Magister degree
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A magister degree (also magistar, female form: magistra; from
The magister degree arose in medieval universities in Europe and was originally equal to the
Argentina
In
comparison system among academic programs.Egypt
In Egypt, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree which is awarded after three to six years duration. It is equivalent to an
Algeria
In Algeria, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree that is awarded after at least three years duration. Unlike in Egypt, the Magister degree in Algeria is not equivalent to an
German-speaking Europe and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe
In German-speaking Europe and other European countries culturally influenced by it the Magister's degree was originally equal to the doctorate; in German-speaking institutions the "doctorate" gradually replaced the earlier title of Magister, and it became the only recognized degree for the completion of a course of study in the faculty of arts or philosophy."[3]
After the classical Magister's degree had been replaced by the doctorate in the faculties of arts or philosophy, the word magister has in modern times mostly been used for an advanced degree below the doctorate, that is equal to a master's degree under the
In Austria, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Germany, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, obtaining the Magister requires at least five years of study including coursework and a final thesis, similar to a Diplom degree. Magisters tend to be awarded in the humanities and the social sciences, while Diplomas dominate in the natural sciences and in engineering.
In Austria, universities have partitioned almost all their previous Magister programs into a three- or four-year bachelor's and two-year master's program, following the cycle structure of the Bologna Process.
In Poland magister (abbreviated mgr or mgr inż. for in technical disciplines) is awarded after five years of university-level education and it is an equivalent to Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Laws, Master of Music in an academic discipline. Before around 1999 and the implementation of the Bologna Process the first academic degree awarded in Poland was magister. After implementation of the Bologna Process the person who obtained a Licentiate degree can continue education to the magister level (it requires additional two years of studies).
With the implementation of the Bologna Process, curriculums leading to Magister degrees have been phased out in many countries.
Denmark and Norway
In
In Norway, the Magister's degree in the 20th century required 7–8 years of studies, with strong emphasis on the scientific dissertation, which eventually had a formal standardized scope of 3 years; the degree required a first degree such as a
The Magister's degree became increasingly rare from the 1970s, and as a result of Denmark and Norway implementing the Bologna Process, it has now been completely abolished and replaced by PhD degrees. In Norway, the formal requirements for equivalence with the modern PhD are "a standardized scope of at least 3 years of study" and "an independent scientific work" with a thesis workload corresponding to "at least two years of standardized full time study," which is one year less than the requirements for the Magister's degree.[6]
Two main forms of the Magister's degree existed: Mag. art. (abbreviation of the Latin Magister Artium, "teacher of the arts"), if the degree was earned in
The degree was introduced in
A Norwegian Magister's degree required a three-year scientific dissertation of high quality, and is considered "approximately equivalent to an American Ph.D."[7] Also in Denmark the Magister's degree is considered a degree at the same level as a PhD.[8][9] By comparison, in both Norway and Denmark, a PhD degree today only requires a 2.5-year dissertation. The Danish and Norwegian PhD degrees are identical, but in Denmark, the PhD is not considered a doctorate, as is established by law.
Both American PhDs and German doctorates have been found to be equivalent to Danish and Norwegian Magister's degrees on several occasions. In Denmark, the PhD degree has been introduced as a so-called "lower doctorate" (although it is not a doctorate in the legal sense), formally replacing the Licentiate's degree and thus also the Magister's degree. Those obtaining the traditional doctorates in Denmark, now called
The Danish and Norwegian Magister's degree should not be confused with the
Sweden
The title magister has had many different meanings in the Swedish educational system, from a degree equal to the doctorate to a graduate degree.
Since 2007 in Sweden, the Magister Examination (Swedish: magisterexamen) is a one-year graduate degree which requires at least three years of undergraduate studies. It is officially translated into either Master of Arts, Master of Social Science or Master of Science depending on the subject.[11]
In Sweden, magister (filosofie magister) historically was the highest degree at the faculties of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctorate used in theology, law and medicine. The degree was abolished in 1863, and replaced with the Doctor of Philosophy. The magister degrees used in Denmark and Norway most closely resemble this degree.
Magister has since referred to several degrees in Sweden which are unrelated to the original magister degree and unrelated to the magister degrees in the other Scandinavian countries. Some universities conferred a degree called magister between 1908 and 1969, which was roughly comparable to a master's degree.
This master's degree was traditionally taken as a first degree before the Bologna Process. The degree usually lasted about 5–6 years and is structured into Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced progressional components. A new undergraduate magister degree, requiring at least four years of studies, was introduced in 1993. Since the introduction of the Bologna Process in 2005, the Magister has been broken into bachelor (formerly Basic/Intermediate) and master (formerly Advanced) components. However, the vast majority of students continue right through to complete the master's degree and, in effect, the duration and extent of the old Magister degree remains much as it was.
Territories of Former Yugoslavia
In Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and other territories once part of Yugoslavia, before the implementation of the Bologna Process, the magistar nauka/magister znanosti (Magister of Science) was a research-oriented degree awarded for two or three years of study following the diploma degree (which lasted 4 to 6 years) and the defense of a magistarski rad (magister's thesis).[12][13] In order to be promoted to doktor nauka/znanosti (Doctor of Science), a magistar was supposed to write and defend a doctoral thesis. Magistar um(j)etnosti (Magister of Arts) was a terminal degree in music performance, acting and visual arts.
In Serbia, by decision of the Serbian Parliament (Odredba stava 2.), the status of those graduated before the Bologna process is now equivalent with master's degree graduates in the EU.[14] Magister's degree has been considered as equivalent of the first two years of three years doctoral studies. In Croatia, the statuses are regulated by a new law from 2007[15] and a new classification from 2008.[16]
Entering 'Magistar" studies was a highly selective process. Only students with high GPA were eligible for studies of this kind. Mostly, those were preselected students who were employed at universities.
This kind of degree entitles one to be considered as PhD candidate. He or she can immediately start working on a dissertation. The person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 + 3 years of education (humanities, science etc.) or 5 + 3 (engineering) years of education after high school. Two years were related to the coursework only. After two years of coursework and research, the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework, although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities (which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load).
After the Bologna process, previous undergraduate education has been reformed. Current students that are in a 3- or 4-year Bachelor program and 1–2 Master program have to complete PhD requirements before writing their dissertation. They have to complete the coursework and pass preliminary exams. Students with Magistar degree have no such requirements. They have to do the research only related to the dissertation. Some universities which retained the Magistar (e.g. University of Zagreb) use it as a pre-postgraduate studies qualification.[17]
France
In France, a magistère is a highly selective three-year course. To enter the course, the student is required to obtain top-level grades at his Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (two-year first university degree). However, due to the Bologna Process, most of the magistères are substituted by master's degrees.
The most prestigious French universities still offer "magistères" in Law, Economics, or Sciences, which are open to the highest-ranked students at the end of the first two years of studies.
Italy
After the Bologna Process the second cycle degree in Italy is the Laurea Magistrale, i.e. a Magister degree. It is a postgraduate two-year degree, equivalent to a master's degree.
In some fields (particularly, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Architecture) the Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico is awarded. This is a five or six year second cycle (master's) degree, which does not require a previous first cycle degree for the admission.
English-speaking regions
There are various traditional master's degrees (especially those that predate the 20th century) whose English-language names (containing Master) have Neo-Latin counterparts (containing Magister). These are used, among others, by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, in some official ceremonies still conducted in Latin, such as the awarding of degrees. They include the following:
English | Neo-Latin |
---|---|
Master of Arts | Magister Artium |
Master of Advanced Study
|
Magister in Studio Ampliore |
Master of Divinity | Magister Divinitatis |
Master of Education | Magister Educationis |
Master of Laws | Legum Magister |
Master of Letters | Magister Litterarum |
Master of Liberal Arts |
Magister Liberalium Artium |
Master of Pharmacy | Magister Pharmaciae |
Master of Philosophy | Magister Philosophiae |
Master of Research | Magister in Arte Investegante |
Master of Sacred Theology | Sacrae Theologiae Magister |
Master of Science | Magister Scientiae |
Master of Surgery | Magister Chirurgiae |
Master of Theology | Theologiae Magister |
References
- ISBN 9780521541138.
- ^ "CONEAU: Tipos de Posgrado". Ministry of Education (Argentina). 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-08. [dead link]
- ^ Lee C. Deighton (1971), The Encyclopedia of Education, vol. 3, p. 31
- ^ "Anders Gade". University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 2019-09-07.
- ^ "Magisterkonferens". University of Copenhagen. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
Som forsker-rekrutteringsgrundlag blev den erstattet af ph.d.-uddannelsen, og magisterkonferensen blev endeligt afskaffet i 2007
- ^ NOKUT's criteria, nokut.no
- ISBN 0-415-15760-9.
- ISBN 0-415-15760-9.
In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. art. At present, both mag. art. and PhD degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate studies is the same.
- ^ Susan Carol Rogers; Thomas M. Wilson; Gary W. McDonogh, eds. (1996). European anthropologies: a guide to the profession. Ethnography, ethnology and social, cultural anthropology. Vol. 1. American Anthropological Association/Society for the Anthropology of Europe. p. 231.
[...] the establishment of a Ph.D. degree, which replaces the degree of mag. art.
- ^ Farago, Peter Joseph; Malcolm John Frazer; Stanley D. Walker (1976). Chemical education in Europe. Chemical Society.
For example in Denmark, Finland and Norway only individuals who have successfully carried out individual research work for many years are awarded the title 'Doctor' - and this is equivalent to the higher doctorate
- ^ Swedish National Agency for Higher Education Archived June 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eurydice – Serbia and Montenegro (2004/2005) Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Croatia – Legal Framework". World Education News & Reviews. 16 (6). Nov–Dec 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ "Службени гласник Републике Србије", број 76/05
- ^ "Zakon o akademskim i stručnim nazivima i akademskom stupnju", Narodne novine 2007-107
- ^ "Popis akademskih naziva i akademskih stupnjeva te njihovih kratica", Narodne novine 2008-45
- ^ "EFZG - Ekonomski Fakultet Zagreb". unizg.hr.