Maine

Coordinates: 45°N 69°W / 45°N 69°W / 45; -69
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Maine
State of Maine
Senate President
Troy Jackson (D)[nb 1]
LegislatureMaine Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryMaine Supreme Judicial Court
U.S. senatorsSusan Collins (R)
Angus King (I)
U.S. House delegation1. Chellie Pingree (D)
2. Jared Golden (D) (list)
Area
 • Total35,385[2] sq mi (91,646 km2)
 • Land30,862 sq mi (80,005 km2)
 • Water4,523 sq mi (11,724 km2)  13.5%
 • Rank39th
Dimensions
 • Length320 mi (515 km)
 • Width205 mi (330 km)
Elevation
600 ft (180 m)
Highest elevation5,270 ft (1,606.4 m)
Lowest elevation0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total1,362,359
 • Rank42nd
 • Density43.8/sq mi (16.9/km2)
  • Rank38th
 • Median household income
$56,277[5]
 • Income rank
35th
Demonym
  • Mainer
Language
 • Official languageNone[6]
 • Spoken language
EDT)
USPS abbreviation
ME
ISO 3166 codeUS-ME
Traditional abbreviationMe.
Latitude42° 58′ N to 47° 28′ N
Longitude66° 57′ W to 71° 5′ W (45°N 69°W / 45°N 69°W / 45; -69)
Websitewww.maine.gov
State symbols of Maine
List of state symbols
MottoDirigo
SloganThe Way Life Should Be
Song
Living insignia
White pine
Inanimate insignia
BeverageMoxie[8]
FoodBlueberry pie
Whoopie pie
FossilPertica quadrifaria
GemstoneTourmaline
RockGranitic pegmatite[9]
ShipBowdoin
SoilChesuncook soil
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Maine quarter dollar coin
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

Maine (

13th-least densely populated, and the most rural.[11] Maine's capital is Augusta, and its most populous city is Portland
, with a total population of 68,408, as of the 2020 census.

The territory of Maine has been inhabited by

Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state. On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union
as the 23rd state.

Today, Maine is known for its jagged, rocky

creative economy,[13] especially in the vicinity of Portland, which is also bringing gentrification to the area.[14]

History

Maine State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1829–1832
Misty Morning, Coast of Maine
Arthur Parton (1842–1914). Between 1865 and 1870, Brooklyn Museum.

The earliest known inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the

Mahican of New York. Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of Maine's tribes continued, unchanged, until the American Revolution. Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations. Many had adapted to living in permanent, Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to move from summer villages to winter villages on a yearly cycle. They would usually winter inland and head to the coasts by summer.[15][16]

Vikings in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to trade and collect timber, with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954.[17]

The first European confirmed settlement in modern-day Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, led by French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. His party included Samuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer. The French named the entire area Acadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine. The Plymouth Company established the first English settlement in Maine at the Popham Colony in 1607, the same year as the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months.[18]

The French established two

Jesuit missions: one on Penobscot Bay in 1609, and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613. The same year, Claude de La Tour established Castine. In 1625, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine. The coastal areas of eastern Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent. The part of western Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock. A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England.[19]
It also failed.

The 1622 patent of the Province of Maine was split at the

New Somersetshire to the north. A disputed 1630 patent split off the area around present-day Saco as Lygonia. Justifying its actions with a 1652 geographic survey that showed an overlapping patent, the Massachusetts Bay Colony had seized New Somersetshire and Lygonia by force by 1658. The Territory of Sagadahock between the Kennebec River and St. Croix River notionally became Cornwall County, Province of New York under a 1664 grant from Charles II of England to his brother James, at the time the Duke of York. Some of this land was claimed by New France as part of Acadia. All of the English settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of New York became part of the Dominion of New England in 1686. All of present-day Maine was unified as York County, Massachusetts under a 1691 royal patent for the Province of Massachusetts Bay
.

Central Maine was formerly inhabited by the

Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook. They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William's War. They were relocated to St. Francis, Canada, which was destroyed by Rogers' Rangers in 1759, and is now Odanak. The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly during Dummer's War, with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725, which significantly reduced their numbers. They finally withdrew to Canada, where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery, and later at St. Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south.[20]

Maine was much fought over by the

Mohawk village near Montreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed.[22][23]

After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello. American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts via the Colony of New Ireland.[24][25] The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts. Longstanding disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed. Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year.

Statehood and Missouri Compromise

Formal secession from Massachusetts and admission of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the

slave and free states.[26][27][28]

Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832. The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland.

The

Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg
.

Four

USS Maine (ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898, precipitated the Spanish–American War
.

Geography

A map of Maine showing its famed jagged coast

To the south and east is the Gulf of Maine, and to the west is the state of New Hampshire. The Canadian province of New Brunswick is to the north and northeast, and the province of Quebec is to the northwest. Maine is the northernmost state in New England and the largest, accounting for almost half of the region's entire land area. Maine is the only state to border exactly one other American state (New Hampshire). Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the 45th parallel north in latitude.

Maine is the easternmost state in the United States both in its extreme points and in its geographic center. The town of

extreme points of the United States
)

Maine's

Thoreau in The Maine Woods (1864). Mount Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, which extends southerly to Springer Mountain, Georgia, and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which, when complete, will run to Belle Isle, Newfoundland and Labrador
.

.

Maine is the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River. It is called the Pine Tree State; over 80% of its total land is forested or unclaimed,[29] the most forest cover of any U.S. state. In the wooded areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England). The Northwest Aroostook unorganized territory in the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km2) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km2).

Maine is in the

oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests. The remainder of the state, including the North Woods, is covered by the New England–Acadian forests.[30]

Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of ocean coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline).

West Quoddy Head in Lubec is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states. Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border. There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets. Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains. This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden, in "Renascence":[33]

The Maine coast and Portland Head Light
Rocky shoreline in Acadia National Park

All I could see from where I stood
Was three long mountains and a wood;
I turned and looked the other way,
And saw three islands in a bay.

— Edna St. Vincent Millay, Renascence

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops.[34] A rise in land elevation due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features.

Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age. Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island. Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m). The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound. These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts.

Bubble Rock, a

Lucerne, 30 miles (48 km) away. The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane
.

Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England. Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include:[35]

Lands under the control of the state of Maine include:

Climate

Autumn in the Hundred-Mile Wilderness
Köppen climate types of Maine, using 1991-2020 climate normals
Winter in Bangor

Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with warm and sometimes humid summers, and long, cold and very snowy winters. Winters are especially severe in the northern and western parts of Maine, while coastal areas are moderated slightly by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in marginally milder winters and cooler summers than inland regions. Daytime highs are generally in the 75–85 °F (24–29 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s °F (around 15 °C). January temperatures range from highs near 30 °F (−1 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north.[36]

The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton.[37] Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season rain and snowstorms. In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest—a rarity across the Eastern United States. Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies, with most of the state averaging fewer than twenty days of thunderstorms a year. Tornadoes are rare in Maine, with the state averaging two per year, although this number is increasing. Most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes occur in the southwestern interior portion of the state,[38] where summer temperatures are often the warmest and the atmosphere is thus more unstable compared to northern and coastal areas.[39] Maine rarely sees the direct landfall of tropical cyclones, as they tend to recurve out to sea or are rapidly weakening by the time they reach the cooler waters of Maine.

In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set at

Big Black River of −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record.[36]

Annual precipitation varies from 35.8 in (909 mm) in Presque Isle to 56.7 in (1,441 mm) in Acadia National Park.[40]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Maine[41]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Portland 78/59 26/15 31/13 −0/−10
Lewiston 81/61 27/16 29/11 −2/−12
Bangor 79/57 26/14 27/6 −2/−14
Augusta 79/60 26/15 27/11 −2/−11
Presque Isle 77/55 25/13 20/1 −6/−17

Flora and fauna

Maine exhibits a diverse range of flora and fauna across its varied landscapes, including forests, coastline, and wetlands. Forested areas consist primarily of coniferous and deciduous trees, such as balsam fir, sugar maple, and its state tree, the Eastern white pine.[42] Coastal regions are characterized by hardy sea milkwort, sea-blight, bayberry, and the invasive rugosa rose.[43]

Maine's terrestrial fauna comprises mammals such as

landlocked salmon, and multiple gamefish, while marine life in offshore waters includes Atlantic puffins, harbor seals, minke whales, and lobster. Maine's abundance of lobster makes the state the largest producer of lobster in the United States.[45][46]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
179096,540
1800151,71957.2%
1810228,70550.7%
1820298,33530.4%
1830399,45533.9%
1840501,79325.6%
1850583,16916.2%
1860628,2797.7%
1870626,915−0.2%
1880648,9363.5%
1890661,0861.9%
1900694,4665.0%
1910742,3716.9%
1920768,0143.5%
1930797,4233.8%
1940847,2266.2%
1950913,7747.9%
1960969,2656.1%
1970992,0482.4%
19801,124,66013.4%
19901,227,9289.2%
20001,274,9233.8%
20101,328,3614.2%
20201,362,3592.6%
2023 (est.)1,395,7222.4%
Source: 1910–2020[47]
Maine population density map
Ethnic origins in Maine

The

least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River. As of 2010, Maine was also the most rural state in the Union, with only 38.7% of the state's population living within urban areas.[49] As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior of the state, particularly in the North Maine Woods
.

The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County, just east of Augusta.[50] The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population.[51] This area spans three counties and includes many farms and wooded areas; the 2016 population of Portland proper was 66,937.[52]

Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0.57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states.[53] In 2021 and 2022, however, Maine had the highest proportion of arriving residents to departing residents of any state in the country, with 1.8 arrivals for every departure.[54] The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; with more diverse populations slowly moving into these areas of the state. However, the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a slight decline in population from 2010 to 2016.[55]

As of 2020, Maine has the highest population age 65 or older in the United States.[56]

According to the

White of any state, at 94.4% of the total population. In 2011, 89.0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic White parents.[57] Maine also has the second-highest residential senior population.[58]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 4,411 homeless people in Maine.[59][60]

The table below shows the racial composition of Maine's population as of 2016.

Maine racial composition of population[61]
Race Population (2016 est.) Percentage
Total population 1,329,923 100%
White
1,260,476 94.8%
Black or African American
16,303 1.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native 8,013 0.6%
Asian
14,643 1.1%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
211 0.0%
Some other race
3,151 0.2%
Two or more races
27,126 2.0%

According to the 2016

German (8.1%), American (7.8%) and French Canadian (7.7%).[62]

People citing that they are

American are of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 17th century) that they choose to identify simply as Americans.[63][64][65][66][67][68][excessive citations
]

Maine has the highest percentage of

Canadian origin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War. There are particularly high concentrations in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick. Along with the Acadian population in the north, many French-Canadians came from Quebec
as immigrants between 1840 and 1930.

The upper

Polish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration
waves.

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race
2013[70] 2014[71] 2015[72] 2016[73] 2017[74] 2018[75] 2019[76] 2020[77] 2021[78]
White: 11,950 (93.5%) 11,842 (93.2%) 11,805 (93.6%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
>
Non-Hispanic White
11,774 (92.1%) 11,654 (91.8%) 11,563 (91.7%) 11,484 (90.4%) 10,958 (89.1%) 11,022 (89.5%) 10,401 (88.3%) 10,231 (88.7%) 10,619 (88.4%)
Black 455 (3.6%) 450 (3.5%) 473 (3.7%) 411 (3.2%) 545 (4.4%) 546 (4.4%) 541 (4.6%) 514 (4.5%) 551 (4.6%)
Asian 253 (2.0%) 248 (1.9%) 186 (1.5%) 192 (1.5%) 219 (1.8%) 202 (1.6%) 217 (1.8%) 195 (1.7%) 197 (1.6%)
American Indian 118 (0.9%) 158 (1.2%) 143 (1.1%) 97 (0.7%) 88 (0.7%) 99 (0.8%) 96 (0.8%) 85 (0.7%) 71 (0.6%)
Hispanic (of any race) 172 (1.3%) 200 (1.6%) 251 (2.0%) 238 (1.9%) 229 (1.9%) 224 (1.8%) 257 (2.2%) 258 (2.2%) 305 (2.5%)
Maine Total 12,776 (100%) 12,698 (100%) 12,607 (100%) 12,705 (100%) 12,298 (100%) 12,311 (100%) 11,779 (100%) 11,539 (100%) 12,006 (100%)

In 2018, The top countries of origin for Maine's immigrants were Canada, the Philippines, Germany, India and Korea.[79]

Language

Maine does not have an official language,[6] but the most widely spoken language in the state is English. The 2010 census reported 92.91% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home. French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 3.93% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 3.45% (including Cajun and Creole) in Louisiana, which is the second highest state.[7] Spanish is the third-most-common language in Maine, after English and French.[80]

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[81]

  
Judaism (5%)
(1%)

According to the

Evangelical Protestant 14%, Mainline Protestant 21%, Historical Black Protestant 2%), Atheism or Agnosticism 6%, Nothing in Particular 26%, Roman Catholic Church 21%, other Christians 5%, non-Christian religions including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Baháʼí 7%, and Pagans and Unitarians
5%.

In 2014, the Roman Catholic Church was the largest religious institution and the Baptists (7% Evangelical and 5% Mainline) was the state's the largest Protestant institution, followed by the Methodists (6%) and the Congregationalists (5%). The atheists and the agnostics are only 6% of the state, but 26% of Mainers said that they "Believe in God but they are Unaffiliated." The 81% of Mainers believed in God, while 3% do not know and 16% do not believe in God. The 34% of Mainers think that "religion is very important" and 29% said that is "important", while 21% said that religion is not important.[82]

By the publication of another study in 2020 through the Public Religion Research Institute, approximately 62% of the population were Christian; the religiously unaffiliated slightly increased to 33% from the separate 2014 study by the Pew Research Center.[83] In a 2022 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, 63% of the population were Christian, and 30% were religiously unaffiliated, reflecting a shift of population. Among the non-Christian population in 2022, 1% were Unitarian Universalist, 5% Jewish, and 1% New Ager.

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, with Christianity as the dominant faith, the largest denominations by number of adherents were Catholicism (219,233 members), non-denominational Protestantism (45,364), and United Methodists (19,686).[84] According to the same study, there were an estimated 16,894 Muslims in the state.

Economy

Bath Iron Works naval shipbuilding

Total employment 2020:

Total employer establishments 2020:

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine's total gross state product for 2021 was $77.96 billion.[86] Its per capita personal income for 2021 was $58,484, 30th in the nation. As of September 2022, Maine's unemployment rate is 3.3%.[87] As of September 2023, Maine's minimum wage is $13.80.[88]

Lobstering in Portland

Maine's

groundfishing. While lobster is the main seafood focus for Maine, the harvest of both oysters and seaweed are on the rise. In 2015, 14% of the Northeast's total oyster supply came from Maine. In 2017, the production of Maine's seaweed industry was estimated at $20 million per year. The shrimp industry of Maine is on a government-mandated hold. With an ever-decreasing Northern shrimp population, Maine fishermen are no longer allowed to catch and sell shrimp. The hold began in 2014 and is expected to continue until 2021.[90] Western Maine aquifers and springs are a source of bottled water for companies like Poland Spring
.

Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology. Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery.

Brunswick Landing, formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine. Formerly a large support base for the U.S. Navy, the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities. The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College.[91]

Wild low-bush blueberries are only produced commercially in Maine.[92]

Maine is the top U.S. producer of

USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with a total production of 91,100,000 lbs.[93] This data includes both low (wild) and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries
.

1928 ad promoting vacations in Maine

Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy. The state is a popular destination for sport

creative economy, most notably centered in the Greater Portland vicinity.[13]

Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation. Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link and

short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea,[94] which places it 45th of U.S. water ports.[95] Portland International Jetport has been expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines
.

Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in the

Hannaford Bros. Co. in Scarborough, and L.L.Bean in Freeport. Maine is also the home of the Jackson Laboratory
, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice.

Taxation

Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets, 6.5 and 7.95 percent of personal income.[96] Before July 2013, Maine had four brackets: 2, 4.5, 7, and 8.5 percent.[97] Maine's general sales tax rate is 5.5 percent. The state also levies charges of nine percent on lodging and prepared food and ten percent on short-term auto rentals.[98] Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1.5 cents per pound ($1.50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season. All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor.

Shipbuilding

Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies, such as Bath Iron Works and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships. The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas. One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick, Maine. This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period. Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses. During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy.

Transport

Airports

Portland International Jetport

Maine receives

CommutAir
with Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft.

Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, serving only general aviation traffic. The Eastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft.[99]

Highways

Penobscot Narrows Bridge, carrying U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 3 over the Penobscot River

Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada
.

Rail

Map of Electric Railway Lines in Maine c 1907

Passenger

A southbound Downeaster passenger train at Ocean Park, Maine, as viewed from the cab of a northbound train

The Downeaster passenger train, operated by Amtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston's North Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland, Old Orchard Beach, Saco, and Wells. The Downeaster makes five daily trips.[100]

Freight

Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers:

Central Maine and Quebec Railway; and New Brunswick Southern Railway
.

Shipping

Cargo

The International Marine Terminal in Portland provides shipping container transport. In 2021 an estimated 36,700 shipping containers moved through the terminal. In 2017, a total of 17,515 shipping containers were transported. The Icelandic shipping company Eimskip opened its United States headquarters in Portland in 2013. Its ships stop in Portland once a week in a route that includes Atlantic Canada and Iceland with connections to northern Europe and Asia.[101] In 2015, the terminal moved 10,500 containers. The Maine Port Authority in 2016 began a $15.5 million expansion and improvement of the terminal. The Maine Port Authority leased the International Marine Terminal from the city of Portland in 2009.[102]

Law and government

The

Maine Constitution
structures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor).

The

legislative branch is the Maine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and the Maine Senate
, with 35 members. The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws.

The

, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto. Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor.

Maine.gov logo

The highest court in the state's

judicial branch is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The lower courts are the District Court, Superior Court
and Probate Court. All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years. Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms.

In a 2020 study, Maine was ranked as the 14th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[103]

Politics

Maine politics are dynamic in nature, with parties loosely hung together, governors often winning by pluralities rather than majorities, and significant turnover both in members and parties in legislative districts. In his 2010 article Maine's Paradoxical Politics, Kenneth Palmer suggests that "Maine's political leaders find themselves as centrists, primarily because they want to find practical solutions to difficult problems."[104]

The results of the elections are often

independent candidates. The Republican Party have won Maine in 11 out of the past 20 presidential elections, and the governorship has been won by Democrats and independents three times each, and Republicans four times, since 1974.[105]

Maine uses ranked choice voting in primary elections for state and federal offices, as well as in general elections for federal offices. Ranked choice voting was adopted by voters in a 2016 referendum.[106]

Counties

Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km2).

Maine counties
County name County seat Year founded Population
2020 Census
Percent of total Area (sq. mi.) Percent of total
Androscoggin Auburn 1854 111,139 8.16% 497 1.44%
Aroostook Houlton 1839 67,105 4.93% 6,829 19.76%
Cumberland Portland 1760 303,069 22.25% 1,217 3.52%
Franklin Farmington 1838 29,456 2.16% 1,744 5.05%
Hancock Ellsworth 1789 55,478 4.07% 1,522 4.40%
Kennebec Augusta 1799 123,642 9.08% 951 2.75%
Knox Rockland 1860 40,607 2.98% 1,142 3.30%
Lincoln Wiscasset 1760 35,237 2.59% 700 2.03%
Oxford Paris 1805 57,777 4.24% 2,175 6.29%
Penobscot Bangor 1816 152,199 11.17% 3,556 10.29%
Piscataquis Dover-Foxcroft 1838 16,800 1.23% 4,377 12.67%
Sagadahoc Bath 1854 36,699 2.69% 370 1.07%
Somerset Skowhegan 1809 50,477 3.71% 4,095 11.85%
Waldo Belfast 1827 39,607 2.91% 853 2.47%
Washington Machias 1790 31,095 2.28% 3,255 9.42%
York Alfred 1636 211,972 15.56% 1,271 3.68%
Total counties: 16 Total 2020 population: 1,362,359 Total state area: 34,554 square miles (89,494 km2)

Law enforcement

The Maine State Police (MSP) is the state police agency for Maine, which has jurisdiction across the state and was created in 1921.

Municipalities

Organized municipalities

An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally binding

plantations. Collectively these 483 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory. Maine also has three[contradictory] Reservations: Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation.[107]

Unorganized territory

Great North Woods of Maine.[108]

Most populous cities and towns

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Maine
2020 U.S. Census populations[109]
Rank
Name
County Pop.
Portland
Portland
Lewiston
Lewiston
1 Portland Cumberland 68,408 Bangor
Bangor
South Portland
South Portland
2 Lewiston Androscoggin 37,121
3 Bangor Penobscot 31,753
4 South Portland Cumberland 26,498
5 Auburn Androscoggin 24,061
6 Biddeford York 22,552
7 Scarborough Cumberland 22,135
8 Sanford York 21,982
9 Brunswick Cumberland 21,756
10 Westbrook Cumberland 20,400

Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base. There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

Education

The University of Maine is the state's only research university.

There are thirty institutions of

sea grant college. The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine. There are also branch campuses in Augusta, Farmington, Fort Kent, Machias, and Presque Isle.[112]

Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (pictured) Colleges form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium

Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state. Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine.[113] Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England.[114] The three colleges collectively form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges.[115][116][117]

Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344.[118]

The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous

Unity College, and Thomas College. There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England's College of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (The University of Maine School of Law). There is one art school in the state, Maine College of Art, along with a private graduate school, Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, which offers a Doctor of Philosophy
to visual artists.

The Maine Community College System, founded in 1985 also serves "to provide associate degree, diploma and certificate programs directed at the educational, career and technical needs of the State's citizens and the workforce needs of the State's employers."[119] This system includes Southern Maine Community College (SMCC), York County Community College (YCCC), Central Maine Community College (CMCC), Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC), Kennebec Valley Community College (KVCC), Northern Maine Community College (NMCC), and Washington County Community College (WCCC).[120]

Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains. Private schools are less common than public schools. A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private".

Maine also has Vocational Schools, such as the Biddeford Regional Center of Technology[121] and Sanford Regional Technical Center[122] that teach trades such as welding, construction and vehicle repair to students.

Culture

Agriculture

Maine was a center of agriculture before it achieved statehood. Prior to colonization, Wabanaki nations farmed large crops of corn and other produce in southern Maine.[123]

Maine was a center of grain production in the 1800s, until grain production moved westward. However, in the early 2000s the local food movement spurred renewed interested in locally grown grains. In 2007, the Kneading Conference was founded. In, 2012, the Skowhegan grist mill Maine Grains opened.[124][125] The revival of grain farming and milling in Maine has led to the creation of other businesses, including bakeries and malthouses.[126]

Maine has many vegetable farms and other small, diversified farms. In the 1960s and 1970s, the book "Living the Good Life" by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing caused many young people to move to Maine and engage in small-scale farming and homesteading. These back-to-the-land migrants increased the population of some counties.[127]

Maine is home to the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association and had 535 certified organic farms in 2019.[128]

Festivals

Maine has multiple fairs and festivals that are held annually, which include La Kermesse, a celebration of the state's French and French Canadian heritage, the Fryeburg Fair, the Cumberland Fair, the Union Fair, the Common Ground Country Fair, a number of Old Home Days festivals, and a number of Portland Food Festivals.[129][130][131]

Food

Along with the growth of the local food movement over the last several decades, Maine has received national recognition for its food and restaurant scene. Portland was named Bon Appetit magazine's Restaurant City of the Year in 2018.[132] In 2018, HealthIQ.com named Maine the 3rd most vegan-friendly state.[133] Biddeford was selected by Food & Wine in 2022 as one of America's next great food cities.[134] Maine food shares many ingredients with Wabanaki cuisine, including corn, beans, squash, wild blueberries, maple syrup, fish, and seafood.[135]

Baked beans are a common dish in Maine, served at community suppers where the beans are sometimes cooked underground in a bean hole. In New England, Maine baked beans are one of two well-known regional styles of baked beans, the other being Boston baked beans. Maine baked beans use thicker skinned, native bean varieties such like Marafax, soldier, and yellow-eye beans.[136] From 1913 until 2021, baked beans were canned on the Portland waterfront at the B&M Baked Beans factory.

Sports teams

College hockey being played at the Cross Insurance Arena

Professional

Non-professional

NCAA
USCAA

Terminology

Maine maintains some vernacular and terminology that is unique in comparison to the rest of the country.[141] Some of these include:

  • "From away" - A non-native person of Maine.[142]
  • "Upta camp" - Going to a more out-of-the-way, rustic place.[142] Popularized by Bob Marley after his special of the same name.[143][144]
  • "Ayuh" - An affirmative response, like "Yes".[142]

People from Maine

Citizens of Maine are often known as Mainers.[145] The term Downeaster may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state. The term Mainiac is considered by some to be derogatory, but is embraced with pride by others,[146] and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon.[147]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the president of the State Senate is first in line for succession.
  2. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  3. ^ Maine is the U.S. state with the highest percentage of French-speaking population.[7]

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External links

State government

U.S. government

Information

Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Admitted on March 15, 1820 (23rd)
Succeeded by