Malacca City
Malacca | ||
---|---|---|
Melaka Straits Mosque, and the Malacca City Council Building. | ||
Postal code 75xxx to 78xxx | ||
Area code(s) | 06 | |
Vehicle registration | M | |
Website | mbmb | |
Official name | The Historic City of Melaka | |
Part of | Melaka and George Town, the Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca | |
Criteria | Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv) | |
Reference | 1223bis-001 | |
Inscription | 2008 (32nd Session) | |
Extensions | 2011 | |
Area | 45.3 ha (112 acres) | |
Buffer zone | 242.8 ha (600 acres) |
Malacca City (
Following a number of wars between these territories, Aceh declined in influence while Johor survived and expanded its influence over territory previously lost to Aceh in Sumatra when
When the British succeeded in extending their influence over the Malay Peninsula, the city soon became an area of development under the Straits Settlements as part of the British Empire. The development and burgeoning prosperity were, however, halted when the Japanese arrived in World War II and occupied the area from 1942 to 1945. During the occupation, many of the city's residents were taken and forced to construct the Death Railway in Burma (present-day Myanmar). After the war, the city was returned to the British and remained as the capital of Malacca. The status as a capital remained until the formation of Malaysia in 1963, and in 2008 it was listed, together with George Town of Penang, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its long history.[4] As of 2019 it has a population of 579,000.[1]
The economy of Malacca City is largely based on tourism. As the economic centre of the state of
Etymology
According to legend, the site that is now Malacca City was named Malaka when
There are at least two other theories on the origin the naming of Malacca: Tomé Pires explains the name in the Suma Oriental as a transliteration of the term for a fugitive, Malaqa, reflecting Parameswara's history as one, and the Malay Annals themselves suggest that Arab merchants called the kingdom Malakat (
When the city came under
History
Sultanate of Malacca1396–1511
Portuguese Empire 1511–1641
Dutch Empire 1641–1795; 1818–1825
Straits Settlements 1826–1942; 1945–1946
Empire of Japan 1942–1945
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
Malaysia 1963–present
Founding of Malacca
Malacca was established when
Parameswara continue his journey to the north, where he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (now
Malacca was a well-established city surrounded by a palisade with four gates and watch towers. Inside the walled towers was a second fortification, a kind of citadel, within whose confines were the merchants' godowns, the treasury and food storehouses. The Malacca River divided the city into two almost equal halves, the southern half being the inner citadel and the ruler's compound and the northern half, reached by a bridge some distance from the river mouth, containing the residents of many foreign merchants. The bridge and its approaches comprised the main venue for all commercial kinds. Constructed on the bridge was about a score of market stalls: an easy location for small watercraft to reach with their loads of produce and also close to the docks where foreign sea-going vessels unloaded goods for transhipment.[15]
— Ma Huan, Chinese Muslim voyager and translator.
In Malacca during the early 15th century,
Due to the large influence of Arab, Persian, and Indian traders,
European conquest
Due to its riches, the news of the success of Malacca reached the Portuguese, who had an established presence on Indian ports.[22] The Portuguese, under King Manuel I, sent a representative named Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to establish contact with the Sultanate. At first, Sequeira was well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah. But the Tamil Muslim community, who already had an established presence in Malacca, convinced the Sultan to eliminate the Portuguese based on their treatment of the Muslims of Goa.[23] Reacting to the report, Sultan Mahmud then ordered several men from the Portuguese delegation to be captured and killed, but some of them managed to escape with their ships.[23] Thus, in April 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque, who was the Portuguese expedition leader together with his armada, arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and Venetian trade.[22][24] His intention was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca:
If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the
Albuquerque's words on his arriving to Malacca.[24]
The Portuguese launched their first attack on 25 July 1511, but this was met with failure. Albuquerque then launched another attack on 15 August 1511, which proved successful as
By the mid-16th century, the two sultanates of
After Aceh was left weakened, the
From 1796 until 1801, and 1807 to 1818 Malacca was temporarily placed under a British
World War II, post-independence and present
During the first stage of World War II, the city's residents continued to live normally until the news of the Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December 1941 reached the city and struck panic.[31] British colonial officials began to flee and thousands of the city's residents hid in rubber estates and jungles since they heard about the acts of cruelty committed in other parts of Malaya following their conquest by the Japanese.[31] The Japanese Army arrived in the city on 14 January 1942 in a convoy of bicycles,[31][32] but as they mainly focused on ensuring the retreat of the British to the south of the Malay Peninsula and Singapore, there was no major battle in the city or other parts of Malacca.[32] During their occupation, a kempeitai headquarters was established in the formerly British "Government Rest House" which served as a place for arrests, torture and executions. Those who still lived in the city were given low rice rations with a tapioca supplement and a number of them were taken to Thailand and forced to construct the Burma–Siam Railway.[33]
When the
Capital city
Malacca City is the centre of political and economic administration for the state of Malacca. There is one member of parliament (MP) representing one parliamentary constituency in the city: Kota Melaka (P.138). The city also elects five representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Kesidang, Kota Laksamana, Duyong, Bandar Hilir and Telok Mas.[36]
Local authority and city definition
The city is administered by the Malacca City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah, MBMB). Formerly known as Malacca Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah, MPMBB), it was merged with the "Malacca Municipality Area" on 1 January 1977 with a new combined area of 297.19 square kilometres (114.75 sq mi).[2] Then on 15 April 2003, MPMBB was upgraded into MBMB before part of its area, covering 57.66 kilometres separated for Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council (MPHTJ). MBMB area is currently at 270 sq kilometres as a result of land reclamation, with a new administration area of 30.86 sq kilometres. Together these areas comprise a metropolitan area of 307.86 sq kilometres.[2][37]
Geography
The city is located on both sides of the
The historic central area of the city is located near the old coastline; it includes St Paul's Hill with the ruins of the
Climate
Malacca's weather is hot and humid throughout the year with rainfall, the intensity of which depends on the time of the year. It is one of the driest cities in Malaysia, receiving just under 2,000 mm (79 in) of rainfall while most areas in Peninsular Malaysia receive an average of around 2,500 mm (98 in) of rainfall annually.
Climate data for Malacca (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.2 (95.4) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.8 (89.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.1 (89.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 102.1 (4.02) |
79.7 (3.14) |
129.1 (5.08) |
166.1 (6.54) |
167.3 (6.59) |
172.6 (6.80) |
196.0 (7.72) |
219.5 (8.64) |
161.7 (6.37) |
189.4 (7.46) |
233.1 (9.18) |
177.1 (6.97) |
1,993.8 (78.50) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.0 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 15.7 | 12.5 | 132.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 79 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 83 | 84 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 166 | 185 | 183 | 179 | 171 | 164 | 163 | 166 | 174 | 171 | 157 | 152 | 2,031 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[44] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet[45]Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[46] |
Demography
Ethnicity and religion
The Malaysian census in 2010 reported the population of Malacca City was 484,885.
The
-
Melaka Straits Mosque, a newly built mosque in the city's metro area
-
Chinese templein the city
-
Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple, the oldest Hindu temple in the city
-
Dutchin the 18th century.
-
The Catholic church of St. Francis Xavier dates back to 1856
Languages
The main language spoken in the city is the
Economy
Since the era of Malacca Sultanate, the city has prospered as a successful
Transport
Land
Internal roads linking different parts on the city are mostly
There was previously a proposal by the state government of Malacca to revive a bridge project named Malacca Strait Bridge that will connect land transportation in the city with the Indonesian city of Dumai on Sumatra island.[61]
Public transport
Melaka Sentral is the main bus and taxi terminal for the city, with services in and around the city as well as domestic services.[62] Most taxis in the city are executive taxis with either four, six or fourteen seats; but only two types of taxis, the limousine (4 seats) and bas persiaran (14 seats), provide services to Singapore with the rest providing services only to other parts of Peninsular Malaysia.[63]
There were railway tracks from
A 1.6-km line of
Water
The main water transportation in the city is the Malacca River Cruise with evening cruises along the Malacca River. The cruise route is an area marking the border between historic Chinatown and Malay area.[59] The Melaka Gateway is a project under construction involving the development of one natural and two man-made islands off the coast of Malacca which will feature an international cruise terminal and aid water transport in the city.[71] An international shipping port is also planned to be built as part of China's Maritime Silk Route economic belt.[72]
Other utilities
Courts of law and legal enforcement
The
Health care
There is one public hospital and twelve government
Education
Various government or state schools are available in the city. The secondary schools include the Malacca High School, Malacca Girls High School and Catholic High School.[87][88] Other types of secondary schools such as religious, vocational, technical and fully residential schools are available inside and outside the city's metropolitan area.[89] There are also a number of independent private schools in the city. These include Melaka International School,[90] Wesley Methodist School and Pay Fong High School.[91]
Libraries
Malacca State Library is the main library of the State of Malacca, located in Bukit Baru town.[92] Other public library branches are located in Telok Mas town, Kampung Padang, Bertam Hulu and Klebang town.[93] There are also libraries available in the city's universities, schools and colleges.[94][95]
Culture and leisure
Attractions and recreational spots
Cultural
The
Historical
The Dutch Square is an area surrounded by Dutch buildings such as the
Leisure and conservation areas
Malacca Zoo is the main zoo in the city metropolitan, featuring 215 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians including the Sumatran rhinoceros, the Malayan gaur, Serow and the Indochinese tiger.[102] An oceanarium located inside the Shore shopping malls complex features a variety of fish species and other sea creatures.[59]
Other attractions
Other attractions include the
Shopping
A number of shopping malls and traditional art and craft shops are available around the city, with the most popular shopping malls being
Entertainment
The main cinemas in the city are the Golden Screen Cinemas (GSC), with one located inside the building of Dataran Pahlawan Malacca Megamall with a capacity of 2,004,[104] while the second largest, in ÆON Bandaraya Melaka, has a capacity of 1,793.[105] Another cinema, known as the MBO Cinemas, with a capacity of 1,212 is located in the MBO Melaka Mall.[106]
Sports
The second largest
International relations
See also
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