Malassezia
Malassezia | |
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Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Subdivision: | Ustilaginomycotina |
Class: | Malasseziomycetes Denchev & T.Denchev (2014) |
Order: | Malasseziales R.T.Moore (1980)
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Family: | Malasseziaceae Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009) |
Genus: | Malassezia Baill. (1889)[1]
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Type species | |
C.P.Robin ) Baill. (1889)
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Synonyms[2] | |
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Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a
Systematics
Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia
Malassezia was originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late nineteenth century;[7] he associated it with the condition seborrhoeic dermatitis.[8] Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it Pityrosporum Malassezii,[9] honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.[10]
In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:
- Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.[11]
- Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.
In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, discovered additional species.[12]
Malassezia is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and Royall T. Moore in 2009.[13] The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,[14] and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of unknown class placement in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina.[15] In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev circumscribed the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.[16]
Description
Malassezia demonstrates a rapid growth rate, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). Growth is less optimal at 25 °C (77 °F), and certain species struggle at 37 °C (99 °F). These organisms can proliferate on media infused with
The yeast-like cells of Malassezia, measuring between 1.5–4.5
Species
- Malassezia arunalokei Honnavar, Rudramurthy, G.S.Prasad & Chakrabarti[19]
- turquoise-fronted amazonparrot
- Malassezia caprae J.Cabañes & Boekhout[21] – from skin of goat
- Malassezia cuniculi J.Cabañes & G.Castellá[22] – from healthy skin of external ear canal of rabbit
- Malassezia dermatis Sugita, M.Takash., A.Nishikawa & Shinoda[23]
- Malassezia equi Nell, S.A.James, C.J.Bond, B.Hunt & Herrtage[24] – from skin of horse
- Malassezia equina J.Cabañes & Boekhout[21] – from skin of horse
- Malassezia furfur (C.P.Robin) Baill.
- Malassezia globosa Midgley, E.Guého & J.Guillot[25]
- Malassezia japonica Sugita, M.Takash., M.Kodama, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa[26]
- Malassezia muris (Gluge & d'Ukedem ex Guég.) Escomel – skin of mouse
- Malassezia nana A.Hirai, R.Kano, Makimura, H.Yamag. & A.Haseg.[27] – from discharge from ear of cat
- Malassezia obtusa Midgley, J.Guillot & E.Guého[28]
- Malassezia ochoterenai Maecke[29]
- Malassezia pachydermatis (Weidman) C.W.Dodge[30] – from skin of Indian rhinoceros
- Malassezia psittaci F.J.Cabañes, S.D.A.Coutinho, M.R.Bragulat & G.Castellá[31] – from lesions on the beak of blue-headed parrot
- Malassezia restricta E.Guého, J.Guillot & Midgley[32]
- Malassezia slooffiae J.Guillot, Midgley & E.Guého[33] – from skin of pig
- Malassezia sympodialis R.B.Simmons & E.Guého[34]
- Malassezia tropica (Castell.) Schmitter
- vesper bats in subfamily Myotinae
- Malassezia yamatoensis Sugita, M.Takash., Tajima, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa[36]
Role in human diseases
Dermatitis and dandruff
Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, is M. globosa (though M. restricta is also involved).[25] The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungus.
As the fungus requires fat to grow,[12] it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp,[37] face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).
A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4,285 genes.
The number of specimens of M. globosa on a human head can be up to ten million.[37]
M. globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,[40] but this has not been observed.
Research
Malassezia is among the many
The yeast M. restricta, normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease when found in the gut, especially for those with the N12 CARD9 allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response to the yeast.[44]
References
- OCLC 2139870.
- Species Fungorum. Archivedfrom the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
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- ^ "Mystery of Jean-Paul Marat's bathing habit… - The Good Life France". thegoodlifefrance.com. 2021-06-14. Archived from the original on 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
- S2CID 53472683.
- PMID 29538738.
- ^ Malassez, L. (1874). "Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple" [Note on the fungus of simple pityriasis]. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry (in French). 2: 451–464.
- PMID 30870616.
- ^ Sabouraud, R. (1904). Maladies du cuir chevelu: II. Les maladies desquamatives [Scalp conditions: II. Desquamative disorders] (in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. 646.
- PMID 17642908.
- ISBN 0-07-138067-1.
- ^ S2CID 31791799.
- doi:10.5248/110.379.
- ^ Moore, R.T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Botanica Marina. 23 (6): 361–373.
- .
- ^ Denchev, C.M.; Denchev, T.T. (2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum. 145: 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55581-660-5.
- Catalog of Life. Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
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- ^ PMID 17367513.
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- ^ Maecke, Margarita (1941). "Descripción de una nueva especie de Malassezia: Malassezia ochoterenai, agente causal de Pytiriasis (Tinea) vesicolor y posición sistemática del género Malassezia". Anales del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). 12: 511–546.
- PMID 17655416.
- from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
- PMID 15502408.
- PMID 17845623.
- PMID 9722730.
- PMID 30728599.
- S2CID 34281815.
- ^ a b "Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. BBC. 2007-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- PMID 18000048.
- ^ Spectrum Science Public Relations (21 November 2007). "Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- PMID 18693563.
- PMID 33715629.
- PMID 31578522.
- S2CID 250473493.
- PMID 30850233.
Further reading
- Shams Ghahfarokhi, M.; Razzaghi Abyaneh, M. (4 October 2015). "Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor". Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. 29 (1): 36–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.611.20.