Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

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Not to be confused with Mahmudul Hasan or Mahmud Deobandi.

Shaykh al-Hind, Mawlānā
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
3rd Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband
In office
1890–1915
Preceded bySyed Ahmad Dehlavi
Succeeded byAnwar Shah Kashmiri
1st President of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
In office
November 1920 – 30 November 1920
Preceded byKifayatullah Dehlawi (as an interim president)
Succeeded byKifayatullah Dehlawi
Personal
Born1851
Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi
TariqaChishtiya-Sabiriya-Imdadiya
Founder ofJamia Millia Islamia
Senior posting
Disciple of
Disciples
Influenced
  • Deobandis

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (also known as Shaykh al-Hind; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the

Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi and Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
.

Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the

Hussain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Sanaullah Amritsari and Ubaidullah Sindhi
.

Hasan was a staunch opponent of the

Non-cooperation movement and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a commemorative postal stamp
on his Silk Letter Movement.

Early life

See also: Usmani family of Deoband

Mahmud Hasan was born in 1851 in the town of

madrasas.[1][3]

Hasan studied the

Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi.[6] He attended the hadith discourses of Nanawtawi for two years, and studied Arabic literature with his father during the vacations.[7] He graduated in 1872 and received the turban of honour in 1873 in the first convocation of the Darul Uloom Deoband.[8][9] He was an authorized disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in Sufism.[10]

Career

Darul Uloom Deoband

See also: Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan was appointed a teacher at the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1873, the same year he completed his studies.

1857 rebellion.[4]

A view of Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan formed the Thamratut-Tarbiyat (The Fruit of the Upbringing) in 1878.

Hussain Ahmad Madani suggests that "the purpose behind establishing Nizaratul Maarif was to make Muslim youth stronger believers, and to instruct and guide them, specially western-educated Muslims, in the Quranic teachings in such a logical way that it would remove the poisonous impact of anti-Islam propaganda and ill-founded skepticism about practicality of Islamic belief and tenets in modern age."[19][20]

Silk Letter Movement

Main article: Silk Letter Movement
See also:
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Hasan wanted to overthrow the British Raj in India; to achieve this, he focussed on two geographic areas.

Mahendra Pratap was appointed the President.[28]

Hasan himself traveled to

Sharif Hussain, the Sharif of Mecca, who revolted against the Turks and allied with the British.[36][29] The Sharif then handed them over to the British,[37] and they were imprisoned in the Fort Verdala in Malta.[38]

Khilafat movement

Main article:
Khilafat movement

Hasan was released in May 1920,

Shaukat Ali and Mahatma Gandhi.[40] His release was seen as a huge aid to the Khilafat Movement[40] and he was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the Khilafat Committee.[39][41]

Hasan inspired the scholars of Deoband seminary to join the Khilafat movement.

Allahabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Faizabad, Lucknow and Moradabad and guided Muslims in support of the movements.[45]

Jamia Millia Islamia

See also: Jamia Millia Islamia

Hasan was asked to preside over the foundational ceremony of the

palanquin, from where he traveled to Aligarh.[46]

Hasan was not able to write anything, and asked his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani to prepare his presidential speech. He then made corrections and improvements to the prepared speech, and sent it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani in the foundational ceremony of the university,[50] after which Hasan laid the foundation stone of the Jamia Millia Islamia.[49] Hasan said in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you are well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued an edict of disbelief over learning of a foreign language or acquiring the academic sciences of other nations. Yes, it was said that the final last effect of the English-education is that its seekers either colour themselves in that of the Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists through their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; then it is better to remain ignorant instead of seeking such education."[51] He concurred with Mahatma Gandhi's who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean as the milk, but mixed with a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim National University, as an alembic which would separate this poison from academia.[51]

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Hasan presided over the second general meeting of the

Sikh unity and said that, if Hindus and Muslims unite, acquiring freedom was not much more difficult.[55][56] This was the last conference that Hasan attended.[56]

Students

Main article: List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Hasan's students number in thousands.

Kifayatullah Dihlawi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Sanaullah Amritsari, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari.[9][58][59] Ebrahim Moosa states that his "fine cohort of students later gained renown in the madrasa network and made contribution to the public life in South Asia in fields as diverse as religious scholarship, politics, and institution-building."[60]

Literary works

The translation of the Quran

Hasan wrote an interlinear translation of the Quran in

Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan.[64]

Al-Abwāb wa Al-Tarājim li al-Bukhāri

Hasan taught

Sahih Bukhari at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a long time and, when he was incarcerated in Malta, he began to write a treatise explaining its chapter-headings.[65] In the hadith studies, the assignation of the chapter-headings in a collection of traditions is seen as a separate science.[66] Hasan started the treatise with fifteen principles on the subject, and then discussed the traditions from the chapter on revelation and incompletely covered the chapter on knowledge.[67] The treatise is entitled al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri (transl. An Explanation of the Chapter Headings of Imam Bukhari's Sahih) and spreads over 52 pages.[65]

Adilla-e-Kāmilah

As the

Hanafi school of thought.[68] Ahl-i Hadith scholar Muhammad Hussain Batalvi compiled a set of ten questions[69] and announced a challenge with a reward for those who provided an answer, with ten rupees per answer. This was published from Amritsar and sent to Darul Uloom Deoband.[68] The Deoband's policy had been to avoid the issues which divide the Muslim community, but the Ahl-i Hadith people forced the issue. Subsequently, Hasan, at the request of his teacher Nanawtawi,[70] in return asked a series of questions in the form of a treatise, Adilla-e-Kāmilah (transl. The Perfect Argument), promising that, "if you answer these questions, we shall give you twenty rupees per answer."[71]

Īzah al-Adillah

After Mahmud Hasan's Adilla-e-Kāmilah, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar Ahmad Hasan Amrohwi wrote Misbāh al-Adillah (transl. A Lantern to the Argument) in response to Adilla-e-Kāmilah.[70] The Deobandi scholar waited for a while for any response from the original questioner, Muhammad Hussain Batalwi,[72] who then announced that Amrohwi's work was sufficient, and that he has himself had discarded the idea of writing the answers.[72] Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Izāh al-Adillah (transl. Elucidation of the Argument); a commentary on his earlier work Adilla-e-Kāmilah.[72]

Ahsan al-Qirā

Hasan has discussed the permissibility of

Hanafi school of thought.[73]

Gangohi's work received criticism from the Ahl-i Hadith scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.[73] Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt that the language of these works was insolent, and wrote a lengthy book, entitled Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Best Discourse in The Elucidation of The Strongest Ring), in response.[74]

Juhd al-Muqill

Ilm al-Kalam, following the accent of Al-Taftazani's commentary Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi, on al-Nasafi's creed.[76] Hasan has responded to the allegations made against Shah Ismail Dehlvi and other such scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.[77]

Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd

The written manuscripts of the

Sihah Sittah were preserved in the libraries of Islamic nations, with the majority held at Mecca and Medina.[78] The Indian scholar Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri copied the manuscripts that existed in Mecca, and then studied them with Shah Muhammad Ishaq. When he returned to India he started publishing the copyedited editions of these hadith manuscripts from his press.[79] His pupil Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi continued the practice of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.[78]

Later there was a push to copyedit the

hadith. However, the editions that were published and the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other.[78] Hasan thus collected all the available manuscripts, copyedited the text and had several editions of it published in book form. These were published in 1900 from the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.[80]

Death and legacy

The Maulana Mahmud Hasan gate of Jamia Millia Islamia.

On 30 October 1920, a day after the foundation of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled to

Qasmi cemetery.[85]

Mahmud Hasan has had a number of honours. Ashraf Ali Thanwi called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of the World).[86] Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is the Leader of India, Sindh, the Arab and the Ajam".[86] A medical college in Saharanpur was named Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College after him.[87] In January 2013, the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee released a commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's Silk Letter Movement.[88]

Shaikhul Hind Academy, a department of Darul Uloom Deoband, is named in his memory.[89]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Adrawi 2012, p. 45.
  2. ^ a b Tayyab 1990, p. 18.
  3. ^ Rizwi 1980, pp. 93–94.
  4. ^ a b Salam & Parvaiz 2020, pp. 48–49.
  5. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 46.
  6. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 47.
  7. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 48.
  8. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 49.
  9. ^ a b c Rizwi 1981, p. 20.
  10. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 68.
  11. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 20.
  12. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 72.
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  14. ^ Deobandi 1946, p. 112.
  15. ^ Hasan, Nayab (1 December 2017). "حضرت شیخ الہند کا تصورِ فلاحِ امت" [Shaykhul Hind's Concept of the Progress of Ummah]. Millat Times (in Urdu). Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  16. ^ a b Salam & Parvaiz 2020, p. 134.
  17. ^ Deobandi 2013, p. 295.
  18. ^ Khimjee 1999, p. 92.
  19. ^ Salam & Parvaiz 2020, pp. 134–135.
  20. ^ Deobandi 2002, p. 45.
  21. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 167.
  22. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 168.
  23. ^ Adrawi 2012, pp. 169–184.
  24. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 185.
  25. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 186.
  26. ^ Deobandi 2013, p. 57.
  27. ^ Tabassum 2006, p. 47.
  28. ^ Rizwi 1981, pp. 137–138.
  29. ^ a b Trivedi 1982, p. 659.
  30. ^ Deobandi 2002, p. 56.
  31. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 49.
  32. ^ Deobandi 2002, p. 58.
  33. ^ a b c Deobandi 2013, pp. 59–60.
  34. ^ a b Deobandi 2013, p. 59-60.
  35. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 184.
  36. ^ Wasti 2006, p. 715.
  37. ^ Deobandi 2013, p. 61.
  38. ^ a b Nakhuda, Ismaeel. "Where were Indian Muslim scholars interned in Malta?". Basair. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  39. ^ a b Tayyab 1990, p. 76.
  40. ^ a b c Khimjee 1999, p. 144.
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  43. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 290.
  44. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 79.
  45. ^ Tayyab 1990, p. 77.
  46. ^ a b c d e Deobandi 1946, p. 213.
  47. ^ Basheer, Intifada P. (29 October 2020). "Jamia Millia Islamia: A University That Celebrates Diversity". Outlook India. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  48. ^ "Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". Milli Gazette. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  49. ^ a b Nizami 2011, p. 29.
  50. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 291.
  51. ^ a b Nizami 2011, p. 33.
  52. ^ Wasif Dehlavi 1970, p. 56.
  53. ^ Wasif Dehlavi 1970, p. 74.
  54. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 295.
  55. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 308.
  56. ^ a b Nizami 2018, p. 132.
  57. ^ Qasmi 1999, p. 64.
  58. ^ Adrawi 2016, p. 233.
  59. ^ Rehman 1967, pp. 217–218.
  60. ^ Moosa 2015, p. 72.
  61. ^ "The Translations of the Quran". The Islamic Quarterly. 40–41. London: Islamic Cultural Centre: 228. 1996.
  62. ^ Adrawi 2012, pp. 335–336.
  63. ^ Haqqani 2006, p. 268.
  64. ^ Zaman 2018, p. 292.
  65. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 336.
  66. ^ "Shaykh (Maulana) Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi". Central Mosque. Assigning chapter headings in a hadith collection is a science in itself, known among the scholars as al-abwab wa 'l-tarajim [chapters and explanations].
  67. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 337.
  68. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 338.
  69. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 344.
  70. ^ a b Adrawi 2012, p. 351.
  71. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 339.
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  80. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 370.
  81. ^ Saad Shuja'abadi 2015, p. 24-25.
  82. ^ Adrawi 2012, p. 309.
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  84. ^ Saad Shuja'abadi 2015, p. 26.
  85. ^ a b c Adrawi 2012, pp. 310–312.
  86. ^ a b Thanwi, Ashraf Ali. Usmani, Mahmood Ashraf (ed.). Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat (in Urdu). Vol. 5. Multan: Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia. p. 300.
  87. ^ "Saharanpur medical college to be named after Madni". Times of India. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  88. ^ "Prez releases special stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement'". Business Standard. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  89. ^ Bijnori, Muhammad Salman, ed. (March 2021). "Hazrat Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi and Shaikhul Hind Academy, Darul Uloom Deoband: Imranullah Qasmi". Monthly Darul Uloom (in Urdu). 105 (3). Deoband: Darul Uloom: 47–48.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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