Majority bonus system
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The majority bonus system (MBS) is a form of semi-proportional representation used in some European countries. Its feature is a majority bonus which gives extra seats or representation in an elected body to the party or to the joined parties with the most votes with the aim of providing government stability.
It is currently used in
History
Mechanism
It can be based on any form of mechanism used in party-list proportional representation, but a D'Hondt method is most likely, as it will rank seats in an exact order of vote share.
Basically, there are two different forms of majority bonus systems, with clearly different political results:
- The bonus system adds a certain fixed number of additional seats to the winning party or alliance. In the Greek Parliament, where it is sometimes called reinforced proportionality, a sixth of the assembly seats are reserved as extra seats for the winning party. In the Sicilian Regional Assembly, a tenth of the assembly seats are granted to the winning coalition on top of those allocated proportionally.
- The jackpot system ensures the winning party or alliance ends up with at least a certain fixed number of seats in total, by granting it however many additional seats are needed. In the Sanmarinese Parliament, the majority alliance obtains at least the 35 of the total 60 seats.[4]If the winner(s) did only reach 31 seats after a second round, the 4 bonus seats for the winners are deducted from the weakest minority seats ranked using the D'Hondt method. The jackpot system assures a fixed (minimum) number of seats to the winner, while the bonus system adds a fixed number of seats.
Use
The majority bonus system was adopted by other European countries, especially Greece in 2004 and San Marino at the national level, and France for its regional and municipal elections.
| Country | Type of election | Type of system | Size of bonus/jackpot | Proportional method | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andorra | local elections | plurality bonus (non-compensatory) | 50% | Hare quota | |
| Armenia | national elections (legislative) | majority jackpot (optional second round, compensatory) | 54% | Second round is held if no party reaches 54% of seats and no coalition government can be formed
If a party would receives more than 2/3 of seats, their share is capped at 2/3, all minority parties must have at least 1/3 of seats in total. | |
| minority jackpot (compensatory) | 33% | ||||
| Greece | national elections (legislative) | plurality bonus | 16.66% | Not used in May 2023 but restored as of June 2023.[5] | |
| San Marino | national elections (legislative) | plurality jackpot (compensatory) | 55% |
Notes
- ^ A bill abolishing the majority bonus in favor of proportional representation was introduced by the Syriza-led coalition government in 2016, but did not take effect until the second election after it was passed, i.e. that of May 2023. This change was undone in 2020 by the incumbent New Democracy government (albeit with a slight modification of the original system), so the majority bonus was restored as of the June 2023 election.
References
- ^ Unconstitutionality sentence by the Italian Constitutional Court
- ^ The ruling awaited in Palace of Consulta after the public hearing on 3 December 2013 could cause an earthquake the Italian public scene, changing some of coordinates that determine the behavior of politicians and the electorate: Buonomo, Giampiero (2013). "La legge elettorale alla prova di costituzionalità". L'Ago e Il Filo Edizione Online. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
- Bloomberg Politics.
- ^ REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO EARLY PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 11 November 2012
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
Caciagli, Mario; Alan S. Zuckerman; Istituto Carlo Cattaneo (2001). Italian Politics: Emerging Themes and Institutional Responses. Berghahn Books. pp. 87–89.