Mamallapuram

Neolithic burial urn, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the 1st century BCE have been discovered near Mahabalipuram. The Sangam age poem Perumpāṇāṟṟuppadai relates the rule of King Thondaiman Ilam Thiraiyar at

MTC and TNSTC (Villupuram division) operate bus services between Mamallapuram/Mahabalipuram and Chennai, Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram, Thiruttani etc. MTC's bus services available from various parts of the Chennai include Deluxe and Air-conditioned buses.^[10] Mahabalipuram is 56 km from Chennai.

Climate

Mahabalipuram has a

Landmarks

The town has a collection of 7th- and 8th-century Hindu religious monuments that has been declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[1][4][12] It is on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.^[1]

The site has 40 ancient monuments and

• Descent of the Ganges or Arjuna's Penance – a giant open-air rock relief.^[18]
• Yudhishtra, Nakula and Sahadeva) and Draupadi
  . Each of these is carved from one single separate large piece of stone.
• Cave Temples – over ten rock-cut temples dating back to the 7th century. These include the Varaha, Adi Varaha, Krishna, Mahishasuramardini (Durga), Ramanuja, Dharmaraja, Koneri, Kotikal, Panchapandava and others.^[19]
• The Shore Temple – a structural temple along the Bay of Bengal with the entrance from the western side away from the sea. Recent excavations have revealed new structures here.^[20]
• Other structural temples including the Olakkanesvara temple and the lighthouse, along with rock-cut features such as the Draupadi's tank and Krishna's butterball.^[21]
• Thirukadalmallai, the temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.^[22]

The Descent of the Ganges, also known as Arjuna's Penance, at Mahabalipuram, is one of the largest rock reliefs in Asia and features in several Hindu scriptures.

Demography

As of 2001^[update] India census, Mahabalipuram had a population of 12,345.^[23] Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mahabalipuram has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 73%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 66%. In Mahabalipuram, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.^[24]

Events

In October 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Arjuna's Penance, the Pancha Rathas complex and the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram.^[25]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Mamallapuram Archived 4 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia Britannica
2. ^ Kathiresan, Rajesh Kumar. "TN Motor Vehicle Registration". Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
3. ISBN 978-81-7478-040-9
   . Retrieved 21 March 2024.
4. ^
   ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8
   .
5. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th Edition (1982), Vol. VI, p. 497
6. ^ C. 2004, p. 3
7. ^ ^{a b} Sundaresh; A. S. Gaur; Sila Tripati; K. H. Vora (10 May 2004). "Underwater investigations off Mamallapuram" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (9). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2004.
8. ^ C. 2004, p. 3
9. ^ Ancient Discoveries: Lost Cities of the Deep History Channel
10. ^ "Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd". Archived from the original on 17 June 2020.
11. ^ "Climate: Mahabalipuram". climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
13. ISBN 978-1-4262-0336-7
    .
14. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
    .
15. ^ Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Dist. Kanchipuram Archived 29 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India (2014)
16. ^ "Advisory body evaluation" (PDF). UNESCO.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
17. ^ World Heritage Sites - Mahabalipuram Archived 24 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India (2014)
18. ^ C. 2004, p. 12-3
19. ^ C. 2004, p. 16-17
20. ^ C. 2004, p. 30-1
21. ^ C. 2004, p. 33-4
22. ^ C. 2004, p. 30
23. ^ "Census of towns in Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Census of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
24. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
25. ^ "Narendra Modi".

References

• ISBN 978-3-716-01764-7
  .
• C., Sivaramamurthi (2004). Mahabalipuram. New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 3.
• Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1991), South Indian shrines: illustrated, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
  ISBN 81-206-0151-3, archived
  from the original on 2 November 2023, retrieved 18 October 2020.

• Bradnock, Roma; Bradnock, Robert (2009), Footprint India, USA: Patrick Dawson,
  ISBN 978-1-904777-00-7, archived
  from the original on 2 November 2023, retrieved 18 October 2020.
• Pippa de Bruyn; Keith Bain; David Allardice (2010). Frommer's India. Frommer's. p. 350.
  ISBN 978-0-470-55610-8. Archived
  from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
• Hurd, James (2010), Temples of Tamilnad, USA: Xilbris Corporation,
  ISBN 978-1-4134-3843-7, archived
  from the original on 2 November 2023, retrieved 18 October 2020.
• Singh, Sarina (2009), South India (Lonely Planet Regional Guide) (5th ed.), Lonely Planet,
  ISBN 978-1-74179-155-6, archived
  from the original on 2 November 2023, retrieved 18 October 2020

External links

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