14th centuries, Magdeburg rights were granted to more than a hundred cities, in

Schleswig, Bohemia, Poland, Belarus,[3] Ukraine, especially in Pomerania, Prussia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (following the Christianization of Lithuania), and probably Moldavia. In these lands they were mostly known as German or Teutonic law. Since the local tribunal of Magdeburg also became the superior court for these towns, Magdeburg, together with Lübeck, practically defined the law of northern Germany, Poland and Lithuania for centuries, being the heart of the most important "family" of city laws. This role remained until the old Germanic laws were successively replaced with Roman law under the influence of the Reichskammergericht, in the centuries after its establishment during the Imperial Reform of 1495.[citation needed
]

Implementation across Europe

The Law of Magdeburg implemented in Poland was different from its original German form.[4] It was combined with a set of civil and criminal laws, and adjusted to include the urban planning popular across Western Europe – which was based (more or less) on the ancient Roman model. Polish land owners used the location privilege known as "settlement with German law" across the country, even if there was no significant number of German settlers.[citation needed] Meanwhile, country people often ignorant of the actual German text, practiced the old common law of Poland in private relations.[4]

Notable Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian towns formerly governed on the basis of the location privilege known as the "settlement with German law" issued by Polish and Grand Duchy of Lithuania landlords (since the 16th to 18th centuries by

Hrodna, Kyiv, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Brody, Lutsk, Volodymyr, Sanok, Sniatyn, Nizhyn and many hundreds of others. The advantages were not only economic, but also political. Members of noble families were able to join the city patriciate usually unchallenged.[4] In the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, the first town to receive the Magdeburg rights was Goldberg in 1211 (Latin: "Aurum"; Polish: "Złotoryja"), then Székesfehérvár in 1237, followed by Trnava (1238), Nitra (1248), Levoča (1271) and Žilina (1369). Towns and cities including Bardejov, Buda, Bratislava and Košice
adopted the Southern German Nuremberg town rights, rather than the Magdeburg rights.

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0295972904. Retrieved October 23, 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  2. ^ a b Peter Stearns. "Magdeburg Law 1261: Northern Germany". World History in Documents: A Comparative Reader. New York University Press, 1998. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  3. ^ "Magdeburg Rights granted to Minsk 510 years ago". Belteleradiocompany. 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
  4. ^
    ISBN 1001288025. Retrieved October 23, 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )

External links