Malacca City

Coordinates: 02°11′40″N 102°14′55″E / 2.19444°N 102.24861°E / 2.19444; 102.24861
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Malacca
Melaka Straits Mosque, and the Malacca City Council
Building.
Postal code
75xxx to 78xxx
Area code(s)06
Vehicle registrationM
Websitembmb.gov.my
Official nameThe Historic City of Melaka
Part ofMelaka and George Town, the Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)
Reference1223bis-001
Inscription2008 (32nd Session)
Extensions2011
Area45.3 ha (112 acres)
Buffer zone242.8 ha (600 acres)

Malacca City (

Aceh and Johor
attempted to take control from the Portuguese.

Following a number of wars between these territories, Aceh declined in influence while Johor survived and expanded its influence over territory previously lost to Aceh in Sumatra when

Riau-Lingga. This separation became permanent when the British arrived to establish their presence in the Malay Peninsula. The Dutch, who already felt threatened in the presence of the British, began conquering the Riau-Lingga Sultanate along with the rest of Sumatra, while Johor came under British influence following the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
.

When the British succeeded in extending their influence over the Malay Peninsula, the city soon became an area of development under the Straits Settlements as part of the British Empire. The development and burgeoning prosperity were, however, halted when the Japanese arrived in World War II and occupied the area from 1942 to 1945. During the occupation, many of the city's residents were taken and forced to construct the Death Railway in Burma (present-day Myanmar). After the war, the city was returned to the British and remained as the capital of Malacca. The status as a capital remained until the formation of Malaysia in 1963, and in 2008 it was listed, together with George Town of Penang, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its long history.[4] As of 2019 it has a population of 579,000.[1]

The economy of Malacca City is largely based on tourism. As the economic centre of the state of

.

Etymology

According to legend, the site that is now Malacca City was named Malaka when

Parameswara, a Sumatran prince arrived there. While he was resting under a tree known as a Malacca tree,[5] he saw his warrior's hunting dogs were challenged and kicked into a river by a tiny mouse deer.[6] Amused by this, he chose to name the site Malaka after the tree under which he was sitting.[7]

There are at least two other theories on the origin the naming of Malacca: Tomé Pires explains the name in the Suma Oriental as a transliteration of the term for a fugitive, Malaqa, reflecting Parameswara's history as one, and the Malay Annals themselves suggest that Arab merchants called the kingdom Malakat (

Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), because it was home to many trading communities.[8]

When the city came under

Straits of Malacca were named after the city at the time of the Malacca Sultanate.[10]

History

Historical affiliations

Sultanate of Malacca
1396–1511
Portugal Portuguese Empire 1511–1641
Dutch Republic Dutch Empire 1641–1795; 1818–1825
 Straits Settlements 1826–1942; 1945–1946
Japan Empire of Japan 1942–1945
Malayan Union Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
 Malaysia 1963–present

Founding of Malacca

Malacca was established when

Siamese King to take over the throne from Temagi.[12] Fearing further reprisals by Siam when the news reached the Siamese Kingdom, Parameswara decided to move to a new place. After he left Temasek, it was attacked by Majapahit.[11] Parameswara then headed to the north of Malay Peninsula and arrived at Muar, where he tried to establish another new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or Kota Buruk, but found the locations unsuitable.[11][13]

Parameswara continue his journey to the north, where he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (now

Ming China. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe.[16] To prevent the Malaccan empire from falling to the Siamese and Majapahit, he forged a relationship with the Ming dynasty of China for protection.[12][17] Following the establishment of this relationship, the prosperity of the Malacca entrepôt was then recorded by the first Chinese visitor, Ma Huan, who travelled together with Admiral Zheng He.[15][18]
On his descriptions, he wrote;

The Zheng He monument today (seen from the backside), marking his stopover at the city[18]

Malacca was a well-established city surrounded by a palisade with four gates and watch towers. Inside the walled towers was a second fortification, a kind of citadel, within whose confines were the merchants' godowns, the treasury and food storehouses. The Malacca River divided the city into two almost equal halves, the southern half being the inner citadel and the ruler's compound and the northern half, reached by a bridge some distance from the river mouth, containing the residents of many foreign merchants. The bridge and its approaches comprised the main venue for all commercial kinds. Constructed on the bridge was about a score of market stalls: an easy location for small watercraft to reach with their loads of produce and also close to the docks where foreign sea-going vessels unloaded goods for transhipment.[15]

— Ma Huan, Chinese Muslim voyager and translator.

In Malacca during the early 15th century,

Siam.[19] In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral Zheng He with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.[19] The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers.[19] Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter.[19] The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.[19] Because of its strategic location, Malacca was an important stopping point for Zheng He's fleet. To enhance relations, Hang Li Po, according to local folklore, a daughter of the Ming Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan Manshur Shah who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married locals and settled mostly in Bukit Cina.[20] Due to Chinese involvement, Malacca had grown as key alternative to other important and established ports.[19]

Due to the large influence of Arab, Persian, and Indian traders,

Bugis and other island peoples, traded mainly in spices and sandalwood, and the Minangkabau in pepper and gold, with the Javanese controlling the rice and imported foodstuffs.[15] Like other traders, the Chinese established their own area in the city, occupying the southeast side of the port around a hill called Bukit Cina, where they constructed temples and a well called Hang Li Poh's Well, named after Hang Li Po, the fifth wife of the sixth Sultan of Malacca, Mansur Shah, who was a Chinese princess from the Ming dynasty.[15][18]

European conquest

Portrait of Afonso de Albuquerque, the first European to conquer Malacca
United East Indies Company
(VOC).

Due to its riches, the news of the success of Malacca reached the Portuguese, who had an established presence on Indian ports.[22] The Portuguese, under King Manuel I, sent a representative named Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to establish contact with the Sultanate. At first, Sequeira was well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah. But the Tamil Muslim community, who already had an established presence in Malacca, convinced the Sultan to eliminate the Portuguese based on their treatment of the Muslims of Goa.[23] Reacting to the report, Sultan Mahmud then ordered several men from the Portuguese delegation to be captured and killed, but some of them managed to escape with their ships.[23] Thus, in April 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque, who was the Portuguese expedition leader together with his armada, arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and Venetian trade.[22][24] His intention was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca:

If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the

Albuquerque's words on his arriving to Malacca.[24]

The Portuguese launched their first attack on 25 July 1511, but this was met with failure. Albuquerque then launched another attack on 15 August 1511, which proved successful as

Xicaowan in China.[25]

By the mid-16th century, the two sultanates of

Aceh and Johor had arisen to take control of Malacca from the Portuguese which then became the centre of struggle between the three.[14] By 1564, Aceh had retaken Aru (a territory which Sumatra had previously lost to Johor) and destroyed Johor's capital, Johor Lama, with the Johor royal family taken to Aceh to rule Johor as a vassal state. Other attacks were carried out in 1570, 1613, and 1623, when Johor tried to break away from Aceh.[26] Aceh's ambition for domination later led to a clash with the Portuguese in Malacca. The two sultanates and the Portuguese became involved in a triangular war, but when both the Portuguese and the Johor saw Aceh as a threat due to its constant attacks against them, the two began to collaborate to fight Aceh.[27] In 1582 the Portuguese assisted Johor to thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and was later destroyed when a large additional armada from the Portuguese port of Goa came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.[26]

A painting of Dutch Malakka fort, c. 1665
French navigator Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace visiting Malacca between 1833 and 1839

After Aceh was left weakened, the

the second capture of Malacca. The Dutch succeeded at overtaking Malacca while Johor managed to re-establish its suzerainty over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669). The Dutch expanded the size of the city fort and built a significant amount of additional infrastructure. As they had less interest in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra than they had in Java and the Maluku Islands,[26] the Dutch remained neutral in local disputes until 1756 when the Bugis, who ruled the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, began to threaten Dutch maritime trade. The threats increased in the 18th century, when English rivalry started to establish its presence over areas in the northern Malay Peninsula.[28] This led the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of Riau and expel the Bugis from both Riau and Selangor, for fearing that these areas would otherwise have fallen under British rule. Malacca was placed under the direct control of Batavia in Java.[10]

Street scene of Malacca City in 1912, during the British administration

From 1796 until 1801, and 1807 to 1818 Malacca was temporarily placed under a British

Resident as the Netherlands were conquered by France in the Napoleonic Wars. It was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British victory in 1811.[29] A treaty was later signed in 1824 between the British and Dutch to prevent further British influence in Java; one result was that the Johor-Riau Empire fell under two colonial powers along with Malacca, which was then officially handed to the British in 1825 and integrated as part of the Straits Settlements.[26] The city came under direct control of a Resident in Penang, and the old fort in the city was then dismantled.[28] The British established regulations for infrastructure with the construction of, for example, back alleys, chimneys, back yards, fire escapes, fire alleys, and pedestrian arcades.[30]

World War II, post-independence and present

Department of Museums Malaysia, Malacca City

During the first stage of World War II, the city's residents continued to live normally until the news of the Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December 1941 reached the city and struck panic.[31] British colonial officials began to flee and thousands of the city's residents hid in rubber estates and jungles since they heard about the acts of cruelty committed in other parts of Malaya following their conquest by the Japanese.[31] The Japanese Army arrived in the city on 14 January 1942 in a convoy of bicycles,[31][32] but as they mainly focused on ensuring the retreat of the British to the south of the Malay Peninsula and Singapore, there was no major battle in the city or other parts of Malacca.[32] During their occupation, a kempeitai headquarters was established in the formerly British "Government Rest House" which served as a place for arrests, torture and executions. Those who still lived in the city were given low rice rations with a tapioca supplement and a number of them were taken to Thailand and forced to construct the Burma–Siam Railway.[33]

When the

Sarawak and Singapore formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,[35] Malacca was extensively developed and in 2003 it was granted city status. On 7 July 2008, Malacca City was listed as one of the historical cities in Malaysia, together with George Town in the northern Malay Peninsula.[4]

Capital city

Malacca City Hall at Ayer Keroh town (part of Hang Tuah Jaya).
Locations of Malacca City and its suburbs

Malacca City is the centre of political and economic administration for the state of Malacca. There is one member of parliament (MP) representing one parliamentary constituency in the city: Kota Melaka (P.138). The city also elects five representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Kesidang, Kota Laksamana, Duyong, Bandar Hilir and Telok Mas.[36]

Local authority and city definition

The city is administered by the Malacca City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah, MBMB). Formerly known as Malacca Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah, MPMBB), it was merged with the "Malacca Municipality Area" on 1 January 1977 with a new combined area of 297.19 square kilometres (114.75 sq mi).[2] Then on 15 April 2003, MPMBB was upgraded into MBMB before part of its area, covering 57.66 kilometres separated for Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council (MPHTJ). MBMB area is currently at 270 sq kilometres as a result of land reclamation, with a new administration area of 30.86 sq kilometres. Together these areas comprise a metropolitan area of 307.86 sq kilometres.[2][37]

Panorama view of Downtown and Strait of Malacca
Panorama view of Downtown and Strait of Malacca

Geography

Part of the city centre, Malacca Island can be seen in a strip of land directly across the coast. (up) and Malacca River, Malacca City. (down)

The city is located on both sides of the

Straits of Malacca. The city is approximately 152 kilometres[38] from Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur.[39] Due to large-scale land reclamation, it has grown in size, especially in the south.[40] Its physical features are characterised by flat and gently undulating land stretching from its coast.[41]

The historic central area of the city is located near the old coastline; it includes St Paul's Hill with the ruins of the

Portuguese fortress and the Dutch Square on the right (eastern) bank of the river, and the old Chinatown on the left (western) bank. The Chinese Hill (Bukit Cina
), where a large old Chinese cemetery is located, was formerly located to the northeast of the city, but is now surrounded by new buildings on all sides.

Climate

Malacca's weather is hot and humid throughout the year with rainfall, the intensity of which depends on the time of the year. It is one of the driest cities in Malaysia, receiving just under 2,000 mm (79 in) of rainfall while most areas in Peninsular Malaysia receive an average of around 2,500 mm (98 in) of rainfall annually.

trade winds and with no cyclones
so a pure equatorial climate. The relatively stable weather allows Malacca to be visited year-round.

Climate data for Malacca (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4)
37.8
(100.0)
37.2
(99.0)
37.3
(99.1)
38.0
(100.4)
34.7
(94.5)
35.7
(96.3)
35.0
(95.0)
35.6
(96.1)
35.6
(96.1)
34.4
(93.9)
34.6
(94.3)
38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2)
32.9
(91.2)
33.2
(91.8)
33.0
(91.4)
32.6
(90.7)
32.1
(89.8)
31.6
(88.9)
31.6
(88.9)
31.8
(89.2)
32.1
(89.8)
31.7
(89.1)
31.3
(88.3)
32.1
(89.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4)
27.5
(81.5)
27.8
(82.0)
28.0
(82.4)
28.2
(82.8)
27.9
(82.2)
27.5
(81.5)
27.4
(81.3)
27.4
(81.3)
27.4
(81.3)
26.9
(80.4)
26.7
(80.1)
27.5
(81.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7)
23.9
(75.0)
24.3
(75.7)
24.5
(76.1)
24.6
(76.3)
24.4
(75.9)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
24.0
(75.2)
23.9
(75.0)
23.8
(74.8)
24.1
(75.4)
Record low °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)
20.0
(68.0)
20.0
(68.0)
19.0
(66.2)
20.0
(68.0)
20.0
(68.0)
19.0
(66.2)
20.0
(68.0)
21.0
(69.8)
21.0
(69.8)
21.0
(69.8)
20.0
(68.0)
19.0
(66.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 102.1
(4.02)
79.7
(3.14)
129.1
(5.08)
166.1
(6.54)
167.3
(6.59)
172.6
(6.80)
196.0
(7.72)
219.5
(8.64)
161.7
(6.37)
189.4
(7.46)
233.1
(9.18)
177.1
(6.97)
1,993.8
(78.50)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 6.5 10.1 11.9 10.6 9.4 11.7 12.4 11.4 12.1 15.7 12.5 132.3
Average
relative humidity
(%)
80 79 82 85 86 86 86 86 86 86 87 83 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 166 185 183 179 171 164 163 166 174 171 157 152 2,031
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[44]
Source 2: Ogimet[45]Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[46]

Demography

Ethnicity and religion

The Malaysian census in 2010 reported the population of Malacca City was 484,885.

Taoists or followers from other denominations of Chinese folk religion. The Indians, including the Chitty, were mainly Hindus
while the Kristang were mostly Christian.

The

local culture and the Malay language as part of their lives while at the same time preserving some of their Chinese heritage and religious traditions.[48] The Chitty are also a mixture of Indian traders with local women of various ethnic backgrounds such as Malays, Javanese, Bataks and Chinese.[49] The Kristang exist as a result of marriage between the European Portuguese men with Malay women during the era of Portuguese Malacca.[50]

Languages

The main language spoken in the city is the

Baba Nyonya and Chitty have their own variations of Baba and Chitties creoles respectively.[48][49] The Malaccan Portuguese have their own version of Portuguese creole, known as Kristang language.[50]

Economy

CBD of Malacca City, Malaysia

Since the era of Malacca Sultanate, the city has prospered as a successful

Malacca International Trade Centre.[56] In early 2016, the Malacca state government has start to develop a new economic development area in the central city centre which will be known as the Hang Tuah Trade Centre that will encompassing trade centres, higher education, hospitality and business.[57]

Transport

Land

Syed Abdullah Aziz Road
, a coastal road in the city
trishaw
service waiting for customers at Stadhuis Red Square

Internal roads linking different parts on the city are mostly

trishaw services are available through the Stadhuis Red Square.[59] Started on 19 August 2023, closure of few roads in the city at 6pm–12am on Saturdays.[60]

There was previously a proposal by the state government of Malacca to revive a bridge project named Malacca Strait Bridge that will connect land transportation in the city with the Indonesian city of Dumai on Sumatra island.[61]

Public transport

Melaka Sentral, the main public transportation terminal, serving bus and taxi services in and around the city

Melaka Sentral is the main bus and taxi terminal for the city, with services in and around the city as well as domestic services.[62] Most taxis in the city are executive taxis with either four, six or fourteen seats; but only two types of taxis, the limousine (4 seats) and bas persiaran (14 seats), provide services to Singapore with the rest providing services only to other parts of Peninsular Malaysia.[63]

There were railway tracks from

Death Railway.[64] On 10 October 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.[65][66]

A 1.6-km line of

Malacca Monorail was launched in October 2010, served the route along the Malacca River. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.[67] On 4 December 2017, Malacca Monorail has re-operate with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.[68][69] The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Malacca Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and will be continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.[70]

Water

Straits of Malacca
, offshore from modern shopoffices constructed on reclaimed land.

The main water transportation in the city is the Malacca River Cruise with evening cruises along the Malacca River. The cruise route is an area marking the border between historic Chinatown and Malay area.[59] The Melaka Gateway is a project under construction involving the development of one natural and two man-made islands off the coast of Malacca which will feature an international cruise terminal and aid water transport in the city.[71] An international shipping port is also planned to be built as part of China's Maritime Silk Route economic belt.[72]

Other utilities

Courts of law and legal enforcement

Malacca Syariah Court building

The

Central Malacca. There are around thirteen police stations and eight police substations (Pondok Polis) serving the city.[76] The main prison is located along the Ayer Keroh road, and was built in 1969.[77] Another three prisons are located in the districts of Central Malacca, Tanjung Kling, Telok Mas and Sungai Udang.[78] The Bandar Hilir Prison has been transformed into a museum with all the inmates moved to Sungai Udang Prison.[79]

Health care

Malacca General Hospital main building
The Mahkota Medical Centre building, one of the largest private hospitals in the city

There is one public hospital and twelve government

health clinics in and nearby the city.[80] There are also 52 private clinics[81] and three 1Malaysia clinics in Malacca City.[82] Malacca General Hospital, which is located along Mufti Haji Khalil Road, is the main and oldest hospital in the state with 359 beds.[83][84] Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre is the largest private hospital with 300 beds.[85] Mahkota Medical Centre, located on Syed Abdul Aziz Road, is the second largest with 266 beds.[86]

Malacca High School, the city's main secondary school

Education

Various government or state schools are available in the city. The secondary schools include the Malacca High School, Malacca Girls High School and Catholic High School.[87][88] Other types of secondary schools such as religious, vocational, technical and fully residential schools are available inside and outside the city's metropolitan area.[89] There are also a number of independent private schools in the city. These include Melaka International School,[90] Wesley Methodist School and Pay Fong High School.[91]

Malacca State Library
Sino-Portuguese architecture seen at the Zheng He Duo Yun Xuan Art Gallery 郑和朵云轩, Malacca City, Malaysia

Libraries

Malacca State Library is the main library of the State of Malacca, located in Bukit Baru town.[92] Other public library branches are located in Telok Mas town, Kampung Padang, Bertam Hulu and Klebang town.[93] There are also libraries available in the city's universities, schools and colleges.[94][95]

Culture and leisure

Attractions and recreational spots

Cultural

The replica of Malacca Sultanate Palace which is a museum
Café at Jonker Walk, part of Chinatown

The

Portuguese culture, with many Eurasians descended from marriages between Portuguese men and local women that took place after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca residing there.[99]

Historical

The replica of a 1502 Portuguese ship, the Flor de la Mar

The Dutch Square is an area surrounded by Dutch buildings such as the

Malacca Warrior Monument) in Bukit Cina is a memorial where thousands of Chinese people in Malacca were killed by the Japanese during their occupation.[59][101]

Leisure and conservation areas

Malacca Zoo is the main zoo in the city metropolitan, featuring 215 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians including the Sumatran rhinoceros, the Malayan gaur, Serow and the Indochinese tiger.[102] An oceanarium located inside the Shore shopping malls complex features a variety of fish species and other sea creatures.[59]

Other attractions

Other attractions include the

Malacca Light
are located.

Shopping

A number of shopping malls and traditional art and craft shops are available around the city, with the most popular shopping malls being

JUSCO
shopping centres.

Entertainment

The main cinemas in the city are the Golden Screen Cinemas (GSC), with one located inside the building of Dataran Pahlawan Malacca Megamall with a capacity of 2,004,[104] while the second largest, in ÆON Bandaraya Melaka, has a capacity of 1,793.[105] Another cinema, known as the MBO Cinemas, with a capacity of 1,212 is located in the MBO Melaka Mall.[106]

Sports

The second largest

Melaka United, after Hang Jebat Stadium in Krubong.[107]

International relations

twinned with or established as a friendship city with the following cities:[109][110]

See also

References

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External links

  • Media related to Melaka at Wikimedia Commons
  • Malacca travel guide from Wikivoyage