Mahmoud Darwish

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Mahmoud Darwish
Darwish at Bethlehem University (2006)
Darwish at Bethlehem University (2006)
Native name
مَحمُود دَرْوِيْش
Born13 March 1941 (1941-03-13)
Al-Birwa, Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
Died9 August 2008(2008-08-09) (aged 67)
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Resting placeRamallah, West Bank
OccupationPoet and writer
Period1964–2008
GenrePoetry

Mahmoud Darwish (

Arabic: مَحمُود دَرْوِيْش, romanized: Maḥmūd Darwīsh; 13 March 1941 – 9 August 2008) was a Palestinian poet and author who was regarded as Palestine's national poet.[1]

In 1988, Darwish wrote the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, which was a declaration for the creation of a State of Palestine. Darwish won numerous awards for his works. Darwish used Palestine as a metaphor for the loss of Eden, birth and resurrection, and the anguish of dispossession and exile.[2][3] He has been described as incarnating and reflecting "the tradition of the political poet in Islam, the man of action whose action is poetry."[4] He also served as an editor for several literary magazines in Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian National Poet, Pen and Ink Portrait by Amitabh Mitra

Biography

Mahmoud Darwish was born in 1941 in al-Birwa in the Western Galilee,[5] the second child of Salim and Houreyyah Darwish. His family were landowners. His mother was illiterate, but his grandfather taught him to read.[3] During the War of Independence by Israelis or the Nakba by Palestinians, his village was captured by Israeli forces and the family fled to Lebanon, first to Jezzine and then Damour.[6] Their home village was razed and destroyed by the IDF[7][8][9] to prevent its inhabitants from returning to their homes inside the new Jewish state.[10][11]

A year later, Darwish's family returned to the

Jadeidi. He eventually moved to Haifa
.

He published his first book of poetry, Asafir bila ajniha, or "Wingless Birds," at the age of 19. He initially published his poems in Al Jadid, the literary periodical of the Israeli Communist Party, eventually becoming its editor. Later, he was assistant editor of Al Fajr, a literary periodical published by the Israeli Workers Party (Mapam).[13]

Darwish left Israel in 1970 to study in the Soviet Union (

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) in 1973, he was banned from reentering Palestine.[3]

In 1995, he returned to attend the funeral of his colleague, Emile Habibi, receiving a permit to remain in Haifa for four days.[16] That year Darwish was allowed to settle in Ramallah.[17]

Darwish was twice married and divorced. His first wife was the writer Rana Kabbani. After they divorced, in the mid-1980s, he married an Egyptian translator, Hayat Heeni. He had no children.[3] The "Rita" of Darwish's poems was a Jewish woman whom he loved when he was living in Haifa; he revealed in an interview with French journalist Laure Adler that her name is Tamar Ben-Ami.[18] The relationship was the subject of the film Write Down, I Am an Arab by filmmaker Ibtisam Mara'ana.

Darwish had a history of heart disease, suffering a heart attack in 1984. He had two heart operations, in 1984 and 1998.[3]

His final visit to Israel was on 15 July 2007, to attend a poetry recital at Mt. Carmel Auditorium in Haifa.[19] There, he criticized the factional violence between Fatah and Hamas as a "suicide attempt in the streets."[20]

Literary career

Over his lifetime of 67 years, Darwish published more than 30 volumes of poetry and eight books of prose. At one time or another, he was editor of the periodicals Al Jadid, Al Fajr, Shu'un Filastiniyya, and Al Karmel. He was also one of the contributors of Lotus, a literary magazine financed by Egypt and the Soviet Union.[21]

By the age of seventeen, Darwish was writing poetry about the suffering of the refugees in the

A Soldier Dreams Of White Lilies"[a] about a conversation with a young Shlomo Sand as an Israeli soldier stirred debate due to its portrayal of the Israeli soldier.[26][27][25]: 55–61 [28]: 19  Darwish's poems were translated into Danish and published in various publications, including Politisk Revy.[29]

In the 1970s, "Darwish, as a Palestinian poet of the Resistance committed himself to the ... objective of nurturing the vision of defeat and disaster (after the June War of 1967), so much so that it would 'gnaw at the hearts' of the forthcoming generations."

Israeli invasion of Lebanon in Ward aqall [Fewer Roses] (1986) and "Sa-ya'ti barabira akharun" ("Other Barbarians Will Come").[31]

Darwish's work has won numerous awards and been published in 20 languages.

Lannan Foundation, for the stated purpose of recognizing "people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination, inquiry, and expression."[34]

Writing style

Darwish's early writings are in the classical Arabic style. He wrote monorhymed poems adhering to the metrics of traditional Arabic poetry. In the 1970s he began to stray from these precepts and adopted a "free-verse" technique that did not abide strictly by classical poetic norms. The quasi-Romantic diction of his early works gave way to a more personal, flexible language, and the slogans and declarative language that characterized his early poetry were replaced by indirect and ostensibly apolitical statements, although politics was never far away.[35]

Literary influences

Darwish was impressed by the Iraqi poets Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab.[6] He cited Arthur Rimbaud and Allen Ginsberg as literary influences.[3] Darwish admired the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai, but described his poetry as a "challenge to me, because we write about the same place. He wants to use the landscape and history for his own benefit, based on my destroyed identity. So we have a competition: who is the owner of the language of this land? Who loves it more? Who writes it better?"[3]

Political views towards Israel

Darwish is widely perceived as a Palestinian symbol

Hebrew
.

According to the Israeli author Haim Gouri, who knew him personally, Darwish's Hebrew was excellent.[37] Four volumes of his poetry were translated into Hebrew by Muhammad Hamza Ghaneim: Bed of a Stranger (2000), Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone? (2000), State of Siege (2003), and Mural (2006).[14] Salman Masalha, a bilingual Arabic-Hebrew writer, translated his book Memory for Forgetfulness into Hebrew.[14]

In March 2000, Yossi Sarid, the Israeli education minister, proposed that two of Darwish's poems be included in the Israeli high school curriculum. Prime Minister Ehud Barak rejected the proposal on the grounds that the time "is not ripe" to teach Darwish in schools.[38] It has been suggested that the incident had more to do with internal Israeli politics in trying to damage Prime Minister Ehud Barak's government than with poetry.[39] With the death of Darwish, the debate about including his poetry in the Israeli school curriculum was re-opened in 2008.[40]

"Although it is now technically possible for Jewish students to study Darwish, his writing is still banned from Arab schools. The curriculum used in Arab education is one agreed in 1981 by a committee whose sole Jewish member vetoed any works he thought might 'create an ill spirit'."[41]

Darwish described Hebrew as a "language of love."[4] He considered himself to be part of the Jewish civilization that existed in Palestine and hoped for a reconciliation between the Palestinians and the Jews. When this happens, "the Jew will not be ashamed to find an Arab element in himself, and the Arab will not be ashamed to declare that he incorporates Jewish elements."[42]

Political activism

Yasser Arafat, Mahmoud Darwish & George Habash (pictured in 1980)

Darwish was a member of

PLO Executive Committee.[44]

Views on the peace process

Darwish consistently demanded a "tough and fair" stand in negotiations with Israel.[45]

Despite his criticism of both Israel and the Palestinian leadership, Darwish believed that peace was attainable. "I do not despair," he told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. "I am patient and am waiting for a profound revolution in the consciousness of the Israelis. The Arabs are ready to accept a strong Israel with nuclear arms – all it has to do is open the gates of its fortress and make peace."[15]

1988 poem controversy

In 1988, one of his poems, "Passers Between the Passing Words", was cited in the

Jews leave the 1948 territories, although he claimed he meant the West Bank and Gaza:[46] "So leave our land/Our shore, our sea/Our wheat, our salt, our wound". Adel Usta, a specialist on Darwish's poetry, said the poem was misunderstood and mistranslated.[47] Poet and translator Ammiel Alcalay wrote that "the hysterical overreaction to the poem simply serves as a remarkably accurate litmus test of the Israeli psyche ... (the poem) is an adamant refusal to accept the language of the occupation and the terms under which the land is defined."[48]

Criticism of Hamas

In 2005, outdoor music and dance performances in

Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas-led municipality, with authorities saying that such events were forbidden by Islam. The municipality also prohibited the playing of music in the Qualqiliya zoo.[49][50] In response, Darwish warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign."[49][50][51][52]

In July 2007, Darwish returned to Ramallah and visited Haifa for a festive event held in his honor; it was sponsored by Masharaf magazine and the Israeli Hadash party.[37] To a crowd of some 2,000 people who turned out for the event, he expressed his criticism of the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip: "We woke up from a coma to see a monocolored flag (of Hamas) do away with the four-color flag (of Palestine)."[53]

2016 poem controversy

In July 2016 a controversy erupted over the broadcasting of Darwish's poem "Bitaqat hawiyya" ("Identity Card")[54] on Israeli radio station Galei Tzahal. Written in 1964, it includes the lines:

Write down:
I am an Arab
Robbed of my ancestors' vineyards
And of the land cultivated
By me and all my children.
Nothing is left for us and my grandchildren
Except these rocks...
Will your government take them too, as reported?
Therefore,
Write at the top of page one:
I do not hate people,
I do not assault anyone,
But...if I get hungry,
I eat the flesh of my usurper.
Beware...beware...of my hunger,
And of my anger.

This enraged Israel defence minister Avigdor Lieberman, who compared the poem to Hitler's Mein Kampf.[55][56]

Darwish's poems in music and film

Mahmoud Darwish Portrait.

Many of Darwish's poems were set to music by

Palestinian music group in the 1948 territories, recorded an album including versions of Darwish's poems "On Man" and "On Wishes."[60]

The composer Marcel Khalife was accused of blasphemy and insulting religious values, because of his song entitled "I am Yusuf, oh my father," which he based on Darwish's lyrics, and which cited a verse from the

Joseph
), who was rejected by his brothers and fear him, because he is too handsome and kind. "Oh my father, I am Yusuf / Oh father, my brothers neither love me nor want me in their midst." Darwish presents the story of Joseph as an allegory for the rejection of the Palestinians by the Israelis.

Tamar Muskal, an Israeli-American composer, incorporated Darwish's "I Am From There" into her composition "The Yellow Wind," which combines a full orchestra, Arabic flute, Arabic and Israeli poetry, and themes from David Grossman's book The Yellow Wind.[62]

In 2002, Swiss composer Klaus Huber completed a large work entitled "Die Seele muss vom Reittier steigen...", a chamber music concerto for cello, baritone and countertenor that incorporates Darwish's "The Soul Must Descend from its Mount and Walk on its Silken Feet."[63]

In 2008, Mohammed Fairouz set selections from State of Siege to music. In his third symphony Poems and Prayers of 2012, in addition to the lyrics of Mahmoud Darwish, poems by the Arab poet Fadwa Touqan and the Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai are sounded.[64][65]

In 2011, the Syrian composer Hassan Taha created the musical play "The Dice Player", based on the poems and lyrics of Mahmoud Darwish. Their premiere took place at the experimental Center for Contemporary Music Gare du Nord in Basel, Switzerland.[66]

In 2014, Finnish composer

L.A. Times.[68]

Inspired by the attempted suppression of

Unsongs
.

In 2017, British musician

Wait for Her."[69]

Representation in other media

In 1997, a documentary entitled Mahmoud Darwish was produced by French TV, directed by French-Moroccan director Simone Bitton.[70]

Darwish appeared as himself in

Notre Musique
(2004).

In 2008 Darwish starred in the five-screen film

id – Identity of the Soul from Arts Alliance Productions, in which he narrates his poem "A Soldier Dreams of White Lilies" along with Ibsen's poem "Terje Vigen
." Id was his final performance. It premiered in Palestine in October 2008, with audiences of tens of thousands. In 2010, the film was continuing an international screening tour.

In 2009 Egin, a patchanka band from Italy, published a song setting the poem "Identity Card" to music.

In 2016, his poem "We Were Without a Present" served as the basis for the central song, "Ya Reit" by Palestinian rapper

Ophir Awards.[72]

In 2017, his poem "Think of Others" was set to music by a South African artist and 11-year old Palestinian youth activist, Janna Jihad Ayyad.

Honours

Awards

Place Mahmoud Darwich at Paris.

Death

Darwish's grave and memorial in Ramallah

Mahmoud Darwish died on 9 August 2008 at the age of 67, three days after heart surgery at

Houston, Texas. Before surgery, Darwish had signed a document asking not to be resuscitated in the event of brain death.[76] According to Ibrahim Muhawi, the poet, though suffering from serious heart problems, did not require urgent surgery, and the day set for the operation bore a symbolic resonance. In his Memory for Forgetfulness, Darwish centered the narrative of Israel's invasion of Lebanon and 88-day siege of Beirut on 6 August 1982, which was the anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima. A new bomb had been deployed, which could collapse and level a 12-storey building by creating a vacuum. Darwish wrote: "On this day, on the anniversary of the Hiroshima bomb, they are trying out the vacuum bomb on our flesh and the experiment is successful." By his choice of that day for surgery, Muwahi suggests, Darwish was documenting: "the nothingness he saw laying ahead for the Palestinian people."[77]

Early reports of his death in the Arabic press indicated that Darwish had asked in his will to be buried in Palestine. Three locations were originally suggested; his home village of al-Birwa, the neighboring village Jadeida, where some of Darwish's family still resides, or in the West Bank city of Ramallah. Ramallah Mayor Janet Mikhail announced later that Darwish would be buried next to Ramallah's Palace of Culture, at the summit of a hill overlooking Jerusalem on the southwestern outskirts of Ramallah, and a shrine would be erected in his honor.[43] Ahmed Darwish said "Mahmoud doesn't just belong to a family or a town, but to all the Palestinians, and he should be buried in a place, where all Palestinians can come and visit him."[78]

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas declared three days of mourning to honor Darwish and he was accorded the equivalent of a State funeral.[43][79] A set of four postage stamps commemorating Darwish was issued in August 2008 by the PA.[80][81]

Arrangements for flying the body in from Texas delayed the funeral for a day.

Ahmed Tibi (United Arab List-Ta'al) stood with the family, and Dov Khenin (Hadash) and Jamal Zahalka (Balad) were in the hall at the Mukataa. Also present was the former French prime minister and poet Dominique de Villepin.[83]
After the ceremony, Darwish's coffin was taken in a cortege at walking pace from the Mukataa to the Palace of Culture, gathering thousands of followers along the way.

On 5 October 2008, the International Literature Festival Berlin held a worldwide reading in memory of Mahmoud Darwish.[84]

Legacy

The Mahmoud Darwish Foundation was established on 4 October 2008 as a Palestinian non-profit foundation that "seeks to safeguard Mahmoud Darwish's cultural, literary and intellectual legacy."[85] The foundation administers the annual "Mahmoud Darwish Award for Creativity" granted to intellectuals from Palestine and elsewhere.[86] The inaugural winner of the prize, in 2010, was Egyptian novelist Ahdaf Soueif.

In the Presence of Absence [ar] (2011), a Syrian television series directed by Najdat Anzour that tells the biography of Darwish[87]

Published works

Poetry

Prose

  • Shai'on 'an al-wattan (Something about the homeland), 1971
  • Youmiat muwaten bala watan (Diary of a Citizen without a Country), 1971, translated as The Palestinian Chalk Circle
  • Wada'an ayatuha al-harb, wada'an ayuha al-salaam (Farewell, war, farewell, peace), 1974
  • Yawmiyyat al-hozn al-'aadi (Diary of the usual sadness), 1973 (Turkish translation, 2009 by Hakan Özkan)[88]
  • Dhakirah li-al-nisyan (Memory for Forgetfulness), 1987. English translation 1995 by Ibrahim Muhawi
  • Fi wasf halatina (Describing our condition), 1987
  • al-Rasa'il (The Letters), 1990. Joint work with Samih al-Qasim
  • Aabiroon fi kalamen 'aaber (Bypassers in bypassing words), 1991
  • Fi hadrat al-ghiyab (In the presence of absence), 2006
  • Athar alfarasha (A River Dies of Thirst: journals), 2009 (Archipelago Books) (translated by Catherine Cobham)

Reviews

  • Miller, Kevin (1975), review of Selected Poems, in Calgacus 1, Winter 1975, p. 59,
    ISSN 0307-2029

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also translated as "A Soldier Dreams of White Tulips".

References

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  6. ^ a b Peter Clark, "Mahmoud Darwish", The Guardian. 11 August 2008.
  7. ISBN 978-0-520-07544-3
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Further reading

External links

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