Major and minor

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This article is about the musical concept. For the academic disciplines, see Academic major and Academic minor.

In Western music, the adjectives major and minor may describe an interval, chord, scale, or key. A composition, movement, section, or phrase may also be referred to by its key, including whether that key is major or minor.

The words derive from Latin words meaning "large" and "small," and were originally applied to the intervals between notes, which may be larger or smaller depending on how many semitones (half-steps) they contain. Chords and scales are described as major or minor when they contain the corresponding intervals, usually major or minor thirds.

Intervals

A major interval is one

Unisons, fourths, fifths, and octaves and their compound interval must be perfect (or, rarely, diminished or augmented). In Western music, a minor chord "sounds darker than a major chord".[1]

Scales and chords

Main articles: Major scale, Minor scale, Major chord, and Minor chord
{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 9/4 c4 d e f g a b c2 \bar "||" } }
{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 9/4 c4 d es f g aes bes c2 \bar "||" } }
Parallel major and (natural) minor scales on C
Major and minor third in a major chord: major third 'M' on bottom, minor third 'm' on top

Major and minor may also refer to scales and chords that contain a major third or a minor third, respectively.

Keys

The hallmark that distinguishes major keys from minor is whether the third

scale degree is major or minor. Major and minor keys are based on the corresponding scales, and the tonic triad
of those keys consist of the corresponding chords; however, a major key can encompass minor chords based on other roots, and vice versa.

As

half step]."[1] This alteration in the third degree "greatly changes" the mood of the music, and "music based on minor scales tends to" be considered to "sound serious or melancholic,"[1]
at least to contemporary Western ears.

Minor keys are sometimes said to have a more interesting, possibly darker sound than plain major scales.[2] Harry Partch considers minor as, "the immutable faculty of ratios, which in turn represent an immutable faculty of the human ear."[3] The minor key and scale are also considered less justifiable than the major, with Paul Hindemith calling it a "clouding" of major, and Moritz Hauptmann calling it a "falsehood of the major".[3]

Changes of mode, which involve the alteration of the third, and

mode, which requires the alteration of intervals. The use of triads only available in the minor mode, such as the use of A♭-major in C major, is relatively decorative chromaticism
, considered to add color and weaken the sense of key without entirely destroying or losing it.

Intonation and tuning

Musical tuning of intervals is expressed by the ratio between the pitches' frequencies. Simple fractions can sound more harmonious than complex fractions; for instance, an octave is a simple 2:1 ratio and a fifth is the relatively simple 3:2 ratio. The table below gives frequency ratios that are mathematically exact for just intonation, which meantone temperaments seek to approximate.

Note name C D E F G A B C′
frequency ratio
(just int.) 		 1 / 1  9 / 8  5 / 4  4 / 3  3 / 2  5 / 3  15 / 8  2 / 1
Interval name
(from C) 		perf 1 st Maj 2 nd Maj 3 rd perf 4 th perf 5 th Maj 6 th Maj 7 th perf 8 th
Interval size
(in
cents
) 		  0000¢0     0203.9¢     0386.3¢     0498.0¢     0702.0¢     0884.4¢     1088.3¢     12000¢  

In

12 tone equal temperament (12 TET, at present the most common tuning system in the West) a minor chord has 3 semitones
between the root and third, 4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth.

In 12 TET, the perfect fifth (700 

19-limit (Limit) minor third (19:16 Playⓘ or, 297.5 cents, the nineteenth harmonic) with only about a 2 cent error.[4]

A.J. Ellis proposed that the conflict between mathematicians and physicists on one hand and practicing musicians on the other regarding the supposed inferiority of the minor chord and scale to the major may be explained due to physicists' comparison of just minor and just major triads, in which case minor comes out the loser, versus the musicians' comparison of the equal tempered triads, in which case minor comes out the winner, since the 12 TET major third is about 14 cents sharp from the just major third (5:4, or 386.3 cents), but only about 4 cents narrower than the 19 limit major third (24:19, or 404.4 cents); while the 12 TET minor third closely approximates the 19:16 minor third which many find pleasing.[4](p298)[a]

Advanced theory

Utonality
).

The root of the minor triad is thus considered the top of the fifth, which, in the United States, is called the fifth. So in C minor, the tonic is actually G and the leading tone is A♭ (a half step), rather than, in major, the root being C and the leading tone B (a half step). Also, since all chords are analyzed as having a tonic, subdominant, or dominant function, with, for instance, in C, A minor being considered the tonic parallel (US relative), Tp, the use of minor mode root chord progressions in major such as A♭-major–B♭-major–C-major is analyzed as sP–dP–T, the minor subdominant parallel (see: parallel chord), the minor dominant parallel, and the major tonic.[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In the 16th through 18th centuries, prior to 12 TET, the minor third in meantone temperament was 310 cents Playⓘ and much rougher than the 300 cent 12 TET minor third.[4](p298)

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-07-340134-8
    .
  2. ^ Craig Wright (September 18, 2008)."Listening to Music: Lecture 5 Transcript" Archived 2010-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, Open Yale Courses.
  3. ^
    ISBN 9780786751006
    .
  4. ^ a b c A.J. Ellis, writing in von Helmholtz, H.L.; Ellis, A.J. (1954). On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. Translated by Ellis, A.J. (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications. p. 455.
  5. JSTOR j.ctt7ztxzh. English translation of Carl Dahlhaus
    's Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität (1968).
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