Mahathir Mohamad
Mahathir Mohamad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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محاضير محمد | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 10 May 2018 – 24 February 2020[note 1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Deputy | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Najib Razak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Muhyiddin Yassin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 16 July 1981 – 31 October 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Preceded by | Hussein Onn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1974–1978 | Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Born | Mahathir bin Mohamad 10 July 1925 Alor Setar, Kedah, Unfederated Malay States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nationality | Malaysian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other political affiliations |
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Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 7, including Sultan Abdul Hamid College | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | King Edward VII College of Medicine (MBBS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Occupation |
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Awards | Full list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Website | thechedet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of Malaysia
First term (1981-2003)
Political parties UMNO (1964–2016) PEJUANG (2020–2023)PUTRA (2023–present)
Alliance Party (1964–1974) Related |
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Mahathir bin Mohamad (
Born and raised in
During Mahathir's first tenure, Malaysia underwent modernisation and
Mahathir unexpectedly stepped down in 2003, but remained politically influential and was critical of his successors. He quit UMNO over the
Early life and education
Mahathir was born at his parents' home in a poor neighbourhood at Lorong Kilang Ais, Alor Setar, in the capital of the Malay sultanate of Kedah under a British protectorate, on 10 July 1925.[4][note 3]
Mahathir's mother, Wan Tempawan Wan Hanapi, was a Malay of Kedah. His father, Mohamad Iskandar, was from Penang of Malay and Indian descent. Mahathir's paternal grandfather had come from Kerala, British India and married a Malay woman.[5] He is the only prime minister that was not born into the aristocracy or a prominent religious or political family other than Ismail Sabri Yaakob.[6][note 4]
Mohamad Iskandar was the principal of an English-medium secondary school, whose lower-middle-class status meant his daughters were unable to enrol in a secondary school. Wan Tempawan had only distant relations to members of Kedah's royalty. Both had been married previously. Mahathir was born with six half-siblings and two full-siblings.[7] His childhood home, with a single shared bedroom and no electricity supply, was later converted to a tourist attraction and opened to the public.[9][10]
Mahathir began his education at Seberang Perak Malay Boys School in 1930.
After the war, Mahathir graduated from secondary school with the highest rank and enrolled to study
Mahathir married Siti Hasmah in 1956, the two having met in medical college. He returned to Alor Setar in 1957 to establish his practice, Maha Clinic.[10] He was the town's first Malay physician and a successful one. He built a large house, invested in various businesses, and employed a Chinese man to chauffeur him in his Pontiac Catalina (most chauffeurs at the time were Malay).[16][17]
Early political career (1959–1970)
After World War II ended and the Japanese withdrew, the British grouped the Malay states and the Straits Settlements into the Malayan Union, and granted citizenship to non-Malays. This caused major backlash from Malays and a wave of Malay nationalism swept across the country. Mahathir became politically activated by these changes, joining protests and activism against the new citizenship policies.[18] Mahathir later argued for affirmative action for Malays at medical college. While at college, he contributed to The Straits Times under the pseudonym "C.H.E. Det" and a student journal, in which he fiercely promoted Malay rights, such as calling for the restoration of Malay as an official language.[19] While practising as a physician in Alor Setar, Mahathir became active in UMNO. By the time of the first general election for the independent state of Malaya in 1959, he was the chairman of the party in Kedah.[20]
Despite his prominence in UMNO, Mahathir was not a candidate in the
Elected to parliament in a volatile political period, Mahathir, as a
Large government losses in the election were followed by the
Expelled from UMNO, Mahathir wrote his first book,
Rise to prominence (1970–1981)
Tunku's successor
In 1975, Mahathir ran for one of the three vice-presidencies of UMNO. The contest was regarded as a struggle for the party's leadership succession, as the health of Abdul Razak and his deputy,
Mahathir's rivals had significant political liabilities: Ghazali, having been defeated by the others for a vice-presidency, lacked the support of UMNO members. Ghafar had no higher education and was not fluent in English. Razaleigh was young, inexperienced and unmarried. However, Hussein and Mahathir were not close allies, and Hussein knew Mahathir's choice would displease Abdul Razak. After six weeks of indecision, Mahathir was, much to his surprise, appointed as Hussein's deputy. The appointment meant that Mahathir was the anointed successor to the prime ministership.[32][33]
Mahathir did not have much influence as deputy prime minister. Hussein was a cautious leader who rejected many of Mahathir's bold policy proposals, such as a freeway the length of Peninsular Malaysia and heavy industries cooperation. Hussein remained distant from Mahathir while keeping Ghazali and Razaleigh as his close advisors, who often outmanoeuvred Mahathir to reach Hussein. Nonetheless, when Hussein relinquished power due to ill health in 1981, Mahathir succeeded him unopposed and with his blessing.[34]
First term as prime minister (1981–2003)
Early years (1981–1987)
Mahathir was sworn in as prime minister on 16 July 1981, at the age of 56.[35][36] One of his first acts was to release 21 detainees held under the Internal Security Act. This included journalist Samad Ismail and Abdullah Ahmad, who was a former deputy minister in Hussein's government but suspected of being an underground communist.[37] He appointed his close ally, Musa Hitam, as deputy prime minister.[38]
Mahathir exercised caution in his first two years in power, consolidating UMNO's leadership and, with victory in the
Mahathir tried to pre-emptively limit the power that the new Agong could wield over his government. He introduced to parliament amendments to the Constitution to deem the Agong to assent to any bill that had not been assented within 15 days of passage by Parliament. The proposal removed the power to declare a state of emergency from the Agong and placed it with the prime minister. The Agong at the time, Ahmad Shah of Pahang, agreed with the proposals in principle, but baulked when he realised that the proposal would deem Sultans to assent to laws passed by state assemblies. Supported by the Sultans, the Agong refused to assent to the constitutional amendments, which had passed both houses of Parliament with comfortable majorities.[43][44]
When the public became aware of the impasse, and the Sultans refused to compromise with the government, Mahathir took to the streets to demonstrate public support for his position in mass rallies. The press took the side of the government. A large minority of Malays, including conservative UMNO politicians, and an even larger proportion of the Chinese community supported the Sultans. After five months, the crisis was resolved, as Mahathir and the Sultans agreed to a compromise. The Agong retained the power to declare a state of emergency. However, if he refused to assent to a bill, the bill would return to Parliament, which could then override Agong's veto.[45]
On the economic front, Mahathir inherited the
While privatisation generally improved the working conditions of Malaysians in privatised industries and raised significant revenue for the government, many privatisations occurred in the absence of open tendering processes and benefited Malays who supported UMNO. One of the most notable infrastructure projects at the time was the construction of the
In Mahathir's early years as prime minister, Malaysia experienced a resurgence of
He managed to draw
Power struggles (1987–1990)
In 1987, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, who had been demoted from Finance Minister to Trade and Industry Minister, challenged Mahathir for UMNO's presidency, and effectively the prime ministership. Razaleigh's bid was supported by Musa, who had resigned as deputy prime minister the previous year. While once close allies with Mahathir, both fell out with Musa claiming that Mahathir no longer trusted him. Razaleigh and Musa ran for the UMNO presidency and deputy presidency on a joint ticket against Mahathir and his new choice for deputy Ghafar Baba.[53][54]
Mahathir's Team A enjoyed the press's support, most party heavyweights, and even Iskandar, now the Agong. However, other prominent figures such as
Each faction raced to register a new party under the UMNO name. Mahathir's side successfully registered the name "UMNO Baru" ("new UMNO"), while Team B's application to register "UMNO Malaysia" was rejected. Nevertheless, UMNO Malaysia registered the party as
At the same time as the political and judicial crises, Mahathir initiated a crackdown on opposition dissidents using the
UMNO's Youth wing held a provocative protest that triggered a shooting by a lone Malay gunman. Only Mahathir's interference prevented UMNO from staging a larger protest. Instead, Mahathir ordered what Wain calls "the biggest crackdown on political dissent Malaysia had ever seen". Under Operation Lalang, 119 people were arrested and detained without charge under the Internal Security Act. Mahathir argued that the detentions were necessary to prevent a repeat of the 1969 race riots. Most of the detainees were prominent opposition activists, including the DAP leader, Lim Kit Siang, and nine of his fellow MPs. Three newspapers sympathetic to the opposition were shut down.[57]
Mahathir suffered a heart attack in early 1989.[58] He recovered to lead Barisan Nasional to victory in the 1990 election. Semangat 46 failed to make any headway outside Razaleigh's home state of Kelantan.[59]
Economic development to financial crisis (1990–1998)
The expiry of the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1990 allowed Mahathir to outline his economic vision for Malaysia. In 1991, he announced Vision 2020, under which Malaysia would aim to become a fully developed country within 30 years.[60] The target would require average economic growth of approximately seven per cent of gross domestic product per annum.[61] One of Vision 2020's features would be to gradually break down ethnic barriers. Vision 2020 was accompanied by the NEP's replacement, the National Development Policy (NDP), under which some government programs designed to benefit the bumiputera exclusively were opened up to other ethnicities.[62]
The NDP achieved one of its main aims — poverty reduction. By 1995, less than nine per cent of Malaysians lived in poverty, and income inequality had narrowed.[63] Mahathir also introduced the Bangsa Malaysia policy, which aimed to facilitate greater representation of non-Malay ethnicities in Malaysia.[64] Mahathir's government cut corporate taxes and liberalised financial regulations to attract foreign investment. The economy grew by over nine per cent per annum until 1997, prompting other developing countries to emulate Mahathir's policies.[65] Much credit for Malaysia's economic development in the 1990s went to Anwar Ibrahim, appointed by Mahathir as finance minister in 1991.[66] The government rode the economic wave and won the 1995 election with an increased majority.[67]
Mahathir initiated a series of major infrastructure projects in the 1990s. One of the largest was the
In 1997, the Asian financial crisis threatened to devastate Malaysia's economy. The value of the ringgit plummeted due to currency speculation, foreign investment fled, and the main stock exchange index fell by over 75 per cent. At the urging of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the government cut government spending. It raised interest rates, which only served to exacerbate the economic situation. In 1998, Mahathir went against the advice of IMF and Anwar by increasing government spending and fixing the ringgit to the US dollar. The result confounded his international critics and the IMF – Malaysia recovered from the crisis faster than its Southeast Asian neighbours. In the domestic sphere, it was a political triumph. Amidst the economic events of 1998, Mahathir had dismissed Anwar as finance minister and deputy prime minister, taking credit for the economy's recovery despite Anwar's policies.[70] Anwar led the reformasi movement against Mahathir's government in response.[71]
In the 1990s, Mahathir found himself at odds with Malaysian royalty over conflicting economic interests. In response to conflicts between Malaysian royals and prospective business leaders, Mahathir's government passed a resolution on royal activities. In the 1992 Gomez Incident, Sultan Iskandar's son, a representative field hockey player, was suspended from competition for five years for assaulting an opponent. Iskandar retaliated by pulling all Johor hockey teams out of national competitions. When a local coach criticised his decision, Iskandar ordered him to his palace and beat him. The federal parliament unanimously censured Iskandar, and Mahathir took the opportunity to remove the constitutional immunity of the sultans from civil and criminal suits. The press backed Mahathir and, in an unprecedented development, started airing allegations of misconduct by members of Malaysia's royal families.[72]
As the press revealed examples of the rulers' extravagant wealth, Mahathir resolved to cut financial support to royal households. With the press and the government pitted against them, the sultans capitulated to the government's proposals. Their powers to deny assent to bills were limited by further constitutional amendments passed in 1994. With the status and powers of the Malaysian royalty diminished, Wain writes that by the mid-1990s, Mahathir had become the country's "uncrowned king".[72] His policies during his first premiership were later described as "authoritarian" by the BBC.[73]
Final years and succession (1998–2003)
According to biographer Ian Stewart, by the mid-1990s Anwar's leadership ambition was the most serious threat to Mahathir's power. Anwar began to distance himself from Mahathir, overtly promoting his superior religious credentials and suggesting loosening the restrictions on civil liberties that had become a hallmark of Mahathir's premiership.
At the UMNO General Assembly in 1998, a leading Anwar supporter, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, criticised the government for not doing enough to combat corruption and cronyism. As Mahathir took the reins of Malaysia's economic policy over the coming months, Anwar was increasingly sidelined. On 2 September, he was dismissed as deputy prime minister and finance minister and promptly expelled from UMNO. No immediate reasons were given for the dismissal. However, the media speculated that it related to lurid allegations of sexual misconduct circulated in a "poison pen letter" at the general assembly.[76] As more allegations surfaced, large public rallies were held in support of Anwar. On 20 September, he was arrested and placed in detention under the Internal Security Act.[77]
Anwar stood trial on four charges of corruption, arising from allegations that Anwar abused his power by ordering police to intimidate persons who had alleged Anwar had sodomised them. Before Anwar's trial, Mahathir told the press that he was convinced of Anwar's guilt. He was found guilty in April 1999 and sentenced to six years in prison. In another trial shortly after, Anwar was sentenced to another nine years in prison on a conviction for sodomy. The sodomy conviction was overturned on appeal after Mahathir left office.[78]
Anwar's conviction drew criticism from the international community and led to a loss in domestic support for the ruling coalition. US Secretary of State
In September 2001, debate aroused after Mahathir announced that Malaysia was already an
Foreign relations
During Mahathir's term, Mahathir maintained a collaborative relationship with the West, despite him being an outspoken critic
Mahathir's relationship with
Mahathir was prominent at the
"Look East" policy
Mahathir announced a "Look East" policy in 1982.[88] Under "Look East", Mahathir particularly prioritised relations with Japan, hoping this would bolster Malaysia's economy and that Japanese work ethic, values and moral norms would have a positive influence on Malaysians.[88] Mahathir also strengthened political and economic cooperation with China, whilst maintaining diplomatic ambivalence on security issues to avoid escalating territorial disputes in the South China Sea. He openly criticised China's involvement in Malaysia's communist insurgency, but downplayed any military threat from China after the Cold War ended.[97] Amidst the Asian financial crisis, Mahathir also led several large delegations to China and Russia to seek regional economic cooperation.[98]
United States
Democracy confers a stamp of
legitimacy that reforms must have in order to be effective. And so, among nations suffering economic crises, we continue to hear calls for democracy, calls for reform, in many languages – People Power, doi moi, reformasi. We hear them today – right here, right now – among the brave people of Malaysia.
–
The
In 1998, US vice-president Al Gore gave a speech expressing sympathy for the Reformasi movement at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference hosted by Malaysia, infuriating Mahathir and other ministers.[104][99] Analysts interpreted Gore's comments as criticism of Anwar's imprisonment.[105][106][104] Anwar was the preeminent Malaysian spokesperson for the economic policies and reforms preferred by the IMF.[107]
The United States government also criticised the Malaysian government for its use of the Internal Security Act. Mahathir pointed to the United States to justify his actions. In speaking of
Singapore
Relations with Singapore under Mahathir's tenure were often tense, and he clashed with prime minister Lee Kuan Yew.[109] Singapore's requests to Malaysia to move its railway immigration checkpoint away from Tanjong Pagar and disputes over water payments were major disagreements between the two countries.[110][111] The Points of Agreement of 1990 set out the terms for developing land for a Rapid Transit System, although disputes still continued throughout the following decade.[112] Mahathir and Singaporean counterparts also oversaw a dispute over the ownership of Pedra Branca, several islets between the two countries, with an agreed exchange of documents to settle ownership of the islets in 1981 being delayed until at least 1992.[113] The 1997 Asian financial crisis further escalated tensions, with Singapore offering high interest rates for ringgit deposits leading to cash flow issues in Malaysia.[110] Many disputed issues raised during his administration were still not resolved as of 2018.[114]
On
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mahathir was a prominent international advocate for
Interim years (2003–2018)
Retirement from politics (2003–2015)
On his retirement, Mahathir was named a
Mahathir was the CEO and Chairman, and hence a senior adviser, for many flagship Malaysian companies such as
Mahathir criticised the awarding of import permits for foreign cars, which he claimed were causing Proton's domestic sales to suffer,[126] and attacked Abdullah for cancelling the construction of a second causeway between Malaysia and Singapore.[127]
Mahathir complained that his views were not getting sufficient airing by the Malaysian press.[128] In response, be began writing a column for Malaysiakini and starting his own blog.[129] He unsuccessfully sought election from his local party division to be a delegate to UMNO's general assembly in 2006, where he planned to initiate a challenge to Abdullah's leadership.[130] After the 2008 election, in which UMNO lost its two-thirds majority in parliament, Mahathir resigned from the party. When Abdullah was replaced by his deputy Najib Razak in 2009, Mahathir re-joined the party.[131]
Mahathir established the Kuala Lumpur Initiative to Criminalise War Forum in an effort to end war globally,[132] as well as the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission to investigate the activities of the United States, Israel and its allies in Iraq, Lebanon and the Palestinian territories.[133] In March 2015, Mahathir attended a conference where he stated his belief in a "New World Order", where an elite would attempt rule the planet in a single world government, and exterminate billions of humans.[134][135]
Return to politics (2015–2018)
Mahathir repeatedly called for prime minister Najib Razak to resign over the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) corruption scandal.[136] On 30 August 2015, he and Siti Hasmah attended the Bersih 4 rally, a mass protest organised in response to the scandal.[137] In 2016, Mahathir chaired the Malaysian Citizens' Declaration, which brought together several political figures and non-governmental organisations in calling for Najib's resignation.[138][139]
Mahathir left UMNO in 2016, and formed Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (BERSATU).[140][141] The new party was officially registered on 9 September 2016, and Mahathir became its chairman.[142] By 2017, he had officially joined the opposition coalition Pakatan Harapan. Negotiations then took place between different factions of the coalition for Mahathir to become the chairman and prime ministerial candidate.[143] He assumed the position of chairman on 14 July 2017, despite reservations from supporters of Anwar Ibrahim, who could not contest in polls himself while imprisoned.[144][145]
In 2017 Mahathir referred to Najib as "a prime minister who came from 'Bugis pirates'" and remarked, "go back to Sulawesi". Bugis people in Malaysia and Indonesia criticised his language and protested against him.[146]
In early 2018, Mahathir was announced as Pakatan Harapan's prime ministerial candidate for the upcoming general election. Wan Azizah, wife of his former political enemy Anwar, ran as his deputy.[147] Mahathir's election promise was to seek a pardon for Anwar, in order to allow him to take over as prime minister after an interim period.[148][149]
Second term as prime minister (2018–2020)
Pakatan Harapan defeated Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election.[150][151] Concerns for a smooth power transition emerged as Najib declared that no party had achieved a majority.[152] The National Palace of Malaysia subsequently confirmed Mahathir would be sworn in as Malaysia's seventh prime minister, refuting any claims of delaying the appointment.[153][154]
Mahathir became the world's
In April 2019, Mahathir was listed among Time magazine’s 100 most influential people.[157][158]
Domestic affairs
Mahathir promised to "restore the rule of law", and reopen investigations into the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, telling the press that Najib would face consequences if found guilty of corruption.[159] Mahathir instructed the Department of Immigration bar Najib and his wife Rosmah Mansor from leaving the country after they attempted to fly to Indonesia.[160]
Mahathir formed his
On 20 June 2018, Mahathir met the father of murdered Mongolian woman Altantuya Shaariibuu and agreed that the case of her murder should be reopened.[166][167]
A year into his term, Mahathir's approval ratings had fallen as the economy slowed and several planned reforms, such as abolishing
Foreign relations
Early in his second tenure, Mahathir visited Japan and Indonesia to reaffirm good relations, and reignited a water dispute with Singapore.[172] By the end of 2018, several disputes over maritime and airspace borders with Singapore had continued.[114] Mahathir met twice with president Rodrigo Duterte in his first year in office to strengthen cooperation with the Philippines on a broad range of security, economic and political issues.[173] Mahathir again prioritised relations with Japan[174] and strengthened economic and defence ties with Russia.[175] He visited Vladivostok for a meeting of the Eastern Economic Forum in late 2019, where he cast doubt on the Joint Investigation Team's findings related to the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.[175] Mahathir called the murder charges brought to four Russians related to the flight "ridiculous", calling it "a political issue on how to accuse Russia of wrongdoing".[176] Malaysia launched a foreign policy framework in late 2019.[177] In response to European Union regulations phasing out palm-oil based biofuels, Mahathir discussed bringing a formal complaint to the World Trade Organization or a case to the European Court of Justice with Indonesian president Joko Widodo.[178]
Mahathir condemned
Mahathir was supportive of the 2018–19 Korean peace process.[181][182] He also indicated that Malaysia would re-open its embassy in North Korea, which had remained closed since the 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam.[183]
China
Mahathir's administration committed to retaining good relations with China,
On 13 February 2020, Mahathir spoke with Chinese President Xi Jinping to express solidarity and discuss cooperation in response to the COVID-19 outbreak.[188][189]
2020 political crisis and resignation
By late 2019, disagreements emerged within Pakatan Harapan about Mahathir's planned handover of power to
In February 2020, MPs opposed to Anwar taking over met and agreed to form a new government.[2][190][191][192] Anwar told the media that he had been "betrayed".[193][194] Anwar and Mahathir met to clarify the situation, where Mahathir insisted he had no involvement in a new government.[2][195][196]
Mahathir, refusing to work with UMNO leaders, submitted his resignation to the Agong,
On 29 February, the Agong appointed Muhyiddin prime minister, determining that he was most likely to be able to hold the support of a majority in parliament.[202] Mahathir unsuccessfully attempted to challenge this with the Agong, but eventually left the prime minister's office an hour before Muhyiddin was sworn in.[2][203]
Post-premiership (2020–present)
Mahathir formed the
In April 2022, UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi filed a defamation lawsuit against Mahathir.[208][209][210] In June 2022, Mahathir made irrendentist comments by stating that Singapore and the Riau Islands of Indonesia was once owned by Johor, and argued the state should claim them as part of Malaysia.[211]
In September 2022, Mahathir said he was open to becoming the prime minister for a third time if there were no other suitable candidates.[212][213] Having previously said he would not defend his Langkawi parliamentary seat,[214][215] he announced he would contest the 2022 general election.[216][217] In the election on 19 November, Mahathir lost his seat and election deposit, marking his first defeat in 53 years.[218] No candidate from PEJUANG or Gerakan Tanah Air secured a seat.[219][220] He later said that his party's plans "had to be dropped" and he would shift his focus to writing about Malaysian history.[221][222]
In February 2023, Mahathir and 13 other members of PEJUANG (leaving his own son as the sole leader of that party) left the party and joined Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (Putra).[223][224] Later in 2023, Mahathir began promoting a "Malay Proclamation", aimed at uniting Malays. He met with PAS and PN leaders to garner support for the 12-point document listing political, economic and social issues.[225][226][227] Mahathir was questioned by police over this campaign under the Malaysian Penal Code, for carrying out "activities that undermine parliamentary democracy".[228] Mahathir also left GTA, criticising the coalition for its poor performance in the election.[229] He supported Perikatan Nasional, the coalition that had ousted him in 2020, in six state elections and was named its "unofficial adviser" for the four state governments under its control.[230]
In January 2024, Mahathir again made controversial remarks, this time on the
Under investigation for corruption
In January 2024, Mahathir's eldest son Mijan and second son Mozani were summoned by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission for multiple corruption and abuse of power cases respectively.[233][234]
On 11 March 2024, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission announced that the investigation involved the Pandora Files and the Panama Papers. Related figures include Mahathir’s two sons, Mijan and Mozani.[235][236][237]
On 26 March 2024, Bloomberg reported that the purpose of the Anti-Corruption Commission's investigation of Mijan and Mozani was to investigate whether Mahathir had experienced corruption and abuse of power during his administration. [238] When attending the event on the same day, Anti-Corruption Commission Chairman Azam Baki did not make any comments on the relevant incident.[239] On 31 March, Mukhriz confirmed that the purpose of the Anti-Corruption Commission's investigation of Mijan and Mozani was to investigate whether there were any abuses of power during Tun Mahathir's administration.[240][241]
Political positions and views
Mahathir's political views have shifted during his lengthy career. During the 1980s, he was a supporter of
Mahathir has been described as a proponent of
Mahathir is a vocal critic of neoliberalism[242] and the Western world.[247][87] In 2011, Mahathir suggested that the September 11 attacks might have been staged by the United States government.[248][249] Mahathir condemned the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1997, suggesting it be revised to place greater importance on economic growth over civil liberties.[250]
Mahathir has advocated for a balance between
Allegations of antisemitism
We (Muslims) are actually very strong. 1.3 billion people cannot be simply wiped out. The Europeans killed 6 million Jews out of 12 million. But today the Jews rule the world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them.
–Mahathir Mohamad, 2003[253]
A strident
During an Organization of Islamic Cooperation summit held in Kuala Lumpur in 2003, he accused Jews of "ruling the world by proxy" and getting "others to fight and die for them".[253][258] His speech was denounced by President George W. Bush.[259] In 2012, he claimed he was "glad to be labelled antisemitic".[260] In a 2018 BBC interview he repeated similar statements, as well as disputing the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust.[261] In 2019, when asked why he had previously claimed that Jews are "inclined towards money" he responded that he had Jewish friends, and that "they are not like the other Jews, that's why they are my friends."[262] Mahathir has defended his comments about Jews as an exercise of free speech, and by claiming that "the Jews do a lot of wrong things which force us to pass comment."[263][264][265]
LGBT rights
Mahathir opposes an expansion of LGBT rights in Malaysia.[266][267] In 2001, Mahathir said that any homosexual ministers from the United Kingdom would be barred from entering Malaysia.[268] During an October 2018 lecture to university students in Bangkok, Mahathir contrasted Malaysian values with those of Western nations and cited "the institution of marriage [and] the family" in his opposition to LGBT rights.[266]
Comment about 2020 Nice stabbing
The French in the course of their history have killed millions of people. Many were Muslims. Muslims have a right to be angry and to kill millions of French people for the massacres of the past. But by and large the Muslims have not applied the ‘eye for an eye’ law. Muslims don't. The French shouldn't. Instead the French should teach their people to respect other people's feeling.
Mahathir Mohamad, 2020
In the aftermath of the 2020 Nice stabbing and murder of Samuel Paty, Mahathir posted remarks on his blog. Mahathir said that the attacks were wrong and against Islam, but also argued that Muslims had a right to be angry and kill French people for past massacres committed by the French. Mahathir's post was later circulated on his Twitter account, where it was labelled for "glorifying violence".[269]
Mahathir was criticised for stoking tensions and hatred by the former Australian ambassador to France Brendan Berne, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, and French secretary of state for digital affairs Cédric O.[270] Malaysian cleric and politician Fathul Bari Mat Jahya also condemned Mahathir's remarks.[271][272]
Mahathir responded that his comments were taken out of context and he was not "promoting massacre of the French". Facebook and Twitter later removed his posts.[273]
Personal life
Mahathir's hobbies include
Marriage and children
In college, he met his future wife, Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, a fellow medical student. They were married in 1956. He and Siti Hasmah had their first child, Marina, in 1957, before conceiving four others, Mirzan, Mokhzani, Melinda, and Mukhriz, as well as adopting two more, Maizura and Mazhar, over the following 28 years.[277][278]
Health
Mahathir underwent a
In December 2021, Mahathir was admitted to the National Heart Institute (IJN) for a medical check-up and observation.[283][284][285] He was discharged after several days.[286][287][288] In January 2022, Mahathir underwent an unspecified elective medical procedure at the IJN.[289][290] He was readmitted later the same month, and placed in the coronary care unit.[291][292][293][294] He continued rehabilitation and treatment after being discharged.[295][296][297]
In August 2022, Mahathir tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to the IJN for observation.[298][299] He was discharged after receiving treatment.[300][301][302]
In August 2023, Mahathir was hospitalised with an infection and was discharged days later.[303] In January 2024, he was again hospitalised due to an infection.[304]
Election results
Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1964 | P008 Kota Star Selatan , Kedah
|
Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 12,406 | 60.22% | Ahmad Shukri Abdul Shukur (PAS) | 8,196 | 39.78% | 21,440 | 4,210 | 82.8% | ||
1969 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 12,032 | 48.03% | Yusof Rawa (PAS) | 13,021 | 51.97% | 25,679 | 989 | 78.6% | |||
1974 | P004 Kubang Pasu, Kedah | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | Unopposed | |||||||||
1978 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 18,198 | 64.64% | Halim Arshat (PAS) | 9,953 | 35.36% | N/A | 8,245 | 78.36% | |||
1982 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 24,524 | 73.67% | Yusof Rawa (PAS) | 8,763 | 26.33% | 34,340 | 15,761 | 78.79% | |||
1986 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 25,452 | 71.48% | Azizan Ismail (PAS) | 10,154 | 28.52% | 36,409 | 15,298 | 74.21% | |||
1990 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 30,681 | 78.07% | Sudin Wahab (S46) | 8,619 | 21.93% | 40,570 | 22,062 | 77.51% | |||
1995 | P006 Kubang Pasu, Kedah | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 24,495 | 77.12% | Ahmad Mohd Alim (PAS) | 7,269 | 22.88% | 33,010 | 17,226 | 73.61% | ||
1999 | Mahathir Mohamad (UMNO) | 22,399 | 63.22% | Ahmad Subki Abd. Latif (PAS) | 12,261 | 34.61% | 36,106 | 10,138 | 78.62% | |||
2018 | P004 Langkawi, Kedah | Mahathir Mohamad ( BERSATU )
|
18,954 | 54.90% | Nawawi Ahmad (UMNO) | 10,061 | 29.14% | 35,250 | 8,893 | 80.87% | ||
Zubir Ahmad (PAS) | 5,512 | 15.96% | ||||||||||
2022 | Mahathir Mohamad (PEJUANG) | 4,566 | 9.62% | BERSATU )
|
25,463 | 53.63% | 48,123 | 13,518 | 71.10% | |||
Armishah Siradj (UMNO) | 11,945 | 25.16% | ||||||||||
Zabidi Yahya (AMANAH) | 5,417 | 11.41% | ||||||||||
Abd Kadir Sainudin (IND) | 89 | 0.19% |
Awards and honours
Books
- ISBN 981-204-355-1.
- The Challenge, (1986) ISBN 967-978-091-0.
- Regionalism, Globalism, and Spheres of Influence: ASEAN and the Challenge of Change into the 21st century (1989) ISBN 981-303-549-8.
- Mahathir, Great Malaysian Hero (1990) ISBN 983-9683-00-4.
- The Asia That Can Say No (「NO」と言えるアジア), in collaboration with ISBN 433-405-217-7.
- The Pacific Rim in the 21st century, (1995).
- The Challenges of Turmoil, (1998) ISBN 967-978-652-8.
- The Way Forward, (1998) ISBN 0-297-84229-3.
- A New Deal for Asia, (1999).
- Islam & The Muslim Ummah, (2001) ISBN 967-978-738-9.
- Globalisation and the New Realities (2002).
- Reflections on Asia, (2002) ISBN 967-978-813-X.
- The Malaysian Currency Crisis: How and why it Happened, (2003) ISBN 967-978-756-7.
- Achieving True Globalization, (2004) ISBN 967-978-904-7.
- Islam, Knowledge, and Other Affairs, (2006) ISBN 983-3698-03-4.
- Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction, (2007) ISBN 978-983-195-253-5.
- Chedet.com Blog Merentasi Halangan (Bilingual), (2008) ISBN 967-969-589-1.
- A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, 8 March 2011 ISBN 9789675997228.
- Doktor Umum: Memoir Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, 30 April 2012 ISBN 9789674150259.[note 5]
- Blogging to Unblock (Book 2): A Citizen's Rights, (2013) ISBN 9789679696288.
- Dr. M: Apa Habaq Orang Muda?, (2016) ISBN 9789671367995.
- Capturing Hope: The Struggle Continues for a New Malaysia, (2021) ISBN 9789672923183.
See also
Notes
- ^ Interim: 24 February – 1 March 2020
- ^ Disputed with Muhyiddin Yassin from 24 February to 28 May 2020
- ^ Mahathir's birth certificate gives his date of birth as 20 December. He was actually born on 10 July; his biographer Barry Wain explains that 20 December was an "arbitrary" date chosen by Mahathir's father for official purposes.[4]
- ^ Tunku Abdul Rahman, Abdul Razak Hussein and Hussein Onn were members of the royalty or had royal ancestry,[7] as is Abdul Razak's son Najib Razak. Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's father and grandfather were prominent religious figures. Muhyiddin Yassin's father was a cleric and Anwar Ibrahim's father was an UMNO MP.[8]
- ^ This book was the BM version of his best-selling memoir, A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.
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Cited texts
- Dhillon, Karminder Singh (2009). Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era 1981–2003: Dilemmas of Development. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-399-2.
- Milne, R. S.; Mauzy, Diane K. (1999). Malaysian Politics under Mahathir. ISBN 0-415-17143-1.
- Morais, J. Victor (1982). Mahathir: A Profile in Courage. Eastern Universities Press. OCLC 8687329.
- Sankaran, Ramanathan; Mohd Hamdan Adnan (1988). Malaysia's 1986 General Election: the Urban-Rural Dichotomy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-3035-12-9.
- Stewart, Ian (2003). The Mahathir Legacy: a Nation Divided, a Region at Risk. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-977-X.
- Wain, Barry (2010). ISBN 978-0-230-23873-2.
- James Chin & Joern Dosch. Malaysia Post Mahathir: a decade of change?. Marshall Cavendish. 2016. ISBN 9814677558
External links
- Mahathir Mohamad on Facebook
- Mahathir Mohamad on Parliament of Malaysia
- Quotations related to Mahathir Mohamad at Wikiquote