Kololo people
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The Kololo or Makololo are a subgroup of the Sotho-Tswana people native to Southern Africa. In the early 19th century, they were displaced by the Zulu, migrating north to Barotseland, Zambia. They conquered the territory of the Luyana people and imposed their own language. The combination of Luyana and Kololo languages gave rise to the current Lozi language spoken by the Lozi people, descendants of the Luyana and nearby tribes. In 1864, the Kololo kingdom was overthrown and some chiefs moved to Chikwawa District, Malawi, with David Livingstone.
Name
The Kololo are also known as Makololo. When referring to Kololo people in plural, their
History
Origins
The Kololo are said to have originated in the North Orange Free State region (current Free State province of South Africa).[citation needed] The Kololo are said to have been displaced by the Zulu expansion under Shaka in the early 19th century during a chain of events known as the Mfecane.[3] In 1823, the Kololo started a migration north through Botswana to Barotseland.[4] In what is now southern Botswana, they defeated a number of societies before suffering a catastrophic defeat to the Bangwaketse at Dithubaruba in 1826.[5] After losing all their cattle they moved north east and raided again, but subsequent defeats led them north to Okavango Delta where they again suffered major losses but were able to defeat the Batawana people in 1835. This victory enabled them to replenish their population and cattle holdings, although they moved north after several years.[6]
Sebetwane dynasty in Barotseland
At some point in the late 1820s or in the 1830s, a group of Makololo led
After about 20 years, the Makololo dynasty of Sebetwane in Barotseland came to an end in 1864.[11] This was the result of the Makololo war of succession (1863–1864), which broke out after the death of morêna Sekeletu of Barotseland, between Mamili/Mamile (Sekeletu's confidant and close associate[11]) and Mbololo/Mpololo (Sekeletu's uncle, Sebetwane's brother).[12] The war ended when the northern Lukwakwa faction led by Njekwa captured the Makololo faction's strongholds in the south,[13] allegedly putting to death all potential 'pure Makololo' claimants to the throne,[13] and inviting Sipopa Lutangu (Mubukwanu's son, Mulambwa's grandson[11]) to become the new king.[13] Conventional historiography regards the 1864 accession of Sipopa Lutangu as "the 'Restoration' of the Lozi monarchy and the start of the 'Second Kingdom'",[14] but Flint (2005) argued that the Lozi and Makololo peoples were ethnolinguistically close and had 'effectively merged' in the decades following the accession of Sebetwane, demonstrated by the fact that both groups spoke the 'Sikololo' or 'Silozi' language by 1864.[15] Sipopa was 'on good terms with the Makololo hierarchy' and married Sebetwane's daughter Mamochisane upon his accession.[16] There are claims that all Makololo men were killed and only Makololo women and children survived,[16][17] but there is evidence of Makololo men living in Barotseland after 1864, so Flint (2005) concluded that this assertion is a 'lie'.[16] Moreover, after decades of intermarriage and cultural blending between two groups who were already very closely related, it would have been virtually impossible 'to weed out who was Makololo and who was not'.[13]
Visit of David Livingstone
Sekeletu provided British explorer
Those Makololo remaining were used from 1859 onward, by Livingstone and by missionaries of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), as porters and armed guards to support their activities in the Shire valley and Shire Highlands including the freeing of slaves, and were paid in guns, ammunition and cloth. The Makololo decided to remain in the Shire valley when the missionaries left in January 1864.[20]
After the 1864 departure of the UMCA mission, which left behind supplies of arms and ammunition, the Makololo maintained themselves by hunting elephants for ivory and attracted dependents seeking protection, many of whom were freed slaves. They and their armed dependents established chieftaincies in the present-day Chikwawa District. Originally, ten Makololo became chiefs or headmen and five Makololo chiefs still exist today.[21]
References
- ISSN 0002-0184.
- ISBN 978-90-272-3610-4, retrieved 2022-05-26
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 11–12.
- ISBN 978-1-57958-454-2.
- ^ J. Ramsay, B. Morton, and T. Mgadla, Building a Nation: A History of Botswana from 1800 to 1910. Gaborone: Longmans, 1996, 66-8.
- ^ Moanaphuti Segolodi, "Ditso Tsa Batawana," 1940. https://www.academia.edu/12170767/Ditso_Tsa_Batawana_by_Moanaphuti_Segolodi_1940
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 11–12, 42, 106.
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 12.
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 12, 42, 106.
- ^ N. R. Bennett, (1970). David Livingstone: Exploration for Christianity in R. I. Rotberg (editor), Africa and its Explorers. Harvard University Press, p.42.
- ^ a b c Flint 2005, p. 53, 68.
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 12, 53, 68.
- ^ a b c d Flint 2005, p. 75.
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 68.
- ^ Flint 2005, p. 75–76.
- ^ a b c Flint 2005, p. 76.
- ISBN 0-7618-1520-1.
- ^ T. Jeal, (2013). Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition, Yale University Press, pp. 93, 103–105.
- ^ J. McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, pp. 39-41.
- ^ L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press, pp. 17, 39, 64-7.
- ^ J. McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, pp. 41-2.
Bibliography
- Flint, Lawrence S. (2005). Historical constructions of postcolonial citizenship and subjectivity: the case of the Lozi peoples of southern central Africa (PDF). Birmingham: University of Birmingham. p. 311. Retrieved 23 July 2022.