Magnús Óláfsson

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Magnús Óláfsson
King of Mann and the Isles
Máire Nic Dubhghaill
IssueGuðrøðr Magnússon
HouseCrovan dynasty
FatherÓláfr Guðrøðarson

Magnús Óláfsson (died 24 November 1265) was a

Kings of Norway and generally recognised a nominal Norwegian overlordship of Mann and the Hebrides. Magnus was driven out by King Alexander III
.

In 1237, Óláfr died and was succeeded by his elder son,

Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. In Haraldr's absence, Magnús and a relation of his, Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill, King in the Isles
, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mann. A few years later, Magnús successfully made his return to the island and was proclaimed king.

In the 1240s, following attempts to purchase the Isles from Hákon,

Lennox. Meanwhile, the main Norwegian force was occupied with the Battle of Largs—a famous, but inconclusive series of skirmishes against the Scots. Following this action, Hákon's demoralised fleet returned home having accomplished little. Not long after Hákon's departure and death, Alexander launched a punitive expedition into the Hebrides, and threatened Mann with the same. Magnús' subsequent submission to the Scottish king, and the homage
rendered for his lands, symbolises the failure of Hákon's campaign, and marks the complete collapse of Norwegian influence in the Isles.

Magnús, the last reigning king of his dynasty, died at

Máire. In the year after his death, the Hebrides and Mann were formally ceded by King of Norway to the King of Scots. Ten years after Magnús' death, Guðrøðr, a bastard son of his attempted to establish himself as king on Mann. Guðrøðr's revolt was quickly and brutally crushed by Scottish forces, and the island remained part of the Kingdom of Scotland
. By the 1290s, the Hebridean portion of Magnús' former island-kingdom had been incorporated into a newly created Scottish sheriffdom.

Background

Map of the Kingdom of the Isles circa 1200.[2] The lands of the Crovan dynasty bordering those of Clann Somhairle.

Magnús was a member of the

Skye. Magnús was the son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles (died 1237). Although Óláfr is known to have had two wives, and no contemporaneous source names the mother of his children, Magnús' mother may have been Óláfr's second wife—Cairistíona, daughter of Fearchar, Earl of Ross, (died c. 1251).[3][note 1]

Óláfr was a younger son of

Rǫgnvaldr (died 1249), formally succeeded to the kingship of the Crovan dynasty's kingdom.[7]

Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson's reign was an extremely short one; only weeks after his accession, he was slain on Mann. His killer is identified by a contemporary source as a knight named Ívarr who may have been an ally of Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson's second cousin once removed,

Henry III, King of England (died 1272),[9] Haraldr was later regarded as a usurper by his Norwegian overlord, Hákon. In 1250, Hákon summoned Haraldr to Norway to answer for his seizure of the kingship, and Haraldr was kept from returning to the Isles.[10]

Eóghan of Argyll and the invasion of Mann

Simplified pedigree illustrating Magnús' kinship to his wife, Máire Nic Dubhghaill, and his rival, Haraldr Guðrøðarson. Women are italicised.[11]
Óláfr
(died 1153)
Guðrøðr
(died 1187)		RagnhildrSomhairle
(died 1164)
Rǫgnvaldr
(died 1229)		ÍvarrÓláfr
(died 1237)		Dubhghall
(died 1175×)
Rǫgnvaldr
(died 1249)
Magnús
(died 1265)		Donnchadh
(died 1244×1248)
Eóghan

(died c.1268×1275)
Máire

(died 1302)

Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, King of the Isles (died 1164).[12] Through Somhairle's wife, Ragnhildr, daughter of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles (died 1153), several leading members of Clann Somhairle claimed kingship in the Hebrides.[13] In 1248, Eóghan and his second cousin, Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí (died 1268), travelled to Hákon in Norway and requested the title of king in the Hebrides. Hákon subsequently bestowed the title upon Eóghan, and the following year, upon learning of Haraldr Óláfsson's death, Hákon sent Eóghan westward to take control of the Isles (at least temporarily) on his behalf.[14] Up until this point Eóghan had two overlords: the King of Norway, who claimed the Hebrides; and the King of Scots, who claimed Argyll and coveted the Hebrides. Unfortunately for Eóghan, soon after his return from Norway, Alexander II of Scotland (died 1249) led an expedition deep into Argyll and demanded that Eóghan renounce his allegiance to Hákon. Eóghan refused to do so and was subsequently driven from his Scottish lordship.[15]

St. Michael's Isle and Castle Rushen
. A photograph with a view looking south-west from St. Michael's Isle across the tidal causeway to mainland Mann.

In 1250, following Haraldr Guðrøðarson's summons to Norway, the

Chronicle of Mann records that Magnús and Eóghan arrived on Mann with a force of Norwegians.[16] The exact intentions of the invaders are unknown; it is possible that they may have intended to install Magnús as king.[17] At the very least, Eóghan was likely looking for some form of compensation for his dispossession from his mainland Scottish lordship.[18] The chronicle states that the invaders made landfall at Ronaldsway, and entered into negotiations with the Manx people; although, when it was learned that Eóghan styled himself "King of the Isles", the Manxmen took offence and broke off all dialogue.[19]

The chronicle indicates that Eóghan had his men form-up on St Michael's Isle,[16] an island that was attached to Mann by a tidal causeway.[17] As evening drew near, the chronicle records that an accomplice of the knight Ívarr led a Manx assault on the island and routed the invading forces. The next day, the chronicle states that the invading forces left the shores of Mann.[16] Ívarr's connection to the Manx attack on the invading forces of Eóghan and Magnús suggests that there was still considerable opposition on Mann by adherents of Haraldr to the prospect of Magnús' kingship there.[20]

The following year, Henry III commanded the

John fitz Geoffrey (died 1258), to prohibit Magnús from raising military forces in Ireland for an invasion of Mann.[21] A year later Magnús succeeded to the kingship, as the chronicle records that he returned to Mann and, with the consent of the people, began his reign.[22] There are indications that opposition to Magnús, and thus possibly support of Haraldr, continued into the mid 1250s.[23] For example, the chronicle records that when Hákon bestowed upon Magnús the title of king in 1254, it further notes that when Magnús' opponents heard of this, they became dismayed and that their hopes of overthrowing him gradually faded away.[24] Furthermore, a letter of protection, written on behalf of Henry to Magnús in 1256, orders Henry's men not to receive Haraldr and Ívarr, which may thus indicate that these two men were still alive and active.[23] Although Magnús' eldest brother, Haraldr Óláfsson, appears to have ruled over the entirety of the dynasty's thirteenth-century sea-realm, as did Magnús from 1252 onwards, the situation during the years between Haraldr Óláfsson's death and Magnús' accession is uncertain, and it is possible that the kingdom was partitioned between feuding dynasts, as it had been during the bitter inter-dynastic strife of the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.[25][note 2] Clearly the situation in the Isles was unsettled in the 1250s. For example, Henry is known to have written letters to Alexander, Hákon, and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (died 1282), the co-ruler of Gwynedd, ordering them not allow their men invade Mann in Magnús' absence there in 1254.[26]

Scottish aggression

Castle Rushen, where Magnús died in 1265. By the mid thirteenth century the castle had become the power-centre on Mann. The castle dates to the late twelfth- or early thirteenth century.[27]

In 1244, Alexander made the first of several attempts by Scottish monarchs to purchase the Hebrides from the Kingdom of Norway. It was following this unsuccessful bid that Hákon sent Eóghan into the Isles in 1249, which in turn led to Eóghan's expulsion from the Scottish-mainland when Alexander launched a full-scale summer invasion into Argyll. Alexander's sudden death in the Hebrides brought an abrupt end to his westward invasion, and it was not until the 1260s that a Scottish king again attempted to impose his authority into the Isles.[28]

In 1261,

Skye.[29][note 3] The assault was likely carried out on behalf of Alexander, in response to the failure of Scottish mission to Norway the year previous.[29][note 4] In response, Hákon organised a massive military force to re-assert Norwegian control along the western seaboard of Scotland. At this time, the Norwegian king was at the height of his power, and his only son had just recently been recognised as heir to the throne.[32]

Norwegian retaliation

The Norwegian-led expedition along the south-western seaboard of Scotland.

Late in the summer of 1263, Hákon's fleet reached the northern seaboard of Scotland. Although the precise size of the fleet is unknown, the

Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay (died c.1293) and a certain Murchadh,[38] both who are stated by the saga to have afterwards submitted to Hákon.[39][note 5] The saga records that several castles were secured by Hákon's forces: Rothesay Castle on Bute; and an unnamed castle in southern Kintyre,[44] which was more than likely Dunaverty Castle.[45] At Gigha, the saga relates that Eóghan surrendered himself to Hákon, and informed the Norwegian king that he had decided to side with the Scots from whom he held a larger grant of lands.[46] At about the time when Hákon let Eóghan go free, the saga records that the first messengers from the King of Scots arrived to parley.[47]

The saga indicates that negotiations started peacefully enough, although as time drew on, and the weather grew worse, a time-pressed Hákon broke off all dialogue.

Tarbet).[50][note 6] The saga vividly describes how the invaders wasted the well-inhabited islands of the loch and the dwellings surrounding the loch.[52] The fact that Hákon tasked his Norse-Gaelic magnates with leading this foray likely indicates that their boats were lighter than those of the Norwegians, and thus easier to portage from one loch to another; it could also indicate that the undertaking was meant to test their faithfulness to the Norwegian cause.[53]

Tarbet harbour, on the north-western shores of Loch Lomond. After dragging their vessels overland from Loch Long
, Magnús and his Hebredian comrades launched their ships from what is today Tarbet, and plundered the islands and shores of Loch Lomond.

While Lennox was being plundered,[54] Hákon and his main force, stationed between the Cumbraes and the Scottish mainland,[55] were occupied with the events surrounding the Battle of Largs, between 30 September and 3 October.[56] Although claimed by later Scottish chroniclers as a great victory, in reality the so-called battle was nothing more than "a series of disorderly skirmishes", with relatively few casualties that achieved little for either side.[56] Following the encounter, Hákon led his fleet northward up through the Hebrides. At Mull, he parted with his Norse-Gaelic lords: Dubhghall was rewarded with Eóghan's former island-domain; Murchad was given Arran, and a certain Ruaidrí was given Bute.[57][note 7] The Norwegian fleet left the Hebrides and reached Orkney by the end of October, where an ill Hákon died in mid December.[61] Despite the saga's claim that Hákon had been triumphant,[62] in reality the campaign was a failure. Alexander's kingdom had successfully defended itself from Norwegian might, and many of Hákon's Norse-Gaelic supporters had been reluctant to support his cause.[61]

Hebridean-Manx subjugation

Within months of Hákon's abortive campaign, embassies were sent forth from Norway to discuss

Gesta Annalia I, the Scots invaders plundered and killed throughout the islands;[67] the expedition itself is corroborated by the late thirteenth century Magnúss saga lagabœtis[68] ("The Saga of Magnús the Lawmender"),[35] which indicates that Scottish forces went into the Hebrides and secured the submission of Aonghus Mór amongst others.[68] Another punitive expedition, possibly led by the Earl of Ross, was launched into Caithness and Ross.[69] The submission forced upon the island-magnates, particularly that of Magnús, marked the complete collapse of Norwegian influence in the Isles.[70]

Acta and honours

Magnús' surviving 1256 charter.

Only twenty originals, copies, or abstract versions of

seals, used to authenticate such instruments. Although no seals of the dynasty now survive, there exists several seventeenth- and eighteenth-century descriptions and depictions of ones believed to have belonged to Magnús' uncle Rǫgnvaldr, and brother Haraldr. This limited evidence suggests that, in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries, the kings of the dynasty bore a sailing ship upon their seals, which would have likely represented the clinker-built galley utilised in the Isles at the time.[73] Borne by men whose strength lay in the power of armed galley-fleets, such a symbol would have represented their authority in the Isles.[74]

Magnús' name as it appears on folio 122r of AM 45 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Magnus konvngr or Man".[75]

The Chronicle of Mann, the only narrative source for the dynasty's realm, was compiled on Mann during Magnús' reign.

Richard, Bishop of the Isles. The chronicle thus appears to have been commissioned by, or on behalf of, Magnús himself.[77] The chronicle is somewhat biased in favour of one line of the dynasty over another—the line of Magnús's father, Óláfr, over that of Óláfr's rival half-brother Rǫgnvaldr. For example, Haraldr Guðrøðarson is depicted as a usurper and tyrant, in contrast to the legitimate kingship of his cousin, Magnús.[76] In fact, one reason for the chronicle's composition may have been to legitimise the line of Óláfr which, at the time of the chronicle's compilation, was then represented by Magnús himself.[77]

Like his father and his brother Haraldr, Magnús is recorded within the Chronicle of Mann as having been

knighted by Henry III.[78] The knighthoods of Haraldr (in 1247) and Magnús (in 1256) appear to be confirmed by independent English sources. For example, within Henry's letter to Magnús in 1256, Magnús is described to have been invested with a military belt by the English king.[79] Several of the leading members of the Crovan dynasty styled themselves in Latin rex insularum ("King of the Isles"). Magnús and his aforesaid brother, Haraldr, styled themselves in Latin rex manniae et insularum ("King of Mann and the Isles").[80][note 10]

Death

Rǫgnvaldr, or their father Óláfr.[82]

Following his submission to Alexander, Magnús, the last reigning king of the Crovan dynasty, ruled peacefully until his death in 1265.

Máire (died 1302).[12][note 13] As the last of a long line of Norse-Gaelic rulers of Mann, his death ended the island's so-called "golden-age" of Scandinavian sea-kings.[88] The continuation of Historia rerum Anglicarum records simply, that on his death, "kings ceased to reign on Mann".[89]

Dismantled kingdom

Three years after the inconclusive skirmish at Largs, terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the kingdoms of Norway and Scotland. On 2 July 1266, with the conclusion of the

Chronicle of Lanercost records that Alexander ruled Mann through appointed bailiffs; Scottish exchequer accounts record that the Sheriff of Dumfries was given allowance for maintaining seven Manx hostages.[92]

In 1275, Magnús Óláfsson's illegitimate son, Guðrøðr, led a revolt on Mann and attempted to establish himself as king.[93] According to the Chronicle of Mann and the Chronicle of Lanercost, a Scottish fleet landed on Mann on 7 October, and early the next morning the revolt was crushed as the Scots routed the rebels at the Battle of Ronaldsway.[94][note 14] Guðrøðr may very well have been slain in the defeat,[97] although one source, the continuation of Historia rerum Anglicarum, states that he, his wife and his followers escaped the carnage to Wales.[98][note 15]

By the end of the thirteenth century, the islands once ruled by Magnús and his fellow members of the Crovan dynasty before him, were incorporated into the Scottish realm. In 1293, the

John, King of Scots (died 1314) established three new sheriffdoms within his kingdom. One of these three, the Sheriffdom of Skye, was granted to William I, Earl of Ross (died 1323). This sheriffdom included the seaboard north of Ardnamurchan (Wester Ross and Kintail), and the islands of Skye, Lewis, Uist, Barra, Eigg, and Rum. It is possible that parts of the sheriffdom may have been taken over earlier, sometime after the dismantling of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles.[100]

Ancestry

Notes

  1. Chronicle of Mann, Haraldr was only fourteen years old at the time of his father's death. This dates Haraldr's birth to about the time of the marriage of Óláfr and Cairistíona.[3]
  2. ^ For example, the permanent partitioning between brothers-in-law Somhairle and Guðrøðr Óláfsson in the mid twelfth century, when the dynasty lost control of the Inner Hebrides; the partitioning between half-brothers Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr Guðrøðarson, in the late twelfth- and early thirteenth centuries; and the partitioning between the same Óláfr and his nephew, Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson, in 1230.[25]
  3. ^ For example, the Scots who took part in the attack are said to have "taken the little children, and laid them on their spear-points, and shook their spears until they brought the children down to their hands; and so threw them away dead".[30]
  4. ^ When the embassy attempted to leave Norway without permission, Hákon held the Scots against their will for a time.[31]
  5. Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith (died c.1293) under uncertain circumstances. Members of Clann Suibhne sought to reacquire their ancestral lands as late as the first decade in the fourteenth century, before settling in Ireland for good.[43]
  6. ^ Although the placename Tarbet is popularly stated to translate as "place of portage" on account of the saga's account, it actually means "isthmus".[51]
  7. Óspakr Ǫgmundarson, King of the Isles (died 1230), a supposed member of Clann Somhairle, whom Hákon had recognised as king in the Isles.[59] In 1230, Hákon supplied Óspakr with an invasion fleet which sailed down through the Hebrides to Bute. Although the force seized Rothesay Castle from the Scots, Óspakr died soon after from wounds suffered in the assault.[60]
  8. ^ Henry was captured following the disastrous Battle of Lewes, fought on 14 May 1264, during a period of open-rebellion in England.[65] If Henry had not been captured, he may not have allowed Alexander to gain Magnús' submission.[64]
  9. monastery of Holm Cultram.[72]
  10. ^ It is unknown how the royal descendants of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson styled themselves.[80] Contradicting contemporary sources may indicate that Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1237) had a fourth son, named Guðrøðr.[81]
  11. ^ This record is the earliest mention of the castle in the chronicle.[85]
  12. ^ The three kings are Magnús, Magnús' brother Rǫgnvaldr, and their father, Óláfr.[82]
  13. William Fitzwarin (died 1299).[87]
  14. ^ The accounts of the revolt's suppression in both chronicles are thought to be derived from the same original source.[95] One of the Scots magnates present at the battle was Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll (died 1310), son of Magnús' father-in-law.[96]
  15. ^ The annals date to about 1290, when they were copied from contemporary notes.[99]

Citations

  1. ^ Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 108–109; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  2. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 25.
  3. ^ a b McDonald 2007: p. 79 fn 48.
  4. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 70–71.
  5. ^ Duffy 2004c. See also: McNamee 2004.
  6. ^ McNamee 2004.
  7. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 87–88, 151–152.
  8. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 88.
  9. ^ Anderson 1922: p. 567 fn 2.
  10. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 88–89.
  11. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 27. See also: Sellar 2004b. See also: Sellar 2000: pp. 192, 194. See also: Duncan; Brown 1956–1957: pp. 196–197, 200.
  12. ^ a b Sellar 2004b.
  13. ^ Beuermann 2010: p. 102.
  14. ^ Beuermann 2010: p. 108. See also: Sellar 2004b. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 554–555.
  15. ^ Sellar 2004b. See also: Stringer 2004.
  16. ^ a b c McDonald 2007: p. 89. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 567–569. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 104–109.
  17. ^ a b McDonald 2007: p. 89.
  18. ^ Sellar 2004b. See also: Stringer 2004. See also: Brown 2004: p. 81. See also: McDonald 1997: p. 104.
  19. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 104. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 567–569. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 104–109.
  20. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 89. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: p. 206 fn 49.
  21. ^ Duffy 2007: p. 21. See also: McDonald 2007: p. 89. See also: Close rolls of the reign of Henry III. Preserved in the Public Record Office 1970: p. 177. See also: Sweetman 1875: p. 478 (#3206). See also: Cooper 1832: pp. 425–426.
  22. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 89. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 573, See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 108–109.
  23. ^ a b McDonald 2007: pp. 89–90.
  24. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 89–90. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 578. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 108–109.
  25. ^ a b McDonald 2007: p. 92.
  26. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 104 fn 4.
  27. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 40, 84, 210.
  28. ^ Stringer 2004.
  29. ^ a b Munro; Munro 2004. See also: Reid 2004. See also: McDonald 1997: pp. 106–107. See also: Cowan 1990: pp. 117–118. See also: Duncan; Brown 1956–1957: p. 212.
  30. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 106. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 605–606.
  31. ^ Power 2005: p. 50. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 601–602.
  32. ^ Power 2005: pp. 50–53.
  33. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 107. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 607.
  34. ^ a b c McDonald 1997: p. 108. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 615–616.
  35. ^ a b Clunies Ross 2010: pp. 59, 91–92. See also: Cowan 1990: pp. 103–106.
  36. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 108.
  37. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 109. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 617.
  38. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 109.
  39. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 109. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 618.
  40. ^ Ó Cuív 1988: p. 80.
  41. ^ Sellar 2000: pp. 206–207.
  42. ^ Woolf 2005. See also: Ewart; Triscott 1996: p 518.
  43. ^ McDonald 2005: p. 189 fn 36. See also: Brown 2004: p. 82. See also: Ewart; Triscott 1996: p 518. See also: Barrow 1973: p. 373.
  44. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 110. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 619–620.
  45. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 110.
  46. ^ McDonald 1997: pp. 111–112. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 617.
  47. ^ McDonald 1997: pp. 111–112. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 622–623.
  48. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 112. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 622–625.
  49. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 112. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 625–626, 625 fn 7.
  50. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen 2005: p. 258. See also: Barrow 1981: p. 117.
  51. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54.
  52. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 112. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 625–626.
  53. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 112. See also: Rixson 1998: p. 73.
  54. ^ Sellar 2000: p. 206. Barrow 1981: p. 117.
  55. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen 2005: pp. 258–260.
  56. ^ a b McDonald 1997: pp. 113–114.
  57. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 114. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 634–635.
  58. ^ McDonald 1997: pp. 110–111. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 620–622.
  59. ^ McDonald 1997: pp. 110–111. See also: Cowan 1990: pp. 120–121. See also: Duncan; Brown 1956–1957: p. 203 fn 5.
  60. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen 2005: pp. 250–252. 258. See also: McDonald 1997: p. 90. See also. Anderson 1922: pp. 473–477.
  61. ^ a b Barrow 1981: pp. 118–119.
  62. ^ Anderson 1922: p. 635.
  63. ^ a b McDonald 2007: pp. 53, 207, 222. See also: Brown 2004: pp. 83–85. See also: McDonald 1997: p. 115. See also: Skene 1872b: p. 296.
  64. ^ a b Duncan 1996: p. 581, 581 fn 30.
  65. ^ Ridgeway 2004.
  66. ^ Paton; Reid 2004. See also: Young 2004a. See also: Young 2004b.
  67. ^ McDonald 1997: p. 116. See also: Skene 1872a: pp. 300–301. See also: Skene 1872b: p. 296.
  68. ^ a b McDonald 1997: p. 116. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 648–649. See also: Vigfusson 1887: pp. 363–364.
  69. ^ Brown 2004: p. 84. See also: McDonald 1997: p. 116.
  70. ^ Brown 2004: p. 84.
  71. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 202.
  72. ^ Jamroziak (2008) pp. 32–33; Grainger; Collingwood (1929) pp. 94–95 § 266a; PoMS, H1/18/2 (n.d.); PoMS, Transaction Factoid No. 7707 (n.d.).
  73. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 204–206.
  74. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 206. See also: McDonald 1995: p. 143.
  75. ^ Unger (1871) p. 572; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  76. ^ a b Oram; Adderley 2010: p. 128. See also: Woolf 2008: pp. 113–116. See also: McDonald 2007: pp. 37–38, 99–100.
  77. ^ a b McDonald 2007: pp. 76, 99–100.
  78. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 215. See also: McDonald 2005: p. 193 fn 50. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 587, 587 fn 1. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 108–109.
  79. ^ McDonald 2005: p. 193 fn 50. See also: Oliver 1861: p. 86. See also: Rymer; Sanderson; Holmes 1739: pt. 2 p. 12.
  80. ^ a b Sellar 2000: pp. 192–193.
  81. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 106–107.
  82. ^ a b c McDonald 2007: p. 201. See also: Kermode 2005: p. 6. See also: Kermode; Herdman 1904: p. 86.
  83. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 89–90, 100. See also: Sellar 2000: p. 210.
  84. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 89–90. See also: Sellar 2000: p. 210. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 653, 653 fn 1. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 94–95.
  85. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 211.
  86. ^ Munch; Goss 1874: p. 206.
  87. ^ Sellar 2004b. See also: Higgitt 2000: p. 19. See also: Henderson 1898: pp. 35–36. See also: Bain 1884: p. 285 (#1117).
  88. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 100.
  89. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 90. See also: Howlett 1895: p. 549.
  90. ^ McDonald 1997: pp. 119–121.
  91. ^ Lustig 1979: pp. 44–45.
  92. ^ Duncan; Brown 1956–1957: p. 214. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 657.
  93. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 54. See also: Sellar 2000: p. 210.
  94. ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 54. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 672–673. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 110–111.
  95. ^ Anderson 1922: p. 673 fn 1.
  96. ^ Sellar 2004a.
  97. ^ Sellar 2000: p. 210.
  98. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 107. See also: Anderson 1908: pp. 382–383. See also: Howlett 1895: p. 570.
  99. ^ Anderson 1908: p. 382 fn 1. See also: Howlett 1895: p. lxxxviii.
  100. ^ Brown 2004: p. 85. See also: Munro; Munro 2004. See also: McDonald 1997: p. 131. See also: Duncan; Brown 1956–1957: p. 216.
  101. ^ a b McDonald 2007: p. 71.
  102. ^ Duffy 2004a
  103. ^ McDonald 2007: p. 64. See also: Duffy 2004a. See also: Sellar 2000: p. 192.
  104. ^ a b Oram 2004.
  105. ^ Duffy 2004b.

References

Primary sources
Secondary sources

External links
Magnús Óláfsson
 Died: 1265
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of Mann and the Isles

1254–1265 		Extinct


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